关于学校学科发展的几点初步设想

本文从简要回顾国内外著名大学的历史出发，给出了学校发展的最终定位．在这个大目标下，文章从分期目标、思路、方法、计划以及存在的问题等几方面着手，讨论了学校学科发展的各阶段主要目标、学校发展的思路以及理念、推动和促进学校发展的几种方法、实现这些理念与实践这些方法的计划以及可能存在的问题．文章最后对这些设想作一个简要总结，指出实现学校发展的最终目标是一个艰辛而漫长、是一个需要几代人持之以恒共同努力的自然结果。     

环保科研机构后勤部门企业化管理的思考

随着环保科技体制改革的不断深入，环保科研机构后勤部门走向市场，实行企业化管理，经济上独立核算，已成为今后生存与发展的趋势，环保科研机构后勤部门的生产活动是以提供服务为主，且在满足内部需要的基础上再面向社会、文章针对环保科研机构后勤部门的现状，存在的问题以及所具有的特点，运用企业管理的人本原理，系统原理，经济效益原理以及激励理论和目标管理理论，从思想认识，管理方法，经营理念等方面着手，提出企业化管理的思路。     

石家庄市循环经济发展对策研究

石家庄市作为省会城市,通过努力,近几年经济得到了持续高速增长,但同时资源、环境与经济发展的矛盾日益突出.循环经济是一种新兴的经济发展模式,是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.文章阐述了循环经济的概念与内涵;在分析石家庄市发展循环经济的意义和发展循环经济存在的问题的基础上,提出了石家庄市发展循环经济的总体思路、发展目标,以及石家庄市发展循环经济的对策建议,目的是实现石家庄市经济、资源和环境的共赢,获得更大的发展.     

环保视角下水电企业节能减排研究

环保视角下,如何做好节能减排工作是新时期我国水电企业实现“绿色发展”目标所面临的重要问题。文章简要阐述了节能减排的含义及重要性,分析了制约我国水电企业节能减排工作有效开展的主要因素,并从理念树立、水电设施建设、水电设施运行、设备技术优化、节能技术监督等层面提出了环保视角下水电企业节能减排的具体措施,以期提高我国水电企业节能减排工作的实效性,促进水电企业健康、持续发展。     

基于循环经济的土地可持续利用模式探讨

发展循环经济是实现社会经济可持续发展的重要方式和途径。社会经济的发展导致了越来越严重的土地问题,直接威胁到社会经济可持续发展的基础,为了实现循环社会社会经济可持续发展的目标,也需要在土地资源领域引入循环经济理念。本文拟从循环经济的角度来探讨土地资源的可持续利用问题,分析循环经济与土地可持续利用的关系,将循环经济的理念和思路引入到土地利用中,构建基于循环经济的土地可持续利用模式。     

农村学校体育教学现状分析及改革措施

体育是学校教育的一个重要组成部分,从现在教育改革的理念来看体育教育已被提到了一个很高的地位,要求教师必须重视体育教学,培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展的人才,但是理论与实践往往是背道而驰的。一直以来,在人才的选拔上,学校都以考试为准则,体育作为考试内容的仅仅是那些以体育为专业的学生,而绝大多数的文化课考试,其被选拔与否与体育根本没有关系,这种现象从小学一直延伸到高考,由此造成的影响就是学校体育课程的开设形同虚设,学生体育素质逐年下降,身体素质的发展与智力发展严重失调。现笔者就从现阶段农村体育现状入手,分析其存在问题,并在此基础上提出几点改革建议。     

浅议中小城市垃圾分类发展的规划思路

城市生活垃圾是人类面临的一个普遍性问题,实施中小城市生活垃圾分类收集是一个系统性的社会工程,本文从循环经济和可持续发展的角度来说,就如何逐步实现生活垃圾分类收集和实现生活垃圾减量化、资源化、无害化目标提出一些发展规划方面的思路.     

新课改下提高小学语文教学质量的对策

在全国小学语文教学课程改革的背景下,伴随着改革的步伐,涌现出了一些新的教学理念,在这些理念的指引下,小学语文教学的目标越来越明确。新的课程教学改革,对过去的教学方式发出了挑战,也提出了更高的要求,笔者在本文中围绕如何提高小学语文教学质量这个问题,在新课改的前提下积极探寻更加适合时代发展要求的教学方法的思路和理念。这些思路和理念将会成为提高小学语文教学质量的重要理论依据。     

中国将GPA纳入国家主流发展规划工作进展

中国目前尚处于国家行动计划的编制阶段,但是中国在保护海洋环境防止陆源污染方面已经制定和实施了相关的计划,包括国家层面的和地方层面以及区域层面的计划,这些计划均纳入了全国和地方国民经济和社会发展的主流之中.2005年国务院发布的<关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定>以及今年召开的第六次全国环境保护大会均提出了加强海洋环境保护纳入国家主流发展规划的思路.中国今后的重点工作将是按照国际社会倡议的GPA的有关理念,对这些流域、区域、海域的计划进行系统的整合,形成中国的国家行动计划.     

朝阳小学学校教育远景

在新课程的理念指导下,我们的未来教育办学思想应当怎样调整?在教育专家的指导下,我们发放了各种调查问卷,认真地对学校所处的背景进行分析,分析了地理环境、学校规模、硬件设备、师资、行政人员、学生、家长、社区以及地方资源等方面存在哪些优势、劣势,有哪些发展机会,存在哪些阻碍发展的问题。我们了解到了家长对学校及教师工作的意见和建议,明确家长和学生的愿望和需求,看到学校发展的机遇和挑战。在此基础上,我们再次分析了学校的未来教育办学特色,确定了新的学校教育远景规划,这个规划凝聚了学生、家长、教师、社区人士共同的愿望和追求。即:学校办学以服务为宗旨,通过学校和社区的协作、教师和学生的互动,提供以信息技术为核心的优质教学、以生活学习为基础的优化活动、以“绿色校园”为主题的优雅空间,达成教师、学生互动发展的目标。在我们共同建构的学校远景中,包含了学校、教师、学生发展目标。(一)学校发展目标在新课程理念下,学校在以下三个方面力求长足发展:以信息技术为核心的优质教学———基于网络环境下的教学(学习方法手段),为此,学校投入了一百多万元建设了校园网,为每间教室配备了计算机、实物投影仪、多功能视频展示台,让现代教育技术服务于学生的学习...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.