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固定床-微电解反硝化去除饮用水中的硝酸盐氮 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
研究了一种电化学与生物膜集成的固定床-微电解反应器采用活性炭作为固定床填料,石墨板为阳极,碳纤维为阴极,通过电化学过程产氢作为反硝化的电子供体,在反应器内创造一种还原性条件,对含有硝酸盐氮的饮用水进行反硝化脱除.结果表明,在进水流量为40mL/h、硝酸盐氮浓度为40mg/L、电流强度达到14mA时,所研究的反应器对水中的硝酸盐氮可以100%去除,水中未检出亚硝酸盐氮.由于反硝化过程不加外加任何有机物,也不产生任何二次污染物,该除氮方法具有安全性. 相似文献
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在缺氧环境下,应用附着生长反应器,通过降低水力停留时间增加进水底物负荷,对废水中硫化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和有机物等污染物质的降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,进水硫化物、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和有机物浓度分别为200、52.5、20和20 mg/L,去除率分别达到99%、99%、95.5%和80%,实现了兼养脱硫反硝化氮、硫、碳的同步去除.随着底物负荷的增大,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对冲击负荷的适应性逐渐变小;硝酸盐降解对进水负荷冲击的适应性强于亚硝酸盐;与增加进水负荷对反应器带来的冲击相比,缺氧环境的破坏对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的降解影响大;去除硫化物的60%被生物氧化为单质硫;缺氧反应器中发生了自养反硝化和异养反硝化作用,自养反硝化占主导地位,异养反硝化的发生力度为21.76%. 相似文献
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在缺氧环境下,应用附着生长反应器,通过降低水力停留时间增加进水底物负荷,对废水中硫化物,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和有机物等污染物质的降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,进水硫化物、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和有机物浓度分别为200、52.5、20和20mg/L,去除率分别达到99%、99%、95.5%和80%,实现了兼养脱硫反硝化氮、硫、碳的同步去除.随着底物负荷的增大,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对冲击负荷的适应性逐渐变小;硝酸盐降解对进水负荷冲击的适应性强于亚硝酸盐;与增加进水负荷对反应器带来的冲击相比,缺氧环境的破坏对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的降解影响大;去除硫化物的60%被生物氧化为单质硫;缺氧反应器中发生了自养反硝化和异养反硝化作用,自养反硝化占主导地位,异养反硝化的发生力度为21.76%. 相似文献
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有机碳源条件下厌氧氨氧化ASBR反应器中的主要反应 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
采用5个已稳定运行在厌氧氨氧化状态的ASBR反应器,通过COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、pH等指标的监测和好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌的测定,研究了不同有机碳源条件下反应器中发生的主要反应.结果表明,反应器中存在好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等存在条件下,可发生好氧硝化、厌氧氨氧化和异养反硝化反应,先是好氧硝化反应、厌氧氨氧化反应和异养反硝化反应共存,其后依次是异养反硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应占主导地位.当C/NO2--N在1.7~1.9范围内时,C/NH4+-N为1.7的1号反应器具有最佳的厌氧氨氧化效果,反应结束时其COD去除率、NH4+-N去除率、NO2--N去除率分别为100%、81.7%和74.4%. 相似文献
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从受氮污染浅层含水层介质中分离纯化得到1株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌XK51,经过菌落形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为假单胞菌属恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Putida)。脱氮性能结果表明:XK51为兼性反硝化细菌,能在好氧或缺厌氧条件下高效反硝化脱氮,最大和平均反硝化速率分别为27.3,4.4 mg/(L·h),硝酸盐脱除率为95.3%;该菌株同时具有较高异养硝化能力,最大和平均硝化速率分别为4.2,1.4 mg/(L·h),氨氮脱除率为98.5%。XK51最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,适宜生长温度为28~35℃,最适温度为30℃;适宜生长pH为6.5~8.0,最适pH为7.0。XK51可同时进行异养硝化及同步硝化-反硝化,培养期间未出现明显亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐累积,在含氮污废水处理和地下水氮污染修复方面具有潜在工程应用价值。 相似文献
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从生物陶粒反应器中分离得到2株异养硝化细菌ZW2和ZW5,对2菌株的生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列分析,确定菌株ZW2和ZW5分别为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)和粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis),并对其硝化性能和脱氮能力进行了研究.结果表明,2株细菌能在利用有机物的同时进行硝化和脱氮作用.经过60h的培养,ZW2和ZW5对氮素的去除率可以分别达到43.90%和48.52%,对COD的去除率分别为67.48%和78.21%.在此过程中,亚硝酸盐浓度一直保持在微量水平,硝酸盐稍有积累,说明2株异养硝化细菌同时也具有好氧反硝化功能. 相似文献
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本研究采用沸石序批式反应器(ZSBR)在常温(25℃±1℃)下实现快速稳定的亚硝化,亚硝酸盐氮积累率维持在90.0%以上,并且考察了在进水氨氮500 mg·L~(-1)时,4个不同碱度(以CaCO_3计)对ZSBR亚硝化的影响.结果表明,ZSBR实现快速亚硝化的关键是游离氨(FA)对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的抑制作用远大于其对氨氧化菌(AOB)的抑制作用,并且经此过程转化后的含氨氮的废水,可以作为厌氧氨氧化的进水,进一步脱除水中的氨氮与总氮,当系统投加碱度(以CaCO_3计)为2 500mg·L~(-1)时,ZSBR亚硝化效果最好,平均氨氮转化率为66.7%,平均亚硝酸盐氮积累率为98.1%,平均亚硝酸盐氮产率为0.74 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).高通量测序分析表明ZSBR长时间运行后微生物群落发生显著变化,AOB得到富集,NOB在FA的抑制作用下不断被淘洗出反应器. 相似文献
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Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera. 相似文献
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Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XIA Yun-sheng CHEN Bao-dong CHRISTIE Peter SMITH F Andrew WANG You-shan LI Xiao-lin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1245-1251
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility. 相似文献
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Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites. 相似文献
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Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter. 相似文献
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Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation. 相似文献
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Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF... 相似文献
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Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
HE Miao-miao TIAN Guang-ming LIANG Xing-qiang YU Yi-tong WU Jian-yang ZHOU Gen-di 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(12)
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application. 相似文献
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A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p < 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils. 相似文献
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A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway. 相似文献
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The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations. 相似文献