北京市居家空气微生物污染特征

在北京市选取31户有1岁至10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物污染特征.结果表明,北京市居家环境空气微生物总浓度变化范围为269～13066 CFU·m-3,均值为2658 CFU· m-3,空气细菌浓度变化范围为47 ～ 12341 CFU·m-3,均值为1821 CFU·m-3,空气真菌浓度变化范围为62～3498 CFU·m-3,均值为837 CFU·m-3.空气细菌和真菌浓度百分比分别为61.0％和39.0％,细菌浓度明显高于真菌浓度.居家环境优势细菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克菌属(Kocuria),4属细菌百分比约占63.1％ ～70.9％,优势真菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),分别约占总数的36.0％、17.8％、9.3％、5.3％和3.6％.文中最后针对北京市居家环境空气微生物污染的现状及其来源,从宠物饲养、空调清理、室内外优良环境的保持及垃圾处理、室内花卉种植等方面提出了治理建议.     

北京市室外空气真菌分布特征

通过定点取样研究北京市空气真菌的种类组成,浓度特征及其动态变化规律.监测结果表明,北京市空气真菌平均浓度为(1164.8±73.2)CFU.m^-3,浓度变异很大,变化范围为23.6～13959.5CFU.m^-3.空气中优势真菌为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和无孢菌(non-sporing),其中枝孢属是绝对优势真菌,浓度约占真菌总浓度的1/3以上.文教区和公园绿地空气真菌浓度夏季和秋季较高,春季和秋季较低,而交通干线空气真菌浓度4季变化趋势不明显.文教区和公园绿地空气真菌浓度明显高于交通干线(p<0.05),文教区和公园绿地之间则没有显著差异.     

北京市夏季空气真菌生态分布特征

研究了北京市夏季空气真菌的群落结构和分布特征．结果表明,空气真菌优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、无孢菌(non—sporulating mycelia)、青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus),其中枝孢属浓度占总浓度的47．2％,出现频率为100％,是绝对的优势真菌属．在不同的功能区,教区枝孢属最多,占53．5％,交通干线青霉属和链格孢属最多,分别占7．2％和24．3％．公园绿地无孢菌占31．7％,明显多于教区和交通干线,不同的环境条件能够改变空气真菌类群的浓度．公园绿地和教区空气真菌总浓度明显高于普通干线(P＜0．01)．空气真菌的粒子径主要分布在1．0—6．0um,约占总数的70％,呈对数正态分布．公园绿地空气真菌中值直径大于交通干线和教区,分别为2．50um,2．37um和2．04um．     

垃圾填埋场空气真菌群落结构和时空分布特征

为了解垃圾填埋场空气真菌的群落结构和浓度、粒径的时空分布,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气真菌进行了系统的定点取样和分析.结果表明,除无孢菌外,共出现了15属空气真菌.优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、无孢菌群(Non-sporing).填埋区和渗滤液处理区空气真菌浓度约为1 750 CFU.m-3,明显高于生活区(p0.05).2006年4月~2007年1月空气真菌浓度变化曲线呈双峰型,2个高峰分别出现在5月和9~10月,浓度可达5 000 CFU.m-3以上.填埋区4~7月空气真菌09:00~11:00的浓度低于15:00~16:00,在8月~次年1月趋势相反.空气真菌粒子在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级约占总数的75%.填埋区和渗滤液处理区的空气真菌中值直径均为2.9μm,生活区为2.8μm,3个功能区空气真菌的中值直径没有差异(p0.05).     

南方典型旅游城市空气微生物特征研究

选取杭州市4个样点进行了空气微生物取样,利用传统可培养法系统研究了其空气微生物特征.结果表明杭州市空气微生物总浓度变化范围为24~10135CFU/m~3.均值为1140CFU/m~3,空气细菌浓度变化范围为0~3253CFU/m~3,均值为292CFU/m~3,空气真菌浓度变化范围为0~8767CFU/m~3,均值为848CFU/m~3.空气真菌浓度显著高于细菌浓度.空气细菌和真菌浓度百分比分别为29.1%和70.9%.杭州市不同样点空气微生物中浓度显著不同,ZJGSUJC最高为1413CFU/m~3,其次为YRBS(1174CFU/m~3)和BLQG(1137CFU/m~3),TJCR最低为834CFU/m~3.杭州室外优势细菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、库克菌属(Kocuria)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),5属细菌百分比总和约占55.26%~59.48%.优势真菌属依次为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、无孢菌和曲霉属(Aspergillus),分别约占总数的29.49%、21.43%、10.98%、10.88%和7.74%.本研究提供了杭州市空气微生物污染的第一手资料,为城市管理部门制定相关的环境政策法规提供理论指导,也为全面掌握我国城市空气微生物特征奠定基础.     

北京市居家空气微生物粒径及分布特征研究

室内外空气微生物对人们健康的危害不仅与微生物的种类和浓度有关,而且还与微生物粒子的大小及粒径分布特征密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机制不同.在北京市不同方向选取31户有1～10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物粒径及分布特征.结果表明,室内空气细菌和真菌粒径分布特征不随家庭环境、季节特征、儿童性别、房屋结构的变化而变化,但空气细菌和真菌的粒径分布特征不同.总体上空气细菌和真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布,但空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级(>8.2μm)到Ⅴ级(1.0～2.0μm)逐渐增加,Ⅵ级(<1.0μm)细菌粒子百分比急剧下降,最高值出现在Ⅴ级,而空气真菌粒径百分比从Ⅰ级～Ⅳ级(2.0～3.5μm)逐渐增加,而后从Ⅳ级～Ⅵ级真菌粒径百分比急剧下降,最高值出现在Ⅳ级.不同优势真菌属的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,最高值出现在Ⅳ级,而链格孢属为偏态分布,最高值出现在Ⅱ级(5.0～10.4μm).室内空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌,1 a中空气细菌和真菌春、夏、秋季的粒径明显大于冬季.     

城市居家环境空气细菌群落结构特征

在北京市5个方向(东南西北中)共选取31户有小孩的家庭于2009年11月至2010年10月研究了城市居家环境空气细菌的群落结构特征.结果表明,从分离的632株空气细菌中共鉴定出43属细菌,其中革兰氏阳性菌32属,革兰氏阴性菌11属.优势菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克氏菌属(Kocuria), 分别占25%~31%,12%~17%, 10%~15%,9%~18%,4属细菌百分比约占63%~71%.在北京市取样的31户家庭中,空气细菌浓度范围为47~12341cfu/m3,平均值为1821cfu/m3.总体上,春季和夏季空气细菌浓度分别为2967cfu/m3和1742cfu/m3,明显高于秋季和冬季的1334cfu/m3和1242cfu/m3(P<0.05).北京市居家环境空气细菌浓度男孩家庭(2123cfu/m3)明显高于女孩家庭(1511cfu/m3)(P<0.01).     

南方典型旅游城市空气微生物粒径分布特征

在南方典型旅游城市杭州选取了4个样点进行了空气微生物取样工作.系统研究了杭州市室外空气微生物粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同样点空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级到Ⅵ级逐渐减少,总体呈偏态分布.交通干线,文教区,商业区和旅游风景区细菌粒子百分比最高值均出现在Ⅰ级,分别占29.1%,31.8%,33.5%和25.4%,最低值均出现在Ⅵ级,分别占11.7%,11.2%,6.5%和11.1%.不同样点空气真菌主要分布在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级,总体呈对数正态分布,真菌百分比最高值均出现在Ⅳ级,分别占30.3%,30.2%,31.7%和28.3%,最低值出现在Ⅵ级,分别占5.2%,5.1%,3.3%和4.5%.青霉属,链格孢属,曲霉属和枝孢属优势真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布特征,但取样器各级真菌百分比各不相同.此外,空气细菌中值直径显著大于空气真菌,商业区空气细菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点,而文教区真菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点.研究结果进一步说明了城市室内外空气微生物粒径分布特征的不同,为室内外空气微生物污染的预防和控制提供了科学依据.     

北京市夏季空气微生物粒度分布特征

着重研究了夏季空气微生物的粒度分布特征,比较分析了北京市空气微生物粒度分布的变化状况.结果表明:空气细菌、空气真菌和空气放线菌的粒度分布特征各不相同, 并且不随着时间和空间的变化而变化.空气细菌呈偏态分布,大于2.0 μm的粒子约占总数的80.0%,小于1.0 μm的粒子最少,约占9.0%.空气真菌呈对数正态分布,1.0～6.0 μm的粒子约占70.0%,小于1.0 μm的粒子最少,约占5.0%.空气放线菌粒度分布与正态分布恰好相反,大于8.2 μm和小于1.0 μm的粒子约占60.0%;3.0～6.0 μm的粒子最少,约占10.0%.此外不同功能区优势真菌粒度分布规律基本一致.枝孢属(Cladosporium),青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)粒度主要分布在F3,F4和F5(1.0～6.0 μm)中,约占总数的85.0%,呈对数正态分布.而交链孢属(Alternaria)和无孢菌(nonsporing)主要分布在前4级(>2.0 μm),分别约占总数的90.0%和75.0%,呈偏态分布.在过去10年的城市化进程中,北京市空气微生物粒度分布的基本趋势没有变化,但是空气真菌粒度分布的峰值由原来的3.0～6.0 μm降低到2.0～3.0 μm.     

膨胀污泥中丝状菌的分离鉴定与特性分析

为了阐明膨胀污泥中的丝状菌种类和特性,利用培养法、显微镜检和分子生物学分析技术从城市污水处理厂的膨胀污泥中分离鉴定丝状菌,并对典型丝状菌进行特性分析.利用高氏一号培养基和淀粉培养基分离出的丝状菌可归入18个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyce)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium)属于放线菌门,其余均属于真菌.青霉菌属(Penicillium)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、毛孢子菌属(Trichosporon)在培养基上的出现频次较高.毛孢子菌、链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都能在pH中性或偏酸性条件下良好生长.高浓度的Na Cl能够抑制毛孢子菌和链霉菌,但对青霉菌和链格孢菌的抑制作用不明显.除毛孢子菌外,链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都可有效地利用蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素,碳源浓度增加会促进它们的生长.r DNA-ITS区高通量测序结果表明膨胀污泥中存在大量未知真菌.     

Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spore release into the air

Our previous field studies have shown that the presence of molds in buildings does not necessarily mean elevated airborne spore counts. Therefore, we investigated the release of fungal spores from cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. at different air velocities and air humidities. Spores of A. fumigatus and Penicillium sp. were released from conidiophores already at air velocity of 0.5 ms⁻¹, whereas Cladosporium spores required at least a velocity of 1.0 ms⁻¹. Airborne spore counts of A. fumigatus and Penicillium sp. were usually higher in dry than moist air, being minimal at relative humidities (r.h.) above 70%, while the effect of r.h. on the release of Cladosporium sp. was ambivalent. The geometric mean diameter of released spores increased when the r.h. exceeded a certain level which depends on fungal genus. Thus, spores of all three fungi were hygroscopic but the hygroscopicity of various spores appeared at different r.h.-ranges. This study indicates that spore release is controlled by external factors and depends on fungal genus which can be one reason for considerable variation of airborne spore counts in buildings with mold problems.     

Microbial and size characterization of airborne particulate matter collected on sticky tapes along US–Mexico border

Particulate matter(PM) emissions from various sources can affect significantly human health and environmental quality especially in the Chihuahuan Desert region along US–Mexico border. The objective of this study was to use the low-cost sticky tape method to collect airborne PM for size characterization and identification of fungal spores. Sticky tape samplers were placed at 1.0 and 2.0 m above the ground surface at experimental sites in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and at 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 m at New Mexico sites, USA. Soil samples were collected in both countries to determine fungal diversity, texture and moisture content Dust particles collected from all of the experimental sites had a dominant texture of clay( 0.002 mm). The dominant textures identified from soil samples collected from the US and Mexican sites were loam and sandy clay loam, respectively. Alternaria, Penicillium and Fusarium were frequently found funguses in the US sites while Alternaria and Aspergillus were commonly observed in the Mexican sites. The sticky tapes also showed a similar diversity of fungal microorganisms present in the airborne PM at both Mexico and US sites Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus were the three groups of airborne fungal microorganisms consistently present in the US and Mexican sites. The low-cost sticky tape method has the potential to be used for characterizing different airborne microorganisms and dust particles.     

Airborne Cladosporium and other fungi in damp versus reference residences

Our previous study (Nevalainen et al., 1991, Envir. Int.17, 299–302) showed that airborne counts of total viable fungal spores in damp residences did not remarkably differ from those in reference residences. The results of the present study confirmed this finding. Indoor air spore counts varied considerably from residence to residence and even within the same residence. Thus, the counts were only occasionally high in the damp residences. Counts of airborne Cladosporium spp. spores and yeast cells were significantly higher in the damp residences than in the reference ones. The difference of yeast cell counts between the residence groups was explained by the difference in outdoor air, whereas Cladosporium spp. spores were mainly derived from indoors. Prevalence of Aspergillus spp. spores was also slightly higher in the damp residences than in the reference ones.     

Airborne mesophilic fungal spores in various residential environments

In the present work viable fungal spore counts and flora of indoor air were compared in various residences. Total viable spore counts were lowest in the urban/suburban residences and highest in the rural residences. Moisture problems in the urban environment did not increase total viable spore count, but affected composition of fungal flora. In the rural environment, spore counts were much higher in the old houses than in the new ones. Penicillium was the most prevalent fungus in the air of all the residences studied. Airborne Aspergillus, Cladosporium spores and yeast cells were more common in the damp residences and the old rural houses than in the other residences.     

Antifungal activity of the pygidial gland secretion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laemostenus punctatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Carabidae) against cave-dwelling micromycetes

The antifungal potential of the pygidial gland secretion of the troglophilic ground beetle Laemostenus punctatus from a cave in Southeastern Serbia against cave-dwelling micromycetes, isolated from the same habitat, has been investigated. Eleven collected samples were analyzed and 32 isolates of cave-dwelling fungi were documented. A total of 14 fungal species were identified as members of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Epicoccum, Talaromyces, and Fusarium. Five isolates were selected for testing the antifungal activity of the pygidial gland secretion: Talaromyces duclauxi, Aspergillus brunneouniseriatus, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, and Trichoderma viride. The microdilution method has been applied to detect minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs). The most sensitive isolate was Penicillium sp., while the other isolates demonstrated a high level of resistance to the tested agent. L. punctatus has developed a special mechanism of producing specific compounds that act synergistically within the secretion mixture, which are responsible for the antifungal action against pathogens from the cave. The results open opportunities for further research in the field of ground beetle defense against pathogens, which could have an important application in human medicine, in addition to the environmental impact, primarily.     

夏秋季节北京市居家室内微生物多样性的变化特征

室内空气中过高浓度的生物粒子有害人体健康.空气中的微生物通常与灰尘结合在一起,然而目前对家庭室内灰尘微生物多样性及其随季节变化特征的报道较少.本研究在北京市选择1户家庭,在夏季和秋季定期采集灰尘样品,通过高通量测序研究细菌和真菌群落组成及多样性,并分析细菌-真菌的网络互作特征.结果显示,室内灰尘细菌和真菌群落Shannon指数及Chao1指数夏季均显著高于秋季（p<0.05）.此外,室内灰尘细菌群落结构夏季与秋季无显著差异（p>0.05）,主要类群为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、考克氏菌属（Kocuria）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;真菌群落结构夏季与秋季则明显不同（p<0.05）,夏季优势类群为曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和裂褶菌属（Schizophyllum）,而秋季曲霉属占绝对主导地位.室内灰尘微生物网络互作具有明显的季节特征,夏季微生物互作主要为细菌-细菌,以及细菌-真菌的正相互作用;而秋季微生物互作比夏季更紧密,以细菌-细菌的正相互作用为主.这些结果可为构建健康的居家环境提供参考依据.     

梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度及粒径分布

大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶可通过空气传播,可能会危害学生身体健康.本研究调查了梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布特点,对其同空气颗粒物浓度、环境温度和湿度的Spearman相关性进行了研究,分析了学生活动对宿舍室内气溶胶的影响.结果表明,学生宿舍室内的细菌和真菌气溶胶平均浓度分别为(2 133±1 617)CFU·m~(-3)和(3 111±2 202)CFU·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶的浓度明显高于细菌.学生宿舍室内的PM1、PM_(2.5)、PM10与细菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关,与真菌气溶胶浓度呈显著负相关;PM_(2.5)与可吸入细菌气溶胶呈正相关,PM_(10)与可吸入真菌气溶胶呈正相关;环境温度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈正相关,环境相对湿度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关.在下午,宿舍室内真菌气溶胶浓度显著增加,上午和下午生物气溶胶的粒径分布有差异.本研究结果将为评价高校学生宿舍室内空气质量提供基础数据.