澜沧江中下游地区林茶复合生态系统经营与乡村发展研究

澜沧江中下游地区是世界茶的发源地之一,林茶复合生态系统经营是当地重要的传统农业生产方式之一。通过对澜沧江中下游地区林茶系统经营现状的分析研究,发现当地社区林茶系统经营在意识、技术、产品营销上已具备一定优势,在提高社区土地利用率、增加林产品产出、提升茶叶品质、美化人居环境、维护社区生态平衡等方面发挥了重要作用,但在资源利用、生计维持和社区产业发展中仍存在一些问题。研究提出了解决问题的办法,为促进澜沧江中下游山地社区生计发展和林茶资源可持续经营利用探寻了一条新途径。     

南美环保与社区事务策略——以厄瓜多尔项目为例

以南美厄瓜多尔项目为例,分析在新的转型石油服务合同模式下,海外项目在环保和社区事务上面临的风险,包括环保许可审批时间长、历史污染处理、保护区内新区块开发审批难、社区补偿和社区冲突等问题。厄瓜多尔项目采用项目管理方法加强环保许可审批,借助审计契机划清历史污染责任,利用合同承诺解决保护区内作业难题,通过与政府沟通、利用政府力量推动工作开展,用法律武器解决社区问题,为项目持续稳定发展奠定基础。     

云南纳板河自然保护区周边社区参与生态旅游的模式研究

当前,国内许多自然保护区都把生态旅游作为发展规划的重点,通过社区参与生态旅游,不仅使村民直接从中获得经济效益,生活水平得到提高,更重要的是形成了"政府、企业和当地社区村民的利益共同体",使自然保护区的生态环境保护形成"自愿机制",有效地促进了保护区生态旅游资源的保护和开发效用最大化。针对社区参与生态旅游的现状,研究借鉴国内外社区参与生态旅游模式的经验,以纳板河自然保护区为研究对象进行了有益的探索。     

《落脚城市》与中国的城市化问题

道格·桑德斯对“落脚城市”给出的解释是：相对于以往静态的、足以对人产生误导的“移民门户”和“原始社区”等传统学术与官方用语,“落脚城市”更形象地表达出这类地区的动态与过渡性特征。作为人口变动的产物,落脚城市也在时刻经历变动：有的在创造新兴中产阶级、消除农村贫穷落后以及终结社会不平等方面起到了关键作用,并最终成为一波经济与文化盛世的诞生地;但另一些则成为种族歧视、重大暴力冲突的爆发地。     

牧民视野中的工业化——对内蒙古Y嘎查的案例

随着西部大开发的深入,内蒙古Y嘎查的变迁历程反映了资源型开发模式下的纯牧业区域的发展轨迹。对于牧民来讲,五十多年间生产生活方式的几次重大转变,他们失去的不仅是草场、畜群那么简单,基础生产生活领域的转变,使他们必须重新定位自己以及身处的社区、文化。我们现在需要的是发自肺腑的族际文化之间的尊重和理解。如果能够充分肯定蒙古族传统畜牧文化所蕴含的草原利用方式,可能就不会出现传统生计方式与工业化之间的冲突。     

湘西旅游投融资问题分析

阐述了湘西旅游投融资情况和效果,总结了目前湘西旅游投融资具有政府主导、企业主导、村民自筹资金、政企合作、政企和社区合作等模式,分析了湘西旅游投融资中存在的问题,提出应注意转变政府职能、强化市场和政策引导、大力招商引资、加强投资管理等发展建议.     

农村垃圾自主治理实践模式研究

农村垃圾问题已成为农村环境整治的一大阻碍,村民参与的重要性日益凸显。为长效治理农村内源性垃圾问题,村民在实践中探索出"龙鹄式""湖淡式""向阳式"三种较为成功的自主治理实践模式,表明农村垃圾自主治理存在可行空间。但实践及推广中亦面临着村民参与意识有待激发、资金持续投入难以维继、分级制裁机制缺失、终端混合收运等问题。为促进农村垃圾自主治理模式的进一步发展,从激发村民参与意识、拓宽资金来源、组织优化、终端协同等方面提出了针对性措施。     

低碳旅游社区构建探析——以株洲仙庾岭景区为例

我国低碳旅游社区的建设刚刚起步,政府管理层对低碳旅游社区建设的关注和引导还远远不够;在旅游社区中,低碳饮食文化、低碳住宿、低碳交通、低碳购物、低碳旅游活动和娱乐活动、社区能源利用和垃圾处理低碳化等方面还存在诸多问题.为了构建我国低碳旅游社区,政府应加强引导,科学合理地规划旅游社区的低碳发展;旅游社区必须加强对社区公众低碳意识的宣传和教育,合理开发低碳旅游活动项目,倡导低碳交通方式,积极开展低碳娱乐活动,提供低碳饮食条件和大力推广低碳住宿,加大对社区垃圾的处治力度,实现社区资源利用低碳化和能源利用的多元化;旅游者须树立低碳生活和低碳消费观念,进一步规范自己的旅游行为,维护旅游社区的低碳环境.     

NGO参与下民族村寨村民对旅游扶贫效应的感知研究——以贵州省黎平县铜关村为例

以贵州省黎平县铜关村村民为研究对象,通过问卷调查和深度访谈,从经济、社会、文化、环境、管理5个方面分析了NGO组织参与下民族村寨村民对旅游扶贫效应的感知,探讨影响村民对效应感知的关键因素。研究表明:铜关村的旅游正处在发展阶段,村民对旅游扶贫的正面效应感知明显,NGO组织参与下的旅游扶贫促进了当地经济水平、个人素质的提高和传统文化的保护,但村民参与旅游的能力和决策权有待提高。     

保护中国亚洲象

虽然目前我国对亚洲象实施严格的法律保护,盗猎现象的发生比较罕见,但它们仍然面对许多问题,例如,人象冲突、栖息地的丧失和破碎化。虽然可以为保护亚洲象在相对孤立的栖息地之间建立生态廊道,以缓解保护难题,但要想从根本上解决这些问题,还需要改变当地村民传统粗放的农业方式,同时思考借鉴诸如肯尼亚、泰国等国家发展较为成熟的生态旅游模式,开发观象等野外项目,结合当地独具特色的人文习俗,在发展经济的同时,也保存了得天独厚的自然资源,实现了可持续发展。     

State interventions and natural resource management: A study on social interfaces in a riverine fisheries setting in Kerala, India

This article attempts to analyse the social interface between formal institutions and local fishing communities along the Pamba‐Achankovil River Basin in Kerala, India. It examines primarily the nature of the relationship between state agencies and traditional fishing communities in the context of (i) enforcing certain formal regulations of resource use and (ii) implementing resource enhancement programmes. The article also analyses the nature of social interfaces that emerge when local level formal organizations, such as cooperatives and gram panchayats, take up resource management or community welfare schemes on behalf of the traditional fisherfolk in the study region. Social interfaces can be understood in terms of social processes, such as cooperation, accommodation and conflicts between various actors involved in fisheries management. The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork. Interview guides and focus group discussions were the primary tools of data collection. The findings show that the relationships between formal institutions and traditional riverine fishing communities lack mutual trust. Conflicts between fishing communities and state agencies emerge when the formal institutions threaten or contradict those elements of local culture that sustain livelihood needs. Conflicts and discontent with a particular formal institution can also lead to the modification or violation of coexisting institutional arrangements.     

天全河珍稀鱼类自然保护区的生物多样性和可持续发展对策

天全河珍稀鱼类自然保护区是四川省珍稀鱼类和经济鱼类的重要保护区，保护区及其周边地区有高等植物100多种，脊椎动物200余种，其中鱼类5目8科26属39种。但目前保护区面临一系列的问题和困难，如保护区组织机构不健全，管理水平低下，滥捕偷捕现象突出，与社会矛盾较大，资金不足等等。本文针对这些问题，从可持续发展的角度提出了相应的对策，如完善保护区的管理机构，健全社区参与机制，发展生态旅游，适度利用保护区的相关自然资源等。     

Resolving People-Park Conflicts through Negotiation: Reflections on the Richtersveld Experience

Protected areas in developing countries play a vital role in promoting the ideal of sustainable development.But 'people-park'conflicts are commonplace,threatening the future of these areas and the long term well-being of local communities. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to applying lessons learned in conflict studies to people-parkconflicts. In contrast to traditional adversarialresponses, negotiated approaches offer considerable potential for transforming people-park conflicts into mutually beneficial relationships.Experiencesin the Richtersveldregion of South Africa demonstrate the cardinal role negotiation can play in addressing key issues underlying people-park conflicts.     

A relational theoretical framework and meanings of land,nature, and sustainability for research with Indigenous communities

What may be achieved through taking up the complex exploration of nature, land, and sustainability is a growing field of inquiry in both science and social science, particularly for those who are interested in the local environment. Meanings of nature, land, and sustainability have been either misunderstood or misrepresented within disciplinary boundaries in many Indigenous communities. To explore the meanings of things such as nature, land, and sustainability in Indigenous communities, we as researchers had better first acknowledge the spirituality and local experiences that connect one actor with other actors. A relational ontology is the conceptual framework within which I suggest meanings of traditional land, nature, and sustainability such as traditional experiences, culture, and customs, are important issues for Indigenous lives and environment. This framework may potentially guide the researcher through the critical concerns of identifying the problems of existing land, nature, and sustainability management in relation to the everyday land-based practices and traditional experiences in Indigenous regions.     

Rights and Conflicts in the Management of Fisheries in the Lower Songkhram River Basin,Northeast Thailand

A complex, pre-existing local property rights system, characterized by overlap and conflict, comprises the local basis for managing inland fisheries in communities of the Lower Songkhram River Basin (LSRB) of Northeastern Thailand. The components, conflicts and changes of the system are analyzed for fourteen communities, focusing on the auction system for barrages, an illegal and destructive, yet tolerated, fishery. These rights, adapted to gear type, seasonality, and habitat of the LSRB fisheries, are a critical social resource and proven management system that should be legitimized. Recommendations are made for both improving general inland fisheries policy and reforming the barrage fishery.     

Values and the state in natural resource management: The Mt Wellington skyway dispute, Hobart, Tasmania

This article presents a study of land-use politics at the local level in Hobart, capital of the small island state of Tasmania. It is concerned with the politics of local place in the Mt Wellington Skyway cable car dispute and the tactics employed by the state government, in contravention of sustainability principles, to prioritise development over public concern for a local environment. The dispute is reviewed in terms of ideological contention, planning and decision making, and the role of the state in facilitating development. It is found to be characteristically Tasmanian in terms of state legislative support for the project and attitudes in the local community and local government polarised firmly against it. The management of the Mt Wellington Range itself is found to have been hindered by a history of non-decision making and neglect of intrinsic natural values, and the management of the Skyway approval process to have been expediently driven by utilitarian concerns. The article closely scrutinises the type of local environmental issue that Rainbow (1993) suggests has catalysed green politics at the state level in Tasmania. But more generally, it also presents a classic study of the ideological contention that continues to inspire natural resource conflict wherever communities face the degradation of local places defined by significant natural areas.     

Local agenda 21, compulsory competitive tendering and local environmental practices

This paper focuses on the issues arising from Local Agenda 21 where the role of local authorities is seen as vital in promoting and achieving sustainable development. The implications of the current forms of public sector restructuring for local authorities, and in particular the consequences of the requirement to contract out the delivery and management of traditional environmental services such as grounds maintenance are considered. The paper concludes that the ongoing processes of local government restructuring, together with the removal of many functions from local democratic control, are reducing the capacity of local communities to respond positively to the demands of Local Agenda 21.     

Attitudes of stakeholders towards the Podyji/Thaya River Basin National Park in the Czech Republic

In August 2000, a survey of public opinion was carried out among visitors, local residents and representatives of local self-governments in the territory of the Podyji/Thaya River Basin National Park in the Czech Republic. The goal was to obtain stakeholders' opinions and attitudes towards nature conservation, the National Park and tourism within the territory which used to be closed to the public for 40 years due to the Iron Curtain. Without the knowledge of opinions of stakeholders it is not possible to manage nature conservation and development in the protected area properly. Using the method of direct interviews, 646 questionnaires where collected, of which 523 were from visitors and tourists, 115 from local residents and 8 from mayors of towns/villages. The questionnaires were analysed in order to detect differences in attitudes among the respondent groups in the following thematic areas: (a) the National Park, its environment and perception of it by respondents; (b) relationship of respondents to the territory; (c) tourism and attitudes towards recreational activities; (d) the Administration of the National Park and evaluation of its work; and (e) economic impact of tourism for local communities. One section of the study focused on comparing the attitudes between local inhabitants and mayors and the other section presents a collation of opinions from locals, mayors and tourists. Although a positive evaluation of the national park dominated the results, some negative attitudes and experiences were identified among locals. In addition, the situation also differed within communities. Results also indicated a relatively strong relationship to the territory by locals, but low job opportunities and income from tourism. The level of tourism intensity was perceived as an increasing and sometimes disturbing factor for local communities; motoring was observed as being the most negative activity for nature. The Administration of the Podyji/Thaya River Basin National Park was sometimes criticised and the communication with the community was not always evaluated satisfactorily. All groups of respondents identified waste management to be the most pressing issue. Identification of differences in attitudes of interviewed respondents may be effectively used in planning environmental management and sustainable tourism development in the area.     

Forest Conflict in Thailand: Northern Minorities in Focus

This paper aims at exploring the local background of and solutions to the forest conflict in upland areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, who are called hill tribes, in northern Thailand. A so-called hill tribe problem has been officially identified as a result of the slash-and-burn cultivation and other perceived problems, such as opium poppy cultivation, illegal immigration, and the suspicion of disloyalty to the state. This has created distrust and tension between the groups and authorities. The local conflict has recently been related to the dilemma of conserving the forest from all human interference, while many people live and make their livelihood within and adjacent to the protected areas. Furthermore, as the results imply, strictly protected areas and reforestation have also increased the competition over land and natural resources and, thereby, the likelihood of local conflicts. The scarcity and pollution of water, illegal logging, and poor fire control have contributed to the conflicts between local communities. The conflicts between the local communities and officials have been nourished by political and public discussions. Using definitions and terms with negative connotations and ignoring the heterogeneity between the groups or labeling some groups as malevolent have increased distrust and strengthened existing stereotypical images. Conflict resolution starts with efforts toward better mutual understanding, and changes in structures and attitudes are necessary. Local cooperation, utilization of traditional methods, and local institutions are central to conflict solving.     

Climate Change Adaptation Among Tibetan Pastoralists: Challenges in Enhancing Local Adaptation Through Policy Support

While researchers are aware that a mix of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), community-based resource management institutions, and higher-level institutions and policies can facilitate pastoralists' adaptation to climate change, policy makers have been slow to understand these linkages. Two critical issues are to what extent these factors play a role, and how to enhance local adaptation through government support. We investigated these issues through a case study of two pastoral communities on the Tibetan Plateau in China employing an analytical framework to understand local climate adaptation processes. We concluded that LEK and community-based institutions improve adaptation outcomes for Tibetan pastoralists through shaping and mobilizing resource availability to reduce risks. Higher-level institutions and policies contribute by providing resources from outside communities. There are dynamic interrelationships among these factors that can lead to support, conflict, and fragmentation. Government policy could enhance local adaptation through improvement of supportive relationships among these factors. While central government policies allow only limited room for overt integration of local knowledge/institutions, local governments often have some flexibility to buffer conflicts. In addition, government policies to support market-based economic development have greatly benefited adaptation outcomes for pastoralists. Overall, in China, there are still questions over how to create innovative institutions that blend LEK and community-based institutions with government policy making.