玻璃注射器对顶空气相色谱法分析苯系物的误差原因分析

按GB11890—89顶空气相色谱法分析苯系物时，发现重复性和分割水平样品平行性较差，经仔细分析，是由于使用普通玻璃注射器造成的。为避免此类误差，建议顶空气相色谱法分析时，使用带特氟龙顶端推杆的气密性注射器。     

毛细管柱顶空进样测定大气中的丙酮、甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇

采用蒸馏水为吸收液，吸收大气中的丙酮、甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇，在气相色谱仪上顶空进样，经毛细管柱分离，以FID为检测器，可以准确地测出大气中的丙酮、甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇，以保留时间定性，峰高定量。     

用修正的E-L模型描述二元VOCs气体在活性炭上的吸附平衡

对不同VOCs气体二元吸附平衡进行了研究。结果表明,对于甲苯-苯、甲苯-乙酸乙酯、甲苯-丙酮、丙酮-乙酸乙酯及苯-丙酮二元吸附体系,吸附过程存在置换现象,即随着高沸点组分在床层内吸附量的逐渐增加,相对挥发性大的低沸点组分更易脱附,出现高沸点组分置换低沸点组分的现象,表现为被置换组分的穿透曲线上出现峰值;但对于苯-乙酸乙...     

海藻酸钙凝胶固定化活性污泥反应器处理丙酮废气稳态模型的研究

建立了海藻酸钙凝胶固定化活性污泥反应器处理丙酮废气的数学模型,引入颗粒调整系数的概念以解决模型假设与真实情况的差异.在流量为1 100 mL/min、反应器进口丙酮质量浓度为3 051 mg/m3时,测定4个采样口和出气口的丙酮浓度,对反应器模型参数进行了校正,得到微生物最大比生长速率为4.17×10-5 mg/(mg·s),丙酮半饱和常数为76 900 mg/m3,氧气半饱和常数为273 mg/m3,颗粒调整系数为195,丙酮分配系数为0.002 4.随后引入蒂勒模数、有效系数等表征传质阻力和反应动力学的物理量,对反应器和固定化活性污泥颗粒的传质阻力和动力学进行了计算和讨论.     

铜铝双金属材料对硝基苯废水的还原降解研究

以废旧铝箔为原料,采用化学镀铜的方式制备了铜铝双金属材料(Cu@Al⁰)并应用于硝基苯废水的还原降解。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对制备的材料进行表征,系统考察了镀铜率、初始pH、Cu@Al⁰投加量、硝基苯初始浓度对硝基苯降解效果的影响,最后借助紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和气相色谱(GC)进一步揭示了Cu@Al⁰对硝基苯的还原降解机理。结果表明,金属铜可成功负载在铝箔表面,当铜负载率为3.43%,初始pH=3,Cu@Al⁰投加量为0.50 g,硝基苯初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,反应时间为20 min时硝基苯的降解率可达88.4%,且Cu@Al⁰具有良好的循环利用性能。Cu@Al⁰对硝基苯的降解是从亚硝基苯到羟基苯胺再到苯胺的逐步还原过程,初始pH过高会影响中间产物亚硝苯进一步还原成最终产物苯胺。     

乙酰化滤纸一次层析—萤光分光光度法测定土壤样品中苯并(a)芘

吸附在大气悬浮颗粒物和各种污水、工业废水中的多环芳烃通过不同途径进入土壤中,并且可能被农作物、水生物所吸收,通过生物链而进入动物体内。不少多环芳烃如苯并(a)芘具有致癌性,因此国内外对土壤中的多环芳烃已引起重视,进行了监测。分离和测定的方法已有不少文献报导。但一般程序较长,操作比较复杂。鉴于仅测定土样中的苯并(a)芘(以下简称BaP),本法采用较为简易的分析程序。土样用环己烷—丙酮(1:1)混合溶剂回流提取后,提取液经减压浓缩,一次乙酰化滤纸层析,分离出的BaP斑点用丙酮洗脱,在萤光分光光度计上测量相对萤光强度。本法操作简单,便于推广,BaP分离效果好。不仅适用于一般环境土壤样品,也适用于受钢铁、沥青、焦化厂等污     

光催化过程中羟基自由基的产生与效能

采用异丙醇淬灭的方法考察了羟基自由基在光催化氧化酸性橙II过程中的产生和效能,研究了TiO2(P-25)的浓度、异丙醇的用量、酸性橙II的初始浓度、初始pH条件和天然共存离子对羟基自由基贡献率的影响。结果表明,在TiO2(P-25)浓度提高时羟基自由基的贡献率逐步提高并稳定在77.6%,异丙醇的投加量对羟基自由基的贡献率影响不大,酸性橙II初始浓度的提高则使羟基自由基的贡献率降低。在中性pH条件下羟基自由基的贡献率最高,酸性或碱性条件下较低。天然共存离子中HCO3-对羟基自由基的淬灭效应最强,F-的淬灭效应最弱。     

铬的价态分析 水中三价铬和六价铬的测定 离子交换分离-分光光度法

简介本法系用二苯碳酰二肼为显色剂,六价铬在酸性条件下可直接与显色剂生成紫红色络合物,在540毫微米比色测定。三价铬先用高锰酸钾氧化成六价铬,过量的高锰酸钾在有尿素存在下用亚硝酸钠还原后再显色测定。仪器 1、72型分光光度计 2、玻璃交换柱(可用25毫升酸式滴定管代替)     

新装饰装修房屋室内空气中的苯系物调查

对新装饰装修房屋室内的一类主要有机苯系污染物进行了调查,调查采用吸附柱采集、GC/MS 和GC-FID测定,检测了321家居室内的苯系物.检出的苯系物有12种,苯平均浓度为0.068 mg/m^3,有86.9%的居室符合《室内空气质量标准》（GB/T18883-2002）规定的限量值,甲苯、二甲苯平均浓度分别为0.14 mg/m^3和0.41 mg/m^3,符合《室内空气质量标准》规定限值的居室分别达85.4%和73.3%.苯系物约占室内空气中TVOC的62%,浓度由低到高分别是苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯,其中二甲苯中的间二甲苯占二甲苯总量的55% .     

固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定水中的低分子醛、酮、醇

固相微萃取是一种快速、简便、集萃取浓缩于一体的样品前处理技术,具有分析快速、灵敏度高、无需有机溶剂的优点.用固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱分析水中甲醇、丙酮、异丙醇、乙醇、乙腈、丙烯腈,检出限可达0.003～0.03 mg/L.     

生物过滤塔处理实验室废气

研究了生物过滤塔处理实验室排放的模拟混合废气,考察了反应器对苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和甲烷等废气的去除效果。运行结果表明,在设备稳定运行期间,进气中总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的浓度为124～380 mg/m3,而出气浓度在10～40 mg/m3,去除效率保持在85%以上。实验室废气中的多种污染物在生物过滤塔中去除机理不同,亲水性污染物的去除效率高于疏水性污染物。通过系统关停后重启,污染物的去除效果在第2天就能恢复,这为生物过滤塔处理实验室废气过程的停运检修或者系统闲置提供了可行性。     

生物滴滤-生物过滤组合工艺处理汽车喷漆废气中试研究

采用中试规模的生物滴滤-生物过滤组合工艺设备处理某汽车厂喷漆车间废气,研究了组合式反应器对废气的净化效果和2处理单元对污染组分的去除能力及微生物特性.该汽车厂喷漆车间废气中的主要组分为甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丁醇、丙酮和甲基丙基甲酮.组合式反应器对废气中的污染物有较好的处理效果,但不同的污染组分在不同处理单元...     

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) at an urban background site in Zürich (Europe): Seasonal variation and source allocation

Twenty-one oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were measured in four seasonal campaigns at an urban background site in Zürich (Switzerland) with a newly developed double adsorbent sampling unit coupled to a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). In addition, selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured, as well as formaldehyde in the summer and winter campaign. The most abundant compound measured in all seasons was ethanol, with peak values of more than 60 ppb. Its seasonal variation with a lower mean value in summer compared to that in winter implied mostly anthropogenic sources. In contrast, compounds with additional biogenic sources, or compounds known to be produced in the troposphere by oxidation processes, had seasonal maxima in summer (e.g. methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, methacrolein and 2-butenone (methyl vinyl ketone, MVK)).For the OVOCs it was estimated that local sources contributed 40% and 49% to the mixing ratios of the measured compounds in summer and in winter, respectively. Combustion was estimated to contribute 75% to these local sources independent of the season. About 50% of both the OVOC and NMHC levels in Zürich could be explained by the regional background, which included regional biogenic and anthropogenic sources in addition to secondary production. Industrial sources were identified for acetone, butanone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK), n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate.     

Identification of odorous compounds in air and gas from painting and printing industries by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and library search system

A computer-assisted library search system is described consisting of a data base, pre-search and main search. Odorous air and effluent gas from painting and printing industries were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the library search system. Main components were 2-methylpropanol, three xylenes, toluene, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate.     

Removal characteristics of trace compounds of landfill gas by activated carbon adsorption

The removal characteristics of trace compounds and moisture in raw landfill gas (LFG) were studied. The LFG from the extraction well was saturated with water and moisture was eliminated by physical methods including cyclone-type dehydrator and compressor. The moisture removal efficiency of dehydrator and compressor was above 80%. As the moisture contents of LFG decreased, the toxic compounds like aromatics and chlorinated compounds were effectively removed by using the granular activated carbon. The breakthrough time and adsorption capacity of benzene, toluene, and ethyl benzene decreased rapidly when the relative humidity is over 60%. The effect of moisture was more pronounced at lower adsorbate concentrations tested than at higher concentrations. The breakthrough curves for multi-component mixtures show displacement effects. In the course of competing adsorption, adsorbates with strong interaction force to displace weakly bounded substances. Adsorption by activated carbon is in descending order of xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, tri or tetrachloroethylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in LFG, respectively.     

碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖催化薄膜光催化活性及苯降解机理

通过X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外可见光漫反射谱(UV-vis)对碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖复合薄膜的晶体结构和形貌进行表征,以室内空气典型污染物气相苯为模型反应物,研究碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖催化薄膜的光催化活性及其对苯的光降解机理。结果表明,制备的碳纳米管/二氧化钛/壳聚糖催化薄膜所具有的良好催化活性归功于碳纳米管、二氧化钛和壳聚糖三者的协调效应;气相苯光降解产生的主要中间产物是乙酸乙酯和十一烷,以及少量的丙烯醛、4-羰基-甲基-苯乙酮、十二烷烃、2,4,-二叔丁基苯酚、二十一烷烃。根据红外光谱分析与GC/MS分析结果,进一步提出了气相苯的降解机理过程。     

Evaluation of Parts-per-billion Organic Cylinder Gases for Use as Audits During Hazardous Waste Trial Burn Tests

A repository of 14 gaseous organic compounds at parts-per-billion levels (7-430 ppb) in compressed gas cylinders has been established by the Environmental Protection Agency. This repository was established to provide audit materials for use in conducting performance audits to assess the accuracy and precision of principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC) measurements, especially those performed during hazardous waste trial burn tests. Five- and nine-component mixtures In a balance gas of nitrogen were prepared in aluminum cylinders for use in the performance audit program. The five-component mixtures contain carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, perchloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and benzene. The ninecomponent mixtures contain trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, acetonitrile, trichlorofjuoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, bromomethane, methyl ethyl ketone and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

Studies of all 14 gaseous organic compounds were performed to determine the stability of the compounds and the feasibility of using them in performance audits. Results indicate that ail of the 14 compounds were adequately stable to be used as reliable audit materials. Also, the estimation of specific uncertainties associated with the analysis of these audit materials and how those uncertainties are used to assign a total uncertainty to the final analyte concentration for 14 organics Is described.

Subsequent to completion of the stability studies, several performance audits were conducted using the repository gases to assess the accuracy and precision of the volatile organic sampling train (VOST) and bag measurement methods. The audit results indicate that laboratories can use these methods to analyze POHC with accuracy usually to within ± 50 percent of the audit concentrations.     

某钢厂烧结烟气脱硫系统滤袋失效原因分析

分析了聚苯硫醚自身特性,从而了解目前烧结烟气脱硫系统袋式除尘器中选择其作为滤料的原因。并就目前某钢厂烧结烟气脱硫系统实际发生的滤袋失效问题,通过扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析及烧失量实验对滤袋进行分析,发现材料中混入的玻璃纤维是造成其失效的主要原因,为今后实际工程中滤袋的选择提供依据,从而尽量减少不必要的损失,确保烟气脱硫项目的正常运行。     

Testing the efficiency of extraction of incurred residues from soil with optimized multi-residue method

The reproducibility of extraction of residues from spiked soil samples and from soils containing incurred residues was tested with ¹⁴C-labeled test compounds of different physical-chemical properties. Nearly 100% of the compounds added to the sample before extraction could be recovered with an average reproducibility relative standard deviation (CV) of 5.4%. The additional steps of the determination process (cleanup, evaporation, etc.) contributed to the major part of the variability of the results (CV = 10–20%). The incurred residues were most efficiently extracted with acetone for 30 min followed by the mixture of acetone/ethyl acetate 1:1 for additional 30 min. However, they could only be recovered at various extent (64–90% of total residues), underlying the importance of testing the efficiency of extraction. The residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography applying thermionic detector. The performance parameters of the method complied with the international method validation guidelines, and they proved to be robust and suitable for determination of pesticide residues in soils of widely different physical–chemical properties.     

不同洗脱剂对有机氯农药污染场地土壤修复效果比较

为了筛选出能有效修复有机氯农药污染土壤的洗脱剂,选取了16种洗脱剂对2种复合有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)、氯丹和灭蚁灵)污染场地土壤进行超声洗脱修复。结果表明,对于HCHs和DDTs复合污染土壤,乙酸乙酯和丙酮对HCHs的洗脱率最高,分别为87.6%和87%,其余有机溶剂对其洗脱率也在70%以上。乙酸乙酯和丙酮对于DDT仍为最优,分别为86.9%与78.4%,其余有机试剂对DDT的洗脱率在60%以上。相对于有机溶剂,表面活性剂对HCHs和DDTs复合污染土壤的洗脱效果不好,总洗脱率均低于4%。同样,对于氯丹和灭蚁灵复合污染土壤,有机溶剂的洗脱效果也明显优于表面活性剂。有机溶剂对灭蚁灵的洗脱率,除了正丙醇较低(63.5%)外,其余均在80%左右。对氯丹的洗脱率,除石油醚(59.6%)、正己烷(49.3%)和正丙醇(42%),其余均在70%以上。相同摩尔浓度的表面活性剂中,吐温80对氯丹的洗脱率为54%,环糊精为20%,鼠李糖脂和曲拉通100为13%左右,其余则小于5%,吐温80对灭蚁灵的洗脱率为29.6%,曲拉通100的为12.4%,鼠李糖脂为5.7%,其余则更低。因此,高效低毒的有机试剂,如乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙醇等可作为有机氯农药污染土壤修复的首选。