饮用水中悬浮颗粒物对微生物聚集和消毒效果的影响

针对目前有关消毒剂胁迫下颗粒物对微生物保护作用机制尚不清晰,以饮用水中微生物为研究对象,通过构建静态模拟实验装置,解析消毒剂胁迫下针铁矿对微生物聚集和消毒效果的影响机制.结果表明,当未投加消毒剂氯时,针铁矿浓度对水中微生物失活率基本没有影响;而当有氯存在时,针铁矿促进氯的衰减、微生物胞外聚合物的分泌以及其聚集行为,进而...     

芥子气消毒技术研究现状及发展趋势研究

芥子气使用后,如不及时进行消毒处理,将会造成水源和土壤长期染毒,对环境和人类的健康构成严重威胁,因此,芥子气消毒技术已成为研究热点,针对传统消毒技术所存在的缺点,研究人员尝试利用不同的消毒技术对芥子气进行高效、无毒、环保消毒.目前主要采用过氧化物、光催化和光化学、纳米金属化合物、高铁酸钾等消毒技术对芥子气实施消毒,这些技术各有缺点和不足,在未来,各种消毒技术的性能改进和联合运用是主要发展趋势.     

饮用水消毒副产物分析及相关研究进展

饮用水消毒副产物（DBPs）是消毒剂和一些天然有机物（NOM）反应生成的化合物,主要包括三卤甲烷（THMs）、卤代G@（HAAs）、卤代乙腈（HANs）和致诱变化舍物（MX）4类。本文针对氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧4种主要消毒方式产生的消毒副产物,讨论了有关分析技术的发展过程,从DBPs的前处理技术、分析技术等角度,介绍了DBPs研究领域近期所取得的进展,并展望了今后研究的发展方向。     

二氧化氯消毒无机消毒副产物控制技术进展研究

日常生活、生产中,饮用水消毒剂受到广泛关注.中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)规定二氧化氯可作为饮用水消毒剂,但其在消毒过程中所产生的无机消毒副产物,对人类健康存在潜在的危害.随着检测和控制技术水平的发展,对饮用水中无机消毒副产物的研究已成为热点.文章参考大量文献,对饮用水中无机消毒副产物的控制技术进行了详细讨论.     

紫外线与消毒剂联合作用于黄浦江源水的研究

针对黄浦江源水砂滤出水,进行了紫外线单独作用的研究,同时对于紫外线与消毒剂联合消毒时消毒剂的投加方式对灭菌作用和消毒副产物的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:当紫外线剂量达到42 mJ/cm2时出水水质已达到了生活饮用水卫生标准中对细菌总数和大肠杆菌数的要求,且在相同紫外剂量下,高强度时对细菌的灭活效果要好于低强度时的效果;先紫外消毒后消毒剂消毒对于微生物具有很好的杀灭作用,但是不能减少消毒副产物的产生;紫外线和消毒剂同时作用对于微生物的杀灭作用不佳,但是出水的消毒剂余量高,消毒副产物量少,这样有利于出水的安全稳定性;先消毒剂消毒再紫外消毒,发现对于消毒副产物没有多大的降解作用,更浪费了高的紫外剂量。     

水中利谷隆氯化降解动力学和消毒副产物生成特性

采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对含氮除草剂利谷隆开展了氯化降解实验研究,系统考察了加氯量、p H值、加Br-量以及温度对降解效果的影响,分析了氯化反应过程中消毒副产物生成特性.结果表明,次氯酸钠对利谷隆的氧化降解过程符合二级反应动力学;p H值对该降解反应影响较大,当p H值为7时反应速率最快,其中HOCl、OCl-与利谷隆的基元反应速率常数分别为4.84×102L·(mol·h)-1和3.80×102L·(mol·h)-1.在添加溴离子时,反应速率随着溴离子的加入逐渐减小.改变温度时,反应速率随着温度的增加而逐渐增大.利谷隆在氯化降解过程中可产生三氯甲烷、二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷、卤代丙酮等多类型消毒副产物.在不同p H值和添加溴离子条件下,消毒副产物种类与浓度会出现显著差异.     

含氯消毒副产物的种类、危害与地表水污染现状

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情期间,含氯消毒剂被大量使用,含氯消毒剂会与水中本底存在的有机物反应生成含氯消毒副产物（CDBPs）,CDBPs包括卤甲烷、卤乙酸、无机卤氧酸盐、卤代乙腈、卤化氰、卤化硝基甲烷、卤代乙醛和其他CDBPs.梳理了各类CDBPs的危害,结果表明:大部分CDBPs具有致癌、致畸和致突变的“三致”毒性,在自然水体中威胁水生生物安全和人群健康;虽然现阶段大量研究集中于饮用水中的消毒副产物,但也有少量研究证实地表水中已有消毒副产物的检出.新冠肺炎疫情期间含氯消毒剂使用量较大,建议对余氯呈阳性的地表水继续开展主要CDBPs的筛查,有针对性地开展监测,推动含氯消毒剂的合理使用;同时,应加强监管,在地表水质量标准修订时完善消毒副产物指标,在相关行业废水控制标准中增加消毒副产物指标,避免对地表水生态系统造成次生环境影响.      

再生水消毒副产物的检测、生成与控制

在水资源紧缺的当下,污水再生利用是一项重要的环保战略更是资源战略.消毒能有效杀灭病菌和阻断介水疾病的传播,是保障再生水用水安全的重要手段.然而,消毒剂会不可避免地与水中有机物发生反应形成具有毒害效应的消毒副产物.围绕污水在再生消毒过程中所产生的消毒副产物,针对其检测识别方法、生成条件（前体物、消毒工艺及水质条件对消毒副产物生成的影响）以及控制方法（源头控制、过程控制及末端控制）进行综述.在此基础上,对再生水消毒副产物的未来研究动态进行了探讨,可为保障再生水的安全利用提供依据.     

环境友好消毒剂二氧化氯的灭活效果和消毒副产物

消毒是一个非常重要水处理单元过程,但常规消毒剂氯气会产生具有"三致"作用的消毒副产物.二氧化氯(ClO2)灭活效率高,消毒副产物的危害小,是一种环境友好消毒剂.总结了ClO2对水中细菌、病毒、乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、原生动物、浮游动物、藻类等的灭活效果,分析了温度、pH、CT(ClO2浓度×灭活时间)等对ClO2灭活水中微生物效果的影响,探讨了ClO2消毒过程中产生的副产物的性质,提出了相应的控制方法,展望了ClO2在水处理中的应用前景.     

再生水常用消毒方法及其主要问题

消毒剂选取对再生水管网中的微生物控制以及用户的安全至关重要.本文阐述了再生水常用消毒剂次氯酸钠、二氧化氯、氯胺、臭氧和紫外线的消毒机理及其优缺点,指出了目前消毒工艺存在的主要问题,并以此为基础提出了未来的发展方向.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.