2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚的好氧微生物降解

从北京高碑店污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选出1株能好氧降解2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的细菌,并对其降解特性及有关蛋白质进行分析,目的是了解好氧条件下BDE-47的微生物降解机制.BDE-47降解菌通过平板划线法获得,其16S rDNA与不动杆菌(Acintobacter sp.)的相似度最大,为90％.采用250 mL锥形瓶研究了所得菌对BDE-47的降解情况,在BDE-47初试浓度为146 μg·L-1的条件下,经过63 d的培养,所得菌降解了45.44％的BDE-47,降解产物主要为4-OH-联苯醚,菌量增加了7倍左右.分别以BDE-47和酵母提取物为碳源培养所得菌2周,然后各自提取蛋白质,通过蛋白质双向电泳及质谱检测,发现了与BDE-47降解有关的一些特异蛋白质.本研究表明,在好氧条件下,细菌可以BDE-47为碳源生长,其过程涉及多种蛋白质的作用.     

2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚高效好氧降解菌的鉴定及其降解路径

2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)是环境和生物体中普遍检出且生物毒性较大的一种多溴联苯醚同系物.本研究从广东省贵屿镇电子垃圾拆解厂周边采集的农田土壤中分离出一株BDE-47的高效好氧降解菌GYP1,考察了其对BDE-47的降解性能、降解路径及不同的环境因素对菌株降解BDE-47的影响.根据菌株形态特征、16S r DNA基因序列及系统发育树分析,将该菌鉴定为伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia).结果表明,菌株GYP1在好氧条件下能够利用BDE-47为唯一碳源生长,在BDE-47初始质量浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、温度为30℃、摇床转速为150r·min~(-1)的条件下避光培养4 d,该菌株对BDE-47的降解率可达到82.4%.菌株GYP1在15~35℃和p H=4.0~7.0的环境条件范围内对BDE-47均能保持良好的降解性能,但外加蔗糖、酵母粉、联苯醚等碳源会明显抑制其对BDE-47的降解.在菌株GYP1对BDE-47的降解过程中检测到6-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、4'-OH-BDE-17、2'-OH-BDE-3这4种羟基多溴联苯醚及2,4-二溴苯酚,证明菌株GYP1对BDE-47的好氧降解机理主要是羟基化过程.     

厌氧条件下 2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚的微生物降解

多溴联苯醚是环境中的新兴污染物,其中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在环境(尤其是水环境)中普遍存在且生物毒性很高.以BDE-47为对象,研究了6组含脱卤球菌的培养液对BDE-47的降解,目的是了解厌氧条件下BDE-47的微生物降解及其动力学.采用100 mL血清瓶作为厌氧反应器,对厌氧微生物进行培养.对每组菌作两种处理,一是仅加入BDE-47作为能源(设计终浓度为200μg.L-1),另一是同时加入BDE-47和三氯乙烯(TCE)作为能源(设计终浓度分别为200μg.L-1和13mg.L-1).经过3个月的实验,两组含脱卤球菌的培养液(6M6B和T2)均能明显降解BDE-47,生成BDE-17、BDE-4及少量的DE,TCE的存在一定程度上减弱了6M6B和T2菌对BDE-47的降解.采用PCR-DGGE法对不同培养菌液的群落结构进行比较,发现醋酸杆菌属与BDE-47的降解关联较大.在3种不同初始浓度(50、250和500μg.L-1)条件下,BDE-47的降解速率分别为0.003 3、0.001 4和0.001 0 d-1.本研究表明,厌氧条件下BDE-47在细菌的作用下可发生还原降解,生成BDE-17和BDE-4.醋酸杆菌属可能在BDE-47的降解中起较大作用.高浓度的BDE-47在一定程度上会抑制降解菌的活性.     

纳米Pd/Fe催化甲醇/水中2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)还原脱溴

构建了纳米Pd/Fe催化还原甲醇/水中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)反应体系,常压下采用单因素实验系统考察了纳米Pd/Fe催化还原甲醇/水中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的主要影响因素,并分析了BDE-47还原反应的中间产物及终产物.结果表明,纳米Pd/Fe的反应活性随Pd负载率的提高而先升后降;甲醇-水体积比高于50∶50后,BDE-47去除率随甲醇-水体积比升高而降低;在25～40℃内,BDE-47去除率随反应温度的升高而升高,随BDE-47初始浓度的增加而降低,增加纳米Pd/Fe量可提高反应速率;酸性及弱碱性条件有利于BDE-47还原.BDE-47还原主要为脱溴反应,是一个从n溴到(n-1)溴联苯醚的逐步脱溴过程,反应进行90min后,BDE-47分子中溴原子完全被脱除,反应终产物为二苯醚.     

外加碳源对菌株GH10降解BDE-209的影响

通过研究6种外加碳源对菌株GH10降解BDE-209产生的影响,证明葡萄糖是菌GH10降解BDE-209的最佳外加碳源,降解培养基中葡萄糖的最适浓度为2 mg/L。经过5 d的降解培养,在第3天时培养基中BDE-209的残余浓度最低,其浓度从10 mg/L降为1.24 mg/L;与不添加葡萄糖的试验相比,BDE-209的降解率从42.24%提高到87.61%;菌株GH10对BDE-209的降解符合一级反应动力学,降解动力学方程为C=12.064e-0.670 t,半衰期为1.03 d,说明添加葡萄糖能够有效促进菌GH10降解BDE-209。     

猪肝微粒体体外代谢2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类在环境中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物,研究PBDEs的体外代谢行为对理解其在体内的富集和转化具有重要意义。文章以猪肝微粒体作为研究对象,以体外代谢形式研究其对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的代谢能力,优化了代谢条件,并研究了0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mg/L的BDE-47对细胞色素P450酶系中7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)、7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)和苯胺4-羟基化酶(ANH)活性的影响。结果表明,孵育0.1 mg/L的BDE-47时,猪肝微粒体对BDE-47的代谢率可达到28.6%。实验所设各浓度BDE-47均能够保护微粒体的ECOD活性,但较高浓度的BDE-47(0.5、1、5 mg/L)对微粒体的EROD活性有显著抑制作用,而各浓度BDE-47对ANH活性没有显著影响。     

白腐菌锰过氧化物酶对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚的降解

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类在环境中普遍存在的全球性有机污染物,对这类污染物环境行为的研究虽然已有较多报道,但是微生物降解方面尤其是针对单一胞外酶降解的研究还比较少。文章以白腐菌模式菌种Phanerochaete chrysosporium为对象,研究其分泌的胞外酶锰过氧化物酶(MnP)对环境中最常检测到的2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE47)的好氧降解,考察不同β-环糊精浓度对该酶降解BDE47的影响,并初步探讨了胞内细胞色素P450的作用。结果表明,MnP能有效降解BDE47,在培养15 d后,扣除空白损失,降解率达到70%左右。低浓度和高浓度的环糊精对MnP降解BDE47无显著性影响。胞内细胞色素P450对BDE47的降解没有明显贡献。     

BDE-47在紫贻贝中的分布、蓄积、消除和毒性效应

以紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)为试验生物,研究了 2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在贻贝组织中的分布、生物蓄积和消除动态,并探究BDE-47对贻贝的毒性作用.结果发现:紫贻贝对BDE-47有较强的生物蓄积能力和一定的消除能力,且蓄积具有组织特异性和浓度依赖性,消化腺和鳃是B...     

十溴联苯醚对大型蚤和发光菌的毒性研究

利用发光菌和大型蚤2种不同层级的水生生物研究十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对其的毒性,为多溴联苯醚的生态风险控制提供基础数据和技术参数。大型蚤毒性试验结果表明:BDE-209在24 h和48 h内不足以引起大型蚤死亡,48-EC50>10 mg/L,属于低毒;BDE-209暴露浓度为1 mg/L时,对大型蚤的生长和繁殖没有显著影响。但BDE-209暴露浓度≥10 mg/L时对大型蚤的生存和繁殖会产生较大影响,这是由于BDE-209在慢性试验过程中降解成了多种毒性更强的低溴联苯醚。发光菌急性毒性试验表明,BDE-209对发光菌的剂量-效应曲线为非线性,且急性毒性较小,浓度越高,抑制率越高,高浓度下对发光菌的抑制率变化很小。     

大气环境变化对污染土壤中PBDEs自然降解过程的影响研究

以模拟电子垃圾拆解区污染土壤中的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了臭氧浓度的上升及光照条件、温度和土壤pH值等环境因素对土壤中PBDEs自然降解过程的影响.研究结果表明:臭氧浓度的升高能明显促进PBDEs的自然降解,且臭氧浓度越高BDE-209的降解率越高,随着土壤深度增加,BDE-209去除率则相应降低,10 mg·L-1的臭氧在2 h内对深层土壤中BDE-209的去除率可达99%.光照强度为1.0 m W·cm-2的持续紫外光照条件下,土壤中BDE-209的降解现象较为明显,且光降解速率随光强的增强而增大.40℃的夏季地面高温及pH=9.0的弱碱性土壤均有利于PBDEs的自然降解.此外,PBDEs的降解过程是逐步脱溴的过程.PBDEs的降解过程既包括了BDE-209的降解,也包括了中间产物(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154和BDE-183)的降解.当BDE-209去除率达到一定程度且中间产物逐渐积累达一定量时,中间产物的降解反应逐渐成为主导反应,导致PBDEs总量逐渐降低.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.