The Incident Command System: a literature review

Given the foundational and the fundamental role that the Incident Command System (ICS) is intended to play in on‐scene response efforts across the United States, it is important to determine what is known about the system and how this is known. Accordingly, this study addresses the following research question: ‘How has research explored the ICS?’. To probe this question, a methodological review of the scant, but widening, pool of research literature directly related to the ICS was conducted. This paper reports on the findings of the analysis related to the focus, theoretical frameworks, population and sampling, methods, results, and conclusions of the existing research literature. While undertaken using different methodological approaches, the ICS research suggests that the system may be limited in its usefulness. In addition, the paper discusses the implications of the research for the state of knowledge of the system and for the direction of future research.     

我国地震应急指挥技术体系初探

地震应急指挥技术系统是防震减灾建设的核心内容。”十五”期间,将建设中国地震应急指挥技术系统。目前我国在这方面的研究和建设尚处于初级阶段,其体系结构,关键构成、设计和实现还有许多问题值得进一步研究和探讨。根据所从事的项目建设过程,对地震应急指挥技术系统的体系结构进行了阐述,介绍了在此基础上开展的首都圈地震应急指挥系统建设工作,并就今后的发展进行了讨论。     

Explaining implementation behaviour of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)

This paper explains the perceived implementation behaviour of counties in the United States with respect to the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The system represents a massive and historic policy mandate designed to restructure, standardise and thereby unify the efforts of a wide variety of emergency management entities. Specifically, this study examined variables identified in the NIMS and policy literature that might influence the behavioural intentions and actual behaviour of counties. It found that three key factors limit or promote how counties intend to implement NIMS and how they actually implement the system: policy characteristics related to NIMS, implementer views and a measure of local capacity. One additional variable—inter‐organisational characteristics—was found to influence only actual behaviour. This study's findings suggest that the purpose underlying NIMS may not be fulfilled and confirm what disaster research has long suggested: the potential for standardisation in emergency management is limited.     

政府部门的应急响应能力在城市防灾减灾中的作用

城市是人口、经济密集的地区,城市自身的特点决定了抢险救灾必须快速果断,当城市发生灾害时,当地政府部门是抢险救灾的主力军,在这一过程中,政府部门对灾害的应急反应能力成了救灾、减灾成功与否的决定性因素.文章探讨了政府部门的应急响应能力的组成及其在城市防灾减灾中的重要性.政府部门的灾害应急能力主要从应急反应、应急指挥、应急救援、应急信息的发布和应急避难五个方面体现出来.     

城市地震时人的心理反应与应急对策

本文运用社会心理学、社会行为学与地震社会学的原理,分析研究城市地震灾害发生时,人们的心理行为反应特征以及制约震时人们心理行为反应的主客观因素,在此基础上提出震时人们应采取的应急对策。     

对城市规划中抗震与应急救灾问题的思考

根据国内外震害教训和抗震经验，从震灾防御和应急救灾诸方面讨论了城市规划建设时应注意的问题及应采取的措施。     

城市地震应急救援措施探讨

在分析城市地震灾害及典型震例的基础上,探讨了城市地震应急救援的问题.     

完善我国防灾救灾体制、机制和法制

我国灾害和安全事故严重，且复杂，多样，连锁性强，破坏性大。现有的防灾救灾体制、机制和法制不能适应防灾救灾的需要。应完善防灾救灾体制、机制和法制以适应我国现阶段社会经济发展的需要.     

A baseline assessment of emergency planning and preparedness in Italian universities

Besides offering teaching and research services, schools and universities also must provide for the safety and security of their employees, students, and visitors. This paper describes emergency preparedness in a sample of Italian universities. In particular it examines risk perception within a specific professional category (university safety and security officers) in a specific cultural context (Italy). In addition, it discusses the transposition and implementation in a European Union (EU) member state of EU Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989, on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers. The findings highlight heterogeneous and fragmented emergency management models within the Italian university system, underlining the need for a stricter framework of standardised safety protocols and emergency management guidelines. The study also points out that enhancing emergency planning and preparedness in Italian universities entails increasing safety leadership, employee engagement and individual responsibility for safety and security; essentially, it necessitates improving the culture of risk prevention.     

天津市自然灾害特征及防治对策

依据自然灾害统计资料，对天津市20世纪中各种自然灾害，特别是干旱、雨涝、冰雹、风暴潮、地震、地面沉降等6种主要自然灾害的时间变化和空间分布特征进行了分析，揭示了该市20世纪以来干旱、雨涝、冰雹、风暴潮、地震灾害发生的频繁性、波动性和空间差异性，以及干旱和地面沉降灾害的区域性和日趋严重性的特点。在此基础上，根据主要自然灾害致灾因子强度空间分布特点，并结合区域孕灾环境分异状况，将天津市划分为3个灾害区，对各区的孕灾环境和自然灾害区域组合特征进行了简要评价，提出了自然灾害综合防治的相关对策。     

减振控制技术在林木风灾中的应用展望

减振控制技术在土木工程领域的应用相当广泛,是一种理论和实践上都比较成熟的技术。风灾对建筑的破坏作用相当巨大,林木(尤其是千年珍贵古树)也不可避免地会受到风灾的严重威胁。分析了当前减振控制技术在林木风灾中的实际应用较少、使用范围不广的原因,进而提出了林木风致振动及林木抗风减振的概念,并对其作了较为全面的阐述,展望了林木抗风减振技术在林业中的应用前景,指出了建立基于随机振动理论的林木抗风减振控制系统的可行性。研究内容及方法是对森林保护学科的完善与发展,是在林木风灾保护方法和措施方面开辟的另一条重要途径。     

宁夏土地沙质荒漠化成因与防治对策研究

宁夏回族自治区是我国土地沙漠化灾害严重的省区之一 ,沙漠化土地面积达 15 338km2 ,占全区土地退化总面积的 34.4 %。恶劣的气候条件加上人类不合理的经济活动 ,是引起土地沙漠化的根本原因。沙漠化使区内生态环境恶化 ,危及当地居民的生存和社会经济的发展。合理利用土地资源 ,恢复生态环境 ,是防治荒漠化的重要途径。     

狮泉河盆地风沙灾害成因及其防治

高寒干旱的气候、强劲的风力和富含易蚀物质的地表条件,孕育了狮泉河盆地剧烈的风沙灾害。狮泉河盆地风沙灾害治理工程由砾石沙障、防护林带、人工草地和灌溉工程组成。根据砾石沙障和林带防风阻沙效果的风洞模拟实验,以及戈壁风沙流的现场测定,砾石沙障走向确定为351.1°(与盆地主害风向的夹角为77°),高度为1.2 m,沙障间距为12H。防护林带与砾石沙障平行配置,选用当地适宜生长的班公柳为造林树种,采用疏透度为0.5~0.8的通风结构,林带间距为43.2 m。平行沙障和林带的合理配置,可以将工程区的风力控制在起沙风速以下。砾石沙障和防护林带间建设人工草地。     

京九线淮滨-光山段路基病害及其防治对策

以京九线淮滨-光山段路基为例,通过现场调研,综合分析了该段路基病害的类型及其成因,并结合典型工点,重点研究了各种病害的整治方法,提出了路基病害的防治对策.     

温州市区"地基污染"灾害分析与防治对策

温州市区软土含水量高,压缩性大,90%以上的建筑物基础为桩基,由于市区旧城改造的加快,同一地块会多次施工建筑物,相应桩基的重复使用会造成"地基污染"灾害.该项人类诱发的地质灾害目前往往被人们所忽视,但从长期发展的角度考虑,却是一个重要的问题,围绕这个问题进行了思考、分析和探索,并提出了相应的防治对策.     

Food aid and development in southern Sudan: implications of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement for response planning

In the post-Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) era a greater impact on the unacceptably high prevalence of child malnutrition is more likely to come from additional investment and attention to education, health, hygiene, sanitation and childcare practices than from expanded food aid interventions. The negligible impact of food aid on malnutrition, although most commonly challenged on the quality of needs assessments, is equally attributable to the timing of deliveries, and a dysfunctional distribution system. Comparatively few resources have been allocated to strengthen skills for assessing, analysing and understanding community priorities, local economies, and social safety nets. A more thoughtful allocation of scarce funds could have more impact if a range of alternative responses was considered. Participation in and commitment to a more independent livelihoods analytical forum would improve communication with the new government, local leaders and other partners, as well as providing a platform for reaching consensus on both humanitarian and development planning over the next five years.     

Conflicts and natural disaster management: a comparative study of flood control in the Republic of Korea and the United States

The purpose of this research is to analyse the conflicts that arise among major stakeholders during the process of disaster management and to suggest policy recommendations for improving disaster management systems. It describes several important conflict cases that have occurred among major stakeholders, such as governments, private‐sector entities, and non‐governmental organisations, during natural disaster management. In addition, it probes the similarities and the differences between such conflicts in the Republic of Korea and the United States. The differences between them may originate from a range of factors, such as the disaster itself, cultural features, management practices, and government organisation. However, the conflicts also are very similar in some ways, as the motivations and the behaviour of stakeholders during a disaster are alike in both countries. Based on this comparison, the study presents some common and important implications for successful disaster management practices in Korea and the US, as well as in many other nations around the world.     

岷江上游干旱河谷区龙洞沟泥石流及其防治

龙洞沟发育于岷江上游四川茂县境内,沟口地带属干旱河谷区.该沟流域面积14.52 km2,沟长9.15 km,相对高度2 534m,沟床比降23.7%,沟内滑坡发育,形成泥石流的地形和松散固体物质条件充分;偶尔出现的高强度、短历时暴雨是泥石流形成的水源条件和激发因素.该沟主沟为低频率泥石流沟,以中-大规模和特大规模泥石流为主,中-大规模泥石流约30～50 a一次,大-特大规模泥石流约50～100a一次;支沟泥石流活动频繁,但多为小规模.泥石流流体性质,支沟的几乎均为粘性,重度可达2.0～2.3 t/m3,而主沟的则以稀性为主,重度一般为1.3～1.6 t/m3.泥石流治理采用土木和生物工程相结合的综合措施,土木工程包括谷坊17座,拦砂坝5座,主沟排导槽1 054 m,支沟排导槽198 m;生物工程按流域生态功能分区进行,在分出的5个生态区实施造林398 hm2,退耕还林还草40hm2,林地封禁、抚育779 hm2,果园改造、更新40 hm2,生物谷坊10座.