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1.
Madhu Ramnath 《Natural resources forum》2001,25(3):245-256
This article enters the debate on shifting cultivation and tropical forests, and the role of the State forest departments in managing these regions. The article focuses on the adivasi (indigenous) people and their use of forests in the Bastar region of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. It examines the different landscapes, resulting from human interaction, in order to observe the vegetative changes and progressions in their characteristics; in particular, the author challenges the view that adivasi forest use has been detrimental to the ecology of the forest. A botanical comparison is made between three sites that allow us to note specific characteristics of a fallow, a secondary forest and a primary sal (Shorea robusta) forest. The wider aspects of the adivasi manner of forest use are also discussed.
A major portion of the Bastar region is legally under the authority of the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department. However, the official policies and laws, pertaining to the conservation of forests and the generation of revenue, are often insensitive to the adivasi perceptions and use of the various vegetative zones within the forest. The effect of a standardised form of demarcation, coupled with the State legislation, has overlooked the adivasi people's needs and their ecologically sound way of relating to the forest. The paper concludes with a few recommendations. 相似文献
A major portion of the Bastar region is legally under the authority of the Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department. However, the official policies and laws, pertaining to the conservation of forests and the generation of revenue, are often insensitive to the adivasi perceptions and use of the various vegetative zones within the forest. The effect of a standardised form of demarcation, coupled with the State legislation, has overlooked the adivasi people's needs and their ecologically sound way of relating to the forest. The paper concludes with a few recommendations. 相似文献
2.
Madhu Ramnath 《Natural resources forum》2003,27(4):304-309
This article draws attention to the crucial link between the tropical deciduous forest ecosystem and the lifestyle of the adivasi (indigenous) people. Taking the case of Bastar District in Chhattisgarh, Central India, an analysis is made of the various commonly used wild plants, their deciduous habit, and the adivasi calendar that regulates the peoples’ use of these plants. By examining the specific seasonal patterns of leaf fall of plants and the dates set for the commencement of their use, the article shows that there is an implicit relation between adivasi festivals and the deciduous character of Bastar's forests. 相似文献
3.
Measurement and Management of Human-Induced Patterns of Forest Fragmentation: A Case Study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tole L 《Environmental management》2006,37(6):788-801
In many tropical developing countries, the twin pressures of population and poverty are resulting in substantial fragmentation
of forests, increasing the probability of extinction for many species, Forest fragmentation occurs when large contiguous forests
are perforated by small holes or broken up into edges and smaller patches to form a nonforested matrix of open spaces. Thus,
forest fragmentation refers not only to the area of forest cleared, but also to the pattern of this clearance, the resulting
forest’s spatial properties. Both characteristics are important for species survivability. Apart from opening up forests to
many abiotic and biotic influences, fragmentation can affect species dispersal and migration through its effects on forest
connectivity. Landscape ecology conceptualizes connectivity as a gradient of critical thresholds, ranging from the large intact
forest to the small unconnected forest patch. This article reports results from a multiple-scale analysis of forest fragmentation
in Jamaica’s Cockpit Country, an area of once contiguous forest now under threat from human encroachment. Spatial forest data
derived from classification of ETM+ satellite imagery are used to measure fragmentation patterns representing various degrees
of forest connectivity and density. The results suggest that, overall, 81% of the region is in forest. However, fragmentation
patterns also suggest that this forest is riven with extensive perforations indicative of an early stage in the decline of
contiguity. The results provided by the spatial fragmentation model are a first step in the design of effective conservation
and rehabilitation plans for the area. The article concludes with a discussion of possible multiscale management options for
the region. 相似文献
4.
Stephen Syampungani Paxie W. Chirwa Festus K. Akinnifesi Gudeta Sileshi Oluyede C. Ajayi 《Natural resources forum》2009,33(2):150-159
The Miombo, the most extensive tropical woodland formation of Africa directly supports the livelihoods of over 100 million people through the provision of many tree products and ecosystem services essential to both the rural and urban communities. While the destruction of the Miombo has often been blamed on the rural communities dwelling near the forest resources, many urban dwellers depend heavily on the various products derived from the woodlands. This paper highlights the importance of the Miombo in the livelihoods of rural people, the potential threats to this ecosystem and opportunities for its sustainable management. About 70% of energy consumed in southern Africa is in the form of fuelwood or charcoal. The economic importance of the Miombo especially from non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is usually understated due to their perceived non-economic value yet they play an important role in sustaining livelihoods of forest dependent people in the miombo ecoregion. The Miombo also contributes to health services through the use of medicinal plant and products, in some cases, contributing up to 80% to rural health, including helping in coping with effects of HIV/AIDS, malaria and several diseases. The possibility of developing payment for environmental services schemes through public–private partnerships, and community-based sustainable management models are proposed. Through conservation and commercialization of some of the products and services, there is a potential to provide income and improve the livelihood of people involved in the trade along the value chain. 相似文献
5.
Forest certification is a mechanism involving the regulation of trade of forest products in order to protect forest resources
and improve forest management. Although China had a late start in adopting this process, the country has made good progress
in recent years. As of July 31, 2009, 17 forest management enterprises and more than one million hectares of forests in China
have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Several major factors affect forest certification in China. The
first set is institutional in nature. Forest management in China is based on centralized national plans and therefore lacks
flexibility. A second factor is public awareness. The importance and value of forest certification are not widely understood
and thus consumers do not make informed choices regarding certified forest products. The third major factor is the cost of
certification. Together these factors have constrained the development of China’s forest certification efforts. However, the
process does have great potential. According to preliminary calculations, if 50% of China’s commercial forests were certified,
the economic cost of forest certification would range from US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry
business sector could exceed US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry
business sector could exceed US150 million. With continuing progress in forest management practices and the development of
international trade in forest products, it becomes important to improve the forest certification process in China. This can
be achieved by improving the forest management system, constructing and perfecting market access mechanisms for certificated
forest products, and increasing public awareness of environmental protection, forest certification, and their interrelationship. 相似文献
6.
Pamela D. McElwee 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):113-131
This article examines the use of forests in a protected area by nearby agriculturalists in central Vietnam. Research indicates
that the majority of rural farmers interviewed who lived near a state designated protected area were receiving both subsistence
and cash incomes from forest-based activities, primarily from the collection of forest products. However, much of the collection
of forest produce was officially illegal, as it occurred in state protected forests, and interdiction efforts were on the
increase. Yet, little attention has been paid in Vietnam to the need for income substitution for households who lose access
to forest produce as a result of conservation enforcement, particularly in the case of farmers who live near, but not in,
protected areas; their resources use has been ‘invisible’ due to a lack of attention and research on the topic. This misunderstanding
of the importance of forests to rural farmers has the potential to result in households facing adverse welfare and livelihood
outcomes as protected areas boundaries are tightened, and local communities face increased opportunity costs due to stricter
conservation enforcement. The article concludes that substitution for loss of income due to conservation activities would
best be achieved through carefully targeted interventions to specific high-impact and high-dependency households. Additionally,
investments in new sources of wage labor and other low capital-input activities, rather than in agriculture, would likely
be of most benefit. 相似文献
7.
Sharif Ahmed Mukul A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid Mohammad Belal Uddin Niaz Ahmed Khan 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(4):628-642
People in the developing world derive a significant part of their livelihoods from various forest products, particularly non-timber forest products (NTFPs). This article attempts to explore the contribution of NTFPs in sustaining forest-based rural livelihood in and around a protected area (PA) of Bangladesh, and their potential role in enhancing households' resilience capacity. Based on empirical investigation, our study revealed that local communities gather a substantial amount of NTFPs from national park despite the official restrictions. Twenty seven percent households (HHs) of the area received at least some cash benefit from the collection, processing and selling of NTFPs, and NTFPs contribute to HHs' primary, supplementary and emergency sources of income. NTFPs also constituted an estimated 19% of HHs' net annual income, and were the primary occupation for about 18% of the HHs. HHs' dependency on nearby forests for various NTFPs varied vis-à-vis their socio-economic condition, as well as with their location from the park. Based on our case study, the article also offers some clues for improving the situation in PA. 相似文献
8.
Forest products and traditional peoples: Economic, biological, and cultural considerations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bradley C. Bennett 《Natural resources forum》2002,26(4):293-301
Conservationists and environmental economists have promoted the extraction of non–timber forest products (NTFP) as an alternative to forest conversion and as a means to benefit forest peoples. This article discusses the development of NTFP economic analyses and some economic, biological and socio–cultural constraints on the use of forest resources and methodological limitations of NTFP investigations. Several case studies document the importance of the forest in both North and South America. While studies differ in their conclusions regarding the sustainability of NTFP extraction, most researchers agree that sustainable harvesting is rare. The article argues for additional considerations that transcend the biological and economic concerns. While forests provide the basis of material culture for peoples that inhabit them, they are also linked intrinsically to the religion, mythology, and psyche of native peoples. Conservationists have an ethical obligation to consider the needs and desires of these people in conjunction with conservation and management plans. 相似文献
9.
Ecological disturbances of forests by insects have a complex array of associated human dimensions presenting complications
for natural resource decision making and relationships between stakeholders and managers. This article discusses the human
context of forest disturbances by insects by reviewing four cases of bark beetle forest disturbance from British Columbia
in Canada, Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany, the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, and the north central region of Colorado.
Findings and lessons learned from these studies are outlined along with their implications for managing forest disturbances
by insects in general. Conclusions focus on the need to assess the broad array of impacts and risks perceived by local residents
and the capacity for local action and involvement in managing forest disturbances. Communication and interaction between resource
managers and local stakeholders can facilitate the identification of management priorities and potentially reduce some of
the risks associated with forest disturbances by insects. 相似文献
10.
This article compares a range of initiatives aimed at involving people in the management of forest resources in Nepal and
India. In Nepal, we focus on three categories of state-initiated programs: community forestry, the parks’ buffer zone program,
and leasehold forestry. In the southern Indian state of Karnataka, we study the state-initiated Joint Forest Planning and
Management program along with older institutions of leaf manure forests (Soppina betta) and historical sacred forests (Kans). We conclude that state-initiated approaches to involving communities have been limited, at best, promote standardized and
relatively inflexible management practices, and lead to partial improvement in biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. When
management is initiated and owned by the community, as in the case of sacred groves in India, and when other conditions are
appropriate, communities can have the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for putting effective and adaptive conservation
practices in place. 相似文献
11.
This study examines the common ground between lay people and scientists regarding forest values and definitions of forest health. With the forest at Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario, as a case study, the authors compared six ecological indicators to determine which were sensitive to the multiple impacts of visitor use, deer browsing and fire suppression. Plant cover and proportion native species were sensitive to these impacts. Sapling height was greater in low deer density areas. The authors also conducted focused discussions with local interest groups, followed by qualitative data analysis. Overall, there was good convergence between scientific and public views of forests and forest health, although this may partly be due to the groups' interest in nature and the Pinery. Subjects saw a connection between their health and the state of the global and local environment, including forests. There is a need for increased awareness in the public to the necessity of managing high deer populations in parks to protect other forest components such as biodiversity. Forest managers must consider that people greatly value forests near them for mental well being. Group responses suggested that messages explicitly linking forest benefits to human health and well being may motivate people to protect forests. 相似文献
12.
In China, many rural communities depend upon forests to provide wood, fuel, fertilizer, animal bedding, and valuable non-timber
forest products (NTFP). However, the degree to which forest resource extraction is compatible with new conservation aims is
unclear because there is little information on the specific ecological effects of traditional forest collecting practices.
Therefore, we compared the structure and floristics of Pinus densata forests exposed to three levels of resource extraction by Tibetan villages in northwest Yunnan: (1) a forest site protected
from wood and timber removal, (2) moderately utilized forest sites exposed to traditional collecting practices, and (3) patches
of highly utilized forest from which timber extraction is high in response to recent development pressures. The results show
that understorey and cryptogamic species are reduced in all the utilized forest sites by comparison with the protected forest.
However, the moderately utilized pine forests still provide good NTFP habitats by maintaining relatively high canopy covers,
litter covers, and understorey structural complexity; this suggests that traditional forest resource use, while simplifying
the forest, does not pose an increasing threat to pine forest integrity. By comparison, the highly utilized forests are transformed
into open, herb-rich environments in which canopy covers and understorey complexity are depleted, and NTFP habitats are degraded.
In the future it may be practical to enhance biodiversity by proscribing forest resource collection, but the immediate priority
is to monitor the sustainability of forest utilization using indicators such as understorey development, litter cover, and
cryptogamic richness. 相似文献
13.
Studies of the history and current status of forest resources in Northeast China have become important in discussions of sustainable
forest management in the region. Prior to 1998, excessive logging and neglected cultivation led to a series of problems that
left exploitable forest reserves in the region almost exhausted. A substantial decrease in the area of natural forests was
accompanied by severe disruption of stand structure and serious degradation of overall forest quality and function. In 1998,
China shifted the primary focus of forest management in the country from wood production to ecological sustainability, adopting
ecological restoration and protection as key foci of management. In the process, China launched the Natural Forest Conversion
Program and implemented a new system of Classification-based Forest Management. Since then, timber harvesting levels in Northeast
China have decreased, and forest area and stocking levels have slowly increased. At present, the large area of low quality
secondary forest lands, along with high levels of timber production, present researchers and government agencies in China
with major challenges in deciding on management models and strategies that will best protect, restore and manage so large
an area of secondary forest lands. This paper synthesizes information from a number of sources on forest area, stand characteristics
and stocking levels, and forest policy changes in Northeastern China. Following a brief historical overview of forest harvesting
and ecological research in Northeast China, the paper discusses the current state of forest resources and related problems
in forest management in the region, concluding with key challenges in need of attention in order to meet the demands for multi-purpose
forest sustainability and management in the future. 相似文献
14.
15.
Forest Dynamics in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The primary deciduous forests in the Eastern Ghats (EG) of Tamil Nadu (TN) India have undergone many changes owing to various
need-based forest managements, such as timber extraction for industry, railway sleepers, charcoal, and forest clearance for
hydroelectric projects and agriculture, during preindependence and postindependence periods (i.e., from 1800 to 1980). The
enactment of a forest conservation act during the 1980s changed the perception of forest managers from utilization to conservation.
This study was taken up to assess the forests dynamics in the EG of TN spatially between 1990 and 2003 and nonspatially between
1900 and the 1980s. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) 1D Linear Imaging and Self Scanning
(LISS III) data were used to assess forests during 1990 and 2003, respectively. Field floristic survey and secondary data
(such as published literature, floras, books, and forest working plans) were used to assess the forest dynamics in terms of
forest type and species composition among the preindependence period, the postindependence period, and the present (i.e.,
before and after 1980). The satellite data analysis revealed a considerable amount of changes in all forest types during the
13 years. The comparison of species composition and forest types between the past and present revealed that need-based forest
management along with anthropogenic activity have altered the primary deciduous forest in to secondary and postextraction
secondary forests such as southern thorn and southern thorn scrub forests in the middle [400–900 m above mean sea level (MSL)]
and lower slopes (<400 m MSL). However, the evergreen forests present at the upper slope (>900 m MSL) and plateau seemed not
to be much affected by the forest management. The changes estimated by the satellite data processing in the major forest types
such as evergreen, deciduous, southern thorn, and southern thorn scrub are really alarming because these changes have occurred
after the implementation of a forest conservation act. The dependence of local people on forests for various purposes in this
region is also considerably high, which might be a key factor for the changes in the forests. The results of this study not
only provide an outlook on the present status of the forests and the change trends but also provide the basis for further
studies on forests in the EG of TN. 相似文献
16.
Maurice Akpan Okoji 《The Environmentalist》2001,21(3):197-203
Forest management in south eastern Nigeria has changed hands from the forest communities to foreign technology. As a result the sustainable, conservative and cyclical use that characterised the communities that lived in balance with their forest resources are no longer practised. Consequently, a great deal of the region's valuable timber trees has been lost and the environmental influences of the forest grossly reduced. The local communities have not only been deprived of a multitude of non-timber forest resources upon which they depend for their survival and well-being but have also lost their knowledge of traditional forest management. Although these consequences are far-reaching, the neglected majority in the rural areas bear the brunt. To save what is left of the once vast forest areas, communities in and around the biome need to be empowered to manage their forest resources. Empowerment will challenge their responsibility and their ability to function for the common good—themselves, the State and the world at large. 相似文献
17.
Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently
underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest
eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating
individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation
system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge
on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments
in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest
Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and
establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns
into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway
has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies
and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing
an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these
problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence. 相似文献
18.
Delang CO 《Environmental management》2006,37(4):470-486
This article discusses the system of classification of forest types used by the Pwo Karen in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary
in western Thailand and the role of nontimber forest products (NTFPs), focusing on wild food plants, in Karen livelihoods.
The article argues that the Pwo Karen have two methods of forest classification, closely related to their swidden farming
practices. The first is used for forest land that has been, or can be, swiddened, and classifies forest types according to
growth conditions. The second system is used for land that is not suitable for cultivation and looks at soil properties and
slope. The article estimates the relative importance of each forest type in what concerns the collection of wild food plants.
A total of 134 wild food plant species were recorded in December 2004. They account for some 80–90% of the amount of edible
plants consumed by the Pwo Karen, and have a base value of Baht 11,505 per year, comparable to the cash incomes of many households.
The article argues that the Pwo Karen reliance on NTFPs has influenced their land-use and forest management practices. However,
by restricting the length of the fallow period, the Thai government has caused ecological changes that are challenging the
ability of the Karen to remain subsistence oriented. By ignoring shifting cultivators’ dependence on such products, the involvement
of governments in forest management, especially through restrictions imposed on swidden farming practices, is likely to have
a considerable impact on the livelihood strategies of these communities. 相似文献
19.
John S. Richardson Robert J. Naiman Frederick J. Swanson David E. Hibbs 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(4):935-947
Riparian areas of large streams provide important habitat to many species and control many instream processes — but is the same true for the margins of small streams? This review considers riparian areas alongside small streams in forested, mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest and asks if there are fundamental ecological differences from larger streams and from other regions and if there are consequences for management from any differences. In the moist forests along many small streams of the Pacific Northwest, the contrast between the streamside and upslope forest is not as strong as that found in drier regions. Small streams typically lack floodplains, and the riparian area is often constrained by the hillslope. Nevertheless, riparian‐associated organisms, some unique to headwater areas, are found along small streams. Disturbance of hillslopes and stream channels and microclimatic effects of streams on the riparian area provide great heterogeneity in processes and diversity of habitats. The tight coupling of the terrestrial riparian area with the aquatic system results from the closed canopy and high edge‐to‐area ratio for small streams. Riparian areas of the temperate, conifer dominated forests of the Pacific Northwest provide a unique environment. Forest management guidelines for small streams vary widely, and there has been little evaluation of the local or downstream consequences of forest practices along small streams. 相似文献
20.
James D. Proctor 《Environmental management》1998,22(3):347-358
/ Public participation in environmental management decisions has frequently led to conflict. This paper examines the role of environmental values in fueling these conflicts, based on a data base and sample content analysis of written public comments solicited in 1994 regarding the highly contentious Clinton Forest Plan (also known as Option 9) proposed for management of federal forests in the US Pacific Northwest. The analysis considered whether those respondents favoring more versus less environmental protection than was offered in Option 9 held entirely different values, identifying which antagonistic values appeared to be most fundamental and where (if at all) values consensus occurred. It also compared values emanating from respondents within and outside the affected region, although few major differences were detected in this regard. Results suggest that strong values differences did exist among those preferring greater versus less environmental protection, in particular as concerned the extent, form, and spatial and temporal scope of justification of their positions, their ideas of forests, and the appropriate role of people in forest management. Disagreement concerned far more than purely environmental values: a major point of difference involved human benefits and harms of the proposed forest plan. Indeed, both sides' positions were overridingly anthropocentric and consequentialist-a values orientation that almost inevitably spells conflict in light of the commonly differentiated social impacts of environmental management decisions. Although public involvement in environmental management thus cannot be expected to lead to a clear and consensual social directive, the Pacific Northwest case suggests that viable environmental management solutions that take this range of values into account can still be crafted.KEY WORDS: Environmental values; Public participation; Clinton Forest Plan; Pacific Northwest 相似文献