鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶作用

考察了鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃类化合物(萘,菲和芘)的增溶特性以及温度、盐度、pH值等环境因子对增溶性能的影响,结果表明,鼠李糖脂浓度在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上时,多环芳烃化合物在水相中的溶解度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而线性增大,摩尔增溶比(MSR)随被增溶物分子量的增大而减小,即萘＞菲＞芘;胶束/水分配系数(Km)随被增溶物疏水性增大而增大,即芘＞菲＞萘;IgKm与IgKow之间呈良好线性正相关性,鼠李糖脂对菲的增溶作用随温度升高略有增大,而随所添加NaCl浓度的增大显著增大,鼠李糖脂对菲的增溶作用在pH值为5.5时达到最大,然后随pH值的升高而不断下降,在pH值达7.5后基本保持不变.     

鼠李糖脂对沉积物中Cd和Pb的去除作用

用铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)产生的鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对沉积物中重金属的去除作用进行了研究．研究表明,鼠李糖脂对沉积物中的Cd和Pb有明显的去除作用,在鼠李糖脂溶液的pH值为10．0的条件下对重金属的去除效率最好,而且当鼠李糖脂在沉积物上的吸附达到饱和时去除效率达到最大．通过连续萃取对提取前和提取后沉积物样品中重金属的形态进行分析,发现可交换态和有机结合态的重金属较容易去除．通过4次连续的提取,使cd和Pb的去除效率分别达到80．1％和36．5％．     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对PCBs污染土壤的修复作用研究

利用生物表面活性鼠李糖脂（RL）洗脱土壤,再通过紫外光预照射与生物降解协同去除洗脱液中的PCBs的组合方法对多氯联苯（PCBs）污染土壤进行修复,旨在研究RL在修复PCBs污染土壤中的作用及其机理。结果表明,RL对PCBs的洗脱具有显著的促进作用,PCBs的总洗脱率与RL的质量浓度呈正相关。当洗脱液中加入2 000 mg.L-1的RL,在3次批洗脱后,人工污染土样和陈化土样的PCBs总洗脱率分别达到了90.1%和47.1%。PCBs降解菌P.LB400在以RL或联苯为碳源的驯化培养基中均能够快速生长。当土壤洗脱液中的PCBs被P.LB400的生长细胞菌液降解时,RL对PCBs的生物降解具有显著的促进作用;而在P.LB400的休眠细胞降解体系中,RL对PCBs的生物降解有一定的抑制作用。紫外光预照射对土壤洗脱液中PCBs的生物降解有一定的促进作用。紫外光预照射和生物降解的耦合有利于提高PCBs的降解速率。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对水体中石油烃降解的促进作用

从被含油废水污染的土壤中筛选得到4株能利用柴油为唯一碳源生长的杆菌(X1,X2,X3和X4),经鉴定,这4株菌分别属于沙雷铁氏菌属(Serratiasp.)、不动菌属(Acinetobactersp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)和氮单胞菌属(Azomonassp.).其中,菌株X4于32℃摇床培养28d后对柴油的降解率达62%,而在相同条件下,添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后柴油的降解率提高了26%.平板菌落计数结果表明,鼠李糖脂能促进菌的生长,生物量明显增多.对菌株降解反应的动力学研究进一步验证了鼠李糖脂对菌株X4降解石油烃的促进作用,添加了鼠李糖脂的样品组比对照组的半衰期缩短了近1倍.通过设计正交实验,本文研究了培养温度、培养时间、鼠李糖脂的添加量及石油烃的浓度等主要环境因子对水体中石油烃降解的影响.实验结果表明,影响水体中石油烃降解的主导因子是培养时间,其次是培养温度、石油烃的浓度和鼠李糖脂的添加量.图4表2参17     

鼠李糖脂对土壤中原油降解的促进

从辽河油田石油污染的土壤中筛选、驯化得到三株对辽河原油具有较高降解效果的菌种(H1,H2,H3),选取对原油降解率最高的菌株H1为供试菌种,以受原油污染的天津滨海地区典型土壤(淤泥质粉质粘土夹粉砂)为供试土样,考察了不同浓度下鼠李糖脂对菌种H1生长、原油增溶和降解效果的影响.结果表明,鼠李糖脂对菌种H1无毒性,其对原油增溶效果明显,原油溶解度随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增加而增加.降解动力学实验结果表明,原油的降解符合指数常数模型.鼠李糖脂能明显促进土壤中原油的降解,缩短降解周期,大大提高修复效率.     

2014年春季东海大面积甲藻赤潮的生态特征

为准确掌握东海近岸海域赤潮发生情况,深入了解东海海域赤潮发生时和未发生时的生态环境条件,根据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站对东海近岸海域常年的监测结果,选定从杭州湾外侧向南到温州南麂列岛的东海近岸海域为赤潮高发区,开展生态环境研究.2014 年4 月和5 月利用专业海洋调查船,按《海洋监测规范》对东海赤潮高发海域进行了二次综合海洋生态环境调查,结果发现调查海域氮、磷营养盐含量普遍较高,4 月研究海域无机氮均值为0.406 mg·L^-1,活性磷酸盐均值0.013 mg·L^-1;5 月无机氮均值0.244 mg·L^-1,活性磷酸盐均值0.004 mg·L^-1.大多数样品无机氮超一类海水水质标准,尤其是4 月91.7%的样品超-类海水标准,5 月也有35.7%样品超-类海水标准.硝酸盐氮是无机氮的主要存在形式.2014 年5 月调查期间发生了大面积的赤潮,赤潮原因种是东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）,细胞密度平均在107/L 以上.分析赤潮发生前后的水环境变化,5 月调查海域海水温度有较大上升,各海域水温均超过了20 ℃,海域平均温度从4 月的15.9 ℃上升到5 月的21.9 ℃.通过本次研究发现在营养盐浓度普遍较高的调查海域,水温上升是引发赤潮的关键因素.使用专业统计软件SPSS17 发现赤潮藻类的细胞密度与水温、化学需氧量和溶解氧存在着极显著的正相关（P〈0.01）,与活性磷酸盐、硝酸盐氮和无机氮存在着显著负相关（P〈0.05）.另外本次调查还发现,大面积东海原甲藻赤潮暴发后,活性磷酸盐被大量消耗.综合目前有关东海原甲藻赤潮期间对活性磷酸盐的吸收动力学研究,发现今后应进一步加强这方面的调查研究.     

鼠李糖脂强化多环芳烃微生物修复的研究进展

多环芳烃（PAHs）是普遍存在于环境中具有强烈毒性、致突变性和致癌性的难降解有机物,可造成严重的环境污染。由于低水溶性而导致的低生物可利用率是限制PAHs微生物降解的主要因素。生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂由于在形成胶束后能够大幅提高PAHs的表观溶解度,且毒性低、无二次污染,因而在PAHs微生物降解的研究中得到广泛关注。目前关于鼠李糖脂强化PAHs微生物降解的研究主要集中于其强化效果,而对其强化机制的研究仍不够深入。该文基于鼠李糖脂的性质及铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的鼠李糖脂生物合成及调控,从鼠李糖脂提高PAHs溶解度、强化胶束传质、提高细胞表面疏水性、降低细胞表面Zeta电位、提高细胞膜通透性等方面综述其在强化PAHs微生物降解机制方面的最新研究进展,并总结了温度、pH、浓度和离子强度等环境因素对强化效果的影响。在此基础上,提出未来需要进一步探索鼠李糖脂生物可降解性与强化降解效果之间的平衡关系,明确pH影响PAHs溶解度的机理,并从基因、转录、蛋白和代谢水平对鼠李糖脂作用前后降解菌内参与调控菌体细胞表面疏水性（CSH）和膜通透性的相关基因的表达差异进行分析...     

生物表面活性剂对铜绿假单胞菌摄取烷烃的强化机制

考察了2株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)以正十六烷为底物生长的不同方式,并初步探讨了生物表面活性剂在烃类降解菌摄取烷烃过程中的作用机制.菌株O-2-2在正十六烷中的生长明显快于PS-1,生长过程中O-2-2分泌出鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂,正十六烷被完全乳化.另外,O-2-2菌细胞表面疏水性高于PS-1,而加入鼠李糖脂使得菌体细胞中脂多糖含量减少,菌细胞表面疏水性明显提高.上述结果表明,鼠李糖脂主要通过乳化疏水性底物和提高降解菌表面疏水性两种机制强化铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)对烷烃的摄取.图6表1参14     

铜绿假单胞菌D1产鼠李糖脂及降解原油效果

铜绿假单胞菌是生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂最主要的生产菌株,对石油增溶、降解有很好的效果.从轻质原油样品中富集分离获得菌株D1,利用CTAB-亚甲基蓝平板法初步确定该菌株可以合成鼠李糖脂,分析其16S rRNA基因序列确定菌株D1属于铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).以菜籽油和甘油为碳源,菌株D1能够分别合成18.4 g/L和11.4 g/L鼠李糖脂.分析菌株D1可利用碳氢化合物种类,发现在以原油和柴油的培养基中,D1细胞数量分别增加了39.2倍和33.9倍.在10 d培养过程内,菌株D1能够分解基本培养基中33.3%的原油.相同时间内,补加0.5 g/L的甘油,菌株D1能够分解培养基中71.8%的原油.上述表明菌株D1能够合成鼠李糖脂和有效地降解原油,在石油污染的生物修复方面具有较好的应用潜力.     

6种苯系物对球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制

海洋环境中苯系物污染主要来源于海洋溢油事故以及沿海石油化工企业的废水排放。为探究苯系物对海洋微藻的毒性作用,选择球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻作为受试生物,分别考察了苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯和对-二甲苯6种苯系物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响。结果表明,在0.25~64.0 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,6种苯系物对2种微藻生长具有显著的抑制作用,随着暴露浓度的升高,抑制作用明显增强。苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯对球等鞭金藻的24 h的半数效应浓度(24 h-EC50)分别为:17.07、12.88、7.58、0.55、0.36、0.27 mg·L-1;对新月菱形藻的24 h-EC50值分别为:1.03、0.68、0.46、0.40、0.42、0.38 mg·L-1。上述研究结果为确定苯系物海洋环境质量标准、保护海洋生态环境提供了基础数据。     

东海浮游多毛类环境适应分析

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用拟合曲线方法,探讨浮游多毛类对温度和盐度的适应特征,分析不同物种的生态类型.结果表明,东海4季鉴定到种的浮游多毛类共有20种.其中,游蚕(Pelagobis longicirrata)、秀丽浮蚕(Tomopteris elegans)、等须浮蚕(Tomopteris duccii)、方背鳞虫(Lepidonotus squamatus)和岛居拟帚毛虫(Lygdamis nesiotes)等对温度变化不敏感,是广温种;秀丽浮蚕还具有广泛的盐度适应,是广盐种;太平洋浮蚕(Tomopteris pacifica)是热带大洋种,可作为暖流指示种;丝鳃稚齿虫(Prionospio malmgreni)是广温近海种;其它物种为亚热带外海种.与东海大多数浮游动物类群相同,多毛类以亚热带外海种为主.但是多毛类中广温种占有较大的比例,这是该类有别于其它浮游动物类群的重要特征.图2表3参20     

不同老化时间的TiO_2纳米颗粒对玉米生长的影响

为探讨老化时间对TiO_2纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)生物有效性的影响,研究了不同老化时间的Ti O_2NPs(0~120 d)对玉米幼苗生长的影响、在玉米体内的吸收及其在植株不同部位的存在位点等。研究发现,不同浓度的TiO_2NPs(1 000 mg·kg~(-1)和2 000 mg·kg~(-1))加入到土壤中,对玉米幼苗干鲜重没有明显的影响,但老化时间小于60 d时,对玉米幼苗株高有一定的抑制效应,老化60 d之后,随着老化时间的继续延长,毒性逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。老化60 d时,TiO_2NPs处理的玉米幼苗根冠增大,玉米幼苗体内产生H2O_2的累积。在Ti O_2老化土壤中生长的玉米幼苗根系和地上部均有Ti的累积,1 000 mg·kg~(-1)的TiO_2NPs在玉米幼苗根部的生物累积系数达到35.4%,在地上部为13.6%,在玉米植株体内的转运系数为0.38;通过TEM观察,TiO_2NPs可以进入到玉米幼苗体内,并存在于根细胞的细胞质和叶绿体膜上,在叶片细胞的液泡和细胞核中也发现有TiO_2NPs的存在。上述研究结果为客观评价TiO_2NPs的生态风险提供了有用信息。     

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

Box cores and surficial sediments collected from the shelf, slope and Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea were analyzed for loss on ignition, and concentration and speciation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. in general, concentrations of these metals are higher in the inner shelf and lower in the midshelf, but the highest LOI, Cd and Mn levels are found in the Okinawa Trough. Spatial distributions of these metals in surficial sediments indicate that the Yangtze River is the major source for materials deposited in the inner shelf. the results of a six-stage sequential leaching experiment indicate that the fluvial input includes natural (e.g., Al and Fe) and anthropogenic (e.g., Pb) materials. the depletion concentration of these metals in the midshelf sediments reflects the dominance (∼ 70%) of coarse, relict sand, while the enrichments in the inner shelf and the Okinawa Trough sediments are due to the fine grained, organic-rich sediments. the speciation of Mn in the sediments of the Okinawa Trough indicates that its distribution is diagentically or hydrothermally controlled.     

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

Box cores and surficial sediments collected from the shelf, slope and Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea were analyzed for loss on ignition, and concentration and speciation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. in general, concentrations of these metals are higher in the inner shelf and lower in the midshelf, but the highest LOI, Cd and Mn levels are found in the Okinawa Trough. Spatial distributions of these metals in surficial sediments indicate that the Yangtze River is the major source for materials deposited in the inner shelf. the results of a six-stage sequential leaching experiment indicate that the fluvial input includes natural (e.g., Al and Fe) and anthropogenic (e.g., Pb) materials. the depletion concentration of these metals in the midshelf sediments reflects the dominance (～ 70%) of coarse, relict sand, while the enrichments in the inner shelf and the Okinawa Trough sediments are due to the fine grained, organic-rich sediments. the speciation of Mn in the sediments of the Okinawa Trough indicates that its distribution is diagentically or hydrothermally controlled.     

Spatial Variations of Heavy Metals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf Surface Sediments

Surface sediments collected from continental shelf of the East China Sea were analyzed for heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium), carbonate, organic carbon contents, and grain sizes. the range of concentrations observed were iron: 0.3-1.3 wt%, manganese: 2.3-14 μmole/g, copper: 7.1-184 μmole/g, zinc: 0.16-0.77μmiole/g, lead: 15-98 μmole/g, cadmium: 0.17-3.9 μmole/g, carbonate: 3.6-87 wt%, sand: 10-100%, silt: 0-70% and clay: 0-50%.

A zonal distribution pattern of the heavy metals was found in the East China Sea Continental shelf sediments. High concentrations of most heavy metals, organic carbon and fine-grained sediments were observed in the inner shelf zone, especially those near the discharge of the Yangtze River. Concentrations of these heavy metals decreased from the inner shelf to the shelf break region. High concentrations of metals were also found in sediments near Taiwan. Iron concentrations decreased north-east of the central shelf region. High concentrations of cadmium were found in the shelf break region where biogenic carbonate is predominant. This study showed that biogenic carbonate in the East China Sea shelf break region and the terrigenous sediments from the Yangtze River and island of Taiwan were the major sources of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations were strongly influenced by the content of the coarse-grained quartz sand present in the sediments.     

Spatial Variations of Heavy Metals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf Surface Sediments

Surface sediments collected from continental shelf of the East China Sea were analyzed for heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium), carbonate, organic carbon contents, and grain sizes. the range of concentrations observed were iron: 0.3-1.3 wt%, manganese: 2.3-14 μmole/g, copper: 7.1-184 μmole/g, zinc: 0.16-0.77μmiole/g, lead: 15-98 μmole/g, cadmium: 0.17-3.9 μmole/g, carbonate: 3.6-87 wt%, sand: 10-100%, silt: 0-70% and clay: 0-50%.

A zonal distribution pattern of the heavy metals was found in the East China Sea Continental shelf sediments. High concentrations of most heavy metals, organic carbon and fine-grained sediments were observed in the inner shelf zone, especially those near the discharge of the Yangtze River. Concentrations of these heavy metals decreased from the inner shelf to the shelf break region. High concentrations of metals were also found in sediments near Taiwan. Iron concentrations decreased north-east of the central shelf region. High concentrations of cadmium were found in the shelf break region where biogenic carbonate is predominant. This study showed that biogenic carbonate in the East China Sea shelf break region and the terrigenous sediments from the Yangtze River and island of Taiwan were the major sources of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations were strongly influenced by the content of the coarse-grained quartz sand present in the sediments.     

The role of diatom resting stages in the onset of the spring bloom in the East China Sea

The abundance and species composition of diatoms were investigated along the PN line from the Okinawa Islands to the inner continental shelf in the East China Sea in the early spring of 1996. Viable diatom resting stages in sediments on the shelf were also enumerated by the extinction dilution method (most probable number method). Clear differentiation in the water masses was observed, with less saline, cold water (shelf water) on the shelf region, and warm, saline water (Kuroshio water) prevalent off the shelf and on the shelf edge. In the Kuroshio water, the abundance of diatoms was generally low but species diversity of diatoms was relatively high. In contrast, the spring bloom of diatoms was clearly observed in the shelf water where the water column was weakly stratified. The bloom was dominated by Chaetoceros debilis, contributing occasionally >80% of the diatom community. Resting stages of this species were also the most abundant taxon in the sediments on the shelf. Resuspension of the sediment during winter mixing of the water column should have enabled the resting stages to germinate at the surface. Subsequent vegetative growth after germination led to the formation of an early spring bloom of C. debilis when the water column was stratified and light availability had increased. Intermittent resuspension of sediment on the shelf, driven by strong winds and tidal currents, probably provides opportunities for diatoms with a resting stage to exploit favorable conditions for their germination and subsequent vegetative growth. It is further suggested that complex hydrographic conditions in the East China Sea result in a dynamic bloom with contributions by both autochthonous and allochthonous species.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate