急性冷暴露对仔猪血浆中IL-2、IL-6、ACTH和皮质醇水平的影响

为了探讨急性冷应激对仔猪免疫系统的影响,本试验将18头45 d"约克夏"仔猪随机分成常温对照组(Control,C)、冷暴露组(Cold exposure,CE)和冷暴露并阻断糖皮质激素受体组(Cold exposure+RU486,CER).常温组在18～20 ℃、冷暴露各组在4～8℃环境下分栏饲养.冷暴露时间持续12 h,在冷暴露开始后的第0、1、3、6、9、12 h六个时间点对18头仔猪采血并分离血浆,分别使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各血浆样品的IL-2和IL-6水平,放射免疫分析法测定血浆样品的ACTH和皮质醇水平.结果显示:单纯冷暴露组IL-2水平和IL-6水平在冷暴露6 h时明显升高(P<0.01),ACTH水平在各时间点均明显降低(P<0.01),而Cortisol水平仅在冷暴露3 h时明显升高(P<0.01),IL-2与IL-6的水平呈强相关(r=0.959 5),ACTH与IL-2的水平呈巾等强度负相关(r=-0.435 9)、与IL-6的水平呈弱的负相关,皮质醇与IL-2的水平呈弱的负相关、与IL-6的水平呈中等强度负相关(r=-0.447 8);受体阻断组IL-2在冷暴露6h、9 h和12 h时均明显升高(P<0.01),IL-6在冷暴露6 h明显升高(P<0.01),ACTH在冷暴露各时间点均明显降低(P<0.01),IL-2和IL-6水平呈中等相关(r=0.416 1),ACTH与IL-2、IL-6的水平均呈强负相关(r=-0.676 5/-0.717 4),皮质醇与IL-2、IL-6均呈弱负相关.上述结果表明,急性冷暴露能使IL-2、IL-6及皮质醇的分泌增强,且阻断糖皮质激素受体会导致IL-2和IL-6之间以及ACTH与IL-2/IL-6之间的相关性改变.图1参21     

不同强度冷应激下仔猪淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA的转录规律

采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测仔猪血液淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA的转录量,探讨不同冷应激强度对淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA转录量的影响.结果表明,仔猪在-10~-4℃冷暴露0.5h,淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA的转录量迅速升高(P<0.05),并一直保持高水平至6h(P<0.05),随后下降,冷暴露结束后24h恢复正常.在4~10℃冷暴露前后,淋巴细胞HSP70 mRNA转录量无明显变化(P>0.05).结果提示,冷暴露温度越低,淋巴细胞中HSP70 mRNA转录越迅速,但冷暴露结束进入常温后HSP70 mRNA转录水平再次升高的时间延后;HSP70 mRNA转录呈现规律性变化,可以考虑把HSP70 mRNA优先作为评估不同冷应激的客观指标.表1图1参14     

运输应激对二花脸和皮特兰猪血浆应激和代谢相关激素水平的影响

比较二花脸和皮特兰猪在2h运输过程中血浆ACTH、皮质醇、胰岛素和T3、T4水平的动态变化模式,以分析内分泌激素变化的品种特征.选用雄性二花脸猪10头,皮特兰猪6头,体重达20kg时安装颈静脉瘘管,1wk后运输试验,运输过程中不同时间点采集血样,放射免疫分析法测定血浆激素水平.上车后两品种猪ACTH水平缓慢上升,60min后达到峰值,下车后15min恢复至基础水平,运输过程中ACTH水平及变化幅度均未表现显著的品种差异;运输前皮质醇水平二花脸显著高于皮特兰猪,上车后两品种皮质醇均迅速上升,出发后15min达到峰值,下车后15min均快速恢复至基础水平,运输过程中皮特兰皮质醇上升的幅度显著高于二花脸猪;两品种胰岛素水平上车后均呈下降趋势,二花脸胰岛素水平总体上显著高于皮特兰猪;T3水平在上车后也表现快速下降,无论是T3水平还是其变化幅度均不表现显著的品种差异;皮特兰猪上车后T4水平稍微下降而二花脸猪显著下降,皮特兰T4水平总体显著高于二花脸猪.运输应激伴随血浆ACTH和皮质醇水平升高,而胰岛素、T3和T4水平下降,皮质醇水平升高的幅度能够反映猪的应激敏感性.图1参25     

冷应激对仔猪血浆相关细胞因子和IgG水平的影响

将18头45日龄'约克夏'仔猪随机分成常温对照组(Control,C)、冷暴露组(Cold stress,CS)和冷暴露并糖皮质激素受体阻断组(Cold stress+RU486,CSRU).C组和冷暴露两组分别在18～20℃和4～8℃环境下饲养.在试验第0h、1h、3h、6h、9h、12h时对3组猪前腔静脉采血并分离血浆,应用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各血浆样品IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ和IgG的浓度.结果显示,冷暴露时间对血浆相关细胞因子和IgG浓度都有不同程度的影响,而CSRU组与CS组对上述指标的影响有明显差异.冷暴露两组血浆IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ都呈先升高然后逐渐波动性下降的趋势,但是CSRU组升高的速度快于CS组;IgG、TNF-α呈先下降然后上升的趋势,但是CSRU组并未像CS组呈现显著的变化.结果提示各细胞因子间存在相互影响、相互倚赖的作用,构成了一个庞大而复杂的细胞因子网络,能迅速引起免疫应答,而糖皮质激素在机体的免疫系统中起着不可忽视的作用.     

冷应激对健康雏鸡某些内分泌活动的影响

以罗曼雄性雏鸡为试验对象,研究5d和10d龄健康雏鸡在低于正常饲养温度条件下,在一定时间内机体某些代谢激素的变化规律,结果表明：（1）5d龄雏鸡在两种低温情况下,血清三碘甲腺原氨酸（T3）变化显著,在冷应激最初几h内,T3先下降,至6h（15±1℃）和12h（10±1℃）又升高;血清四碘甲腺原氨酸（T4）变化不明显,在10±1℃情况下,在12h时显著降低;胰岛素（Ins）在两种低温情况下,均于2h时显著升高,而后呈波动性变化,（2）10d龄雏鸡在15℃±1℃条件下,T3在0．5～3h显著下降,至6h回升;T4在2h时显著升高（P＜0．05）;Ins在2h时升高（P＞0．05）,但3h时显著降低,而后又回升（3）血清皮质醇浓度均于冷应激后2h时有所升高,但差异不显著,而后呈波动性变化．     

不同强度冷应激对大鼠肌肉、脾脏和肝脏中HSP70表达的影响

通过两个低温温度段对健康Wistar大鼠进行冷应激试验,利用免疫印迹技术检验肌肉、脾脏和肝脏中HSP70表达的相对变化情况,探讨不同时间和强度冷应激条件下,3种组织中HSP70表达的情况以及通过HSP70表达量的变化看是否可以将其作为评估冷应激的指标.正常饲养的大鼠环境温度为(20±1)℃,而实验组大鼠分别在(0±1)℃和(10±1)℃环境下进行低温冷应激,然后在冷应激后不同时间宰杀取组织,利用Western-blotting检测HSP70的表达量.结果表明:(1)在(0±1)℃急性冷应激条件下,随着冷应激时间的延长,肌肉和脾脏中HSP70的表达持续增加,与对照组(CK)相比,差异显著(P<0.05);(2)在(10±1)℃慢性冷应激条件下,仅1wk肌肉组中HSP70的表达增加(P<0.05),其它情况下各组织中HSP70的表达与CK相比无显著差异(P>0.05).上述结果说明,相应强度的冷应激可以诱导机体的HSP70表达,并且随时间延长,HSP70的表达增加,可以考虑将HSP70作为监测大鼠应激的指标.图1表2参14     

急性低氧下白介素-6和低氧诱导因子-1α在大鼠海马中的表达

模拟5km急性低氧2h、4h、8h和24h,观察大鼠海马白介素6(IL6)和低氧诱导因子1(HIF1α)表达的时序变化.分别运用免疫组化和RTPCR分析海马CA1、CA2和CA3区IL6、HIF1α和海马HIF1αmRNA的表达水平.与对照组相比,5km急性低氧8h和24h,海马CA1区IL6水平升高14.24%(P<0.01)和7.76%(P<0.05);低氧8h,海马CA2和CA3区IL6水平上升3.1%(P<0.05)和5.1%(P<0.05).5km低氧4h、8h和24h,海马CA1区HIF1α水平分别升高3.67%(P<0.05)、5.5%(P<0.05)和6.27%(P<0.01),同时发现HIF1αmRNA在海马的表达上调.上述结果表明,5km急性低氧促进海马IL6和HIF1α的表达增强,推测HIF1α可能作为调控因子参与低氧下海马IL6的诱导表达.图5表1参21     

氯化三丁基锡(TBTCl)对罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡的影响

以雄性奥利亚罗非鱼为试验材料,分别以0、1、3、5和10μg·L-1氯化三丁基锡(TBTCl)通过接触染毒的方式,研究TBTCl对鱼类精巢细胞凋亡的影响.细胞凋亡分析结果表明,在同一染毒时间下,除染毒时间为24和48h,染毒浓度为1μg·L-1处理组与对照组之间细胞凋亡率差异不显著(P>0.05)以外,其余情况下各处理组与对照组之间差异均显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).各相邻2个浓度处理组之间,3μg·L-1处理组和5μg·L-1处理组之间细胞凋亡率差异均不显著(P>0.05),其余各组之间差异均显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).随着TBTCl浓度的升高,罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡率逐渐升高,剂量-效应关系显著.精巢细胞Ca2+-ATP酶活性测定结果表明,在同一染毒时间下,除在染毒时间为24和96 h时,染毒浓度为1μg·L-1处理组与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)以外,其余情况下各处理组与对照组之间差异均显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).在同一染毒时间下,各处理组之间,除染毒时间为24 h时,染毒浓度1μg·L-1处理组和3 μg·L-1处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)以外,其余情况下各处理组之间差异显著(P<0.01);随着染毒浓度的升高,Ca2+-ATP酶活性逐渐升高,并且剂量一效应关系显著(P<0.05或P<0.01).奥利亚罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡率与精巢Ca2+-ATP酶活性间具有一定的协同关系.     

非致死剂量的四溴双酚A胁迫下蚯蚓的生长和抗氧化防御反应

以自然土壤为介质,考察赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的生长抑制率、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性等指标,进行了急性(14 d)、亚急性(28 d)暴露下四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)非致死剂量胁迫对蚯蚓的生长和抗氧化防御效应研究。结果表明:在急性试验中TBBPA对蚯蚓的生长抑制均存在显著的剂量效应关系,而在亚急性暴露期,400 mg·kg~(-1)时显著抑制蚯蚓的生长(P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓体内蛋白含量影响,在急性试验中各处理间差异不显著(P=0.712),进入亚急性期蛋白质含量在400 mg·kg~(-1)时被显著诱导(P=0.039,P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓SOD酶活性的影响,在急性试验中50 mg·kg~(-1)时被显著诱导(P<0.01),在亚急性试验中400 mg·kg~(-1)时SOD酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓GST酶活性影响,在急性试验中400 mg·kg~(-1)时呈现显著诱导效应(P<0.05),在亚急性期各处理间差异不显著(P=0.428)。蚯蚓生长抑制率、蛋白质含量、体内各生化酶系对TBBPA暴露的时间效应和剂量效应的敏感性存在不同程度差异,应依据污染暴露指标的有效性和敏感性选择多时间段检测和多指标进行土壤安全评价诊断。     

全氟辛酸(PFOA)对菲律宾蛤仔体内酶活性的影响

采用半静态毒性实验方法,将菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)分别暴露于0.2、2、20μg·L-1的全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)中,在处理后第1、3、6、10、15、21天分别取样,测定整体组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、7-乙氧基异吩噁唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)活性和过氧化脂质(LPO)含量。酶活性分析结果显示:PFOA对菲律宾蛤仔组织SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈现先促进后抑制的作用;低浓度组SOD活性在暴露第1天达到最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中高浓度组SOD活性在暴露第6天达到最低;暴露1~15 d,低浓度组CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);高浓度组CAT活性在暴露第6天得到显著诱导,其余时间基本处于抑制状态;中浓度组POD活性在暴露第3天即达到最高,高浓度组POD活性基本一直处于抑制状态;随着PFOA暴露时间的延长,菲律宾蛤仔组织LPO含量呈现了先降低后升高的趋势;各浓度组中EROD的活力都显著被诱导(P<0.01),与处理浓度呈正相关;中高浓度组的GST活性在胁迫期间变化比较显著,呈现诱导-抑制的变化规律。研究表明,PFOA暴露能够引起菲律宾蛤仔组织抗氧化酶和生物转化酶的变化,可以与其他敏感性指标一起作为指示早期海洋PFOA污染的生物标志物。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).