碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态影响的实验研究

选用黄土和重金属Cu为研究对象，通过等温吸持实验和Tessier形态提取实验，研究了碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态的影响。结果表明：黄土去除碳酸盐后，其吸持铜离子的量大幅度降低；碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态铜含量明显降低，而可交换态铜含量显著增加。     

添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中吸持及形态的影响

分别以CuSO4和Cu(NO3)2为吸持质，研究了添加不同化合态结合的铜离子在黄土中的等温吸持及形态分布规律。结果表明：黄土吸持铜离子以碳酸盐结合态为主。当铜离子初始浓度较低时，添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中的吸持及碳酸盐结合态没有明显影响；当铜离子初始浓度超过一定值时，添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中的吸持及碳酸盐结合态的影响随铜离子初始浓度的增加而明显增大。添加不同化合态结合的铜离子，其持有量和碳酸盐结合态含量均随土壤浓度的增大而减小。当铜离子初始浓度较低时，添加不同化合态结合的铜离子对其在黄土中的吸持量及碳酸盐结合态含量随土壤浓度的变化影响不大；当铜离子初始浓度超过一定值时，相同初始浓度条件下CuSO4较Cu(NO3)2会造成更大幅度的变化。     

马兰黄土对铜的吸持及其形态变化的影响

采用谐振式紊动模拟装置,模拟了均匀紊动条件下马兰黄土与铜的相互作用及其垂向浓度分布,测定了铜的形态和含量,并用模型ＭＩＮＴＥＱＡ２对平衡形态进行计算分析,投沙量(Ｓ０)范围为５－８００ｋｇ·ｍ３．结果表明,黄土吸持铜的量和水相铜浓度均随投沙量的增加而快速下降．在投沙量１００－２００ｋｇ·ｍ３处,固液两相铜的浓度发生突变．黄土上的铜以碳酸盐结合态为主,达９２%以上,表明铜的吸持过程可能以沉淀为主．模型计算结果进一步证实,无论是高浓度还是低浓度泥沙,黄土吸持铜的过程主要以沉淀为主,但高浓度和低浓度的沉淀组成及其比例不同,Ｓ０＜１００ｋｇ·ｍ３时为Ｃｕ４(ＯＨ)６ＳＯ４,Ｓ０＞１００ｋｇ·ｍ３时为Ｃｕ２(ＯＨ)２ＣＯ３．实验分析和模型计算都表明,由于马兰黄土富含１０%以上的碳酸钙而使体系的ｐＨ值升高,高浓度泥沙因此具有更强的以沉淀为主的吸持铜的能力。     

合成雪硅钙石净化含Hg~(2+)废水的实验

考察了雪硅钙石对水中的重金属Hg2+离子的吸附性能,通过单因素实验及正交实验,研究了试水的pH值、初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附温度等因素对雪硅钙石吸附Hg2+反应的影响,确定了优化吸附条件.测定了雪硅钙石对Hg2+的吸附等温线,并用Langmuir吸附等温式进行了拟合,计算了吸附热力学参数,并对其吸附动力学过程进行了分析计算.     

土壤中镉的吸附解吸研究进展

首先概述了国内外关于土壤对镉的吸附解吸的基本研究方法与实验条件。用于吸附解吸实验的土样以通过20目筛为宜，而不同形式的支持电解质及其离子浓度的选择对实验结果有很大影响，应由实验的具体目的和要求确定合适的实验条件。位于土壤颗粒表面的各吸附点位与镉的结合能的能量高低不一，可将土壤对镉的吸附作用区分为专性吸附和非专性吸附。可用传统的或融入新参数的吸附等温线表达土壤对镉的吸附过程，土壤对镉的吸附性能可用综合因子来形容，如吸附势、吸持率、平均分配系数、Langmuir方程的常数k和Freundlich方程的系数k等表达方式，同时寻找这些综合因子与土壤基本理化性质之间的关系。文章最后讨论了影响吸附过程的主要环境因子，并就土壤pH和水分条件的影响机制进行了分析。     

表面活性剂对可离子化有机化合物在黄土中吸附行为的影响

研究了2，4-二氯苯酚、2，4-二硝基苯酚和苯甲酸三种可离子化有机化合物在天然黄土和阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土中的吸附行为。讨论了DH值、离子强度和二价重金属阳离子对可离子化有机化合物在改性黄土中吸附的影响。提出了可离子化有机化合物在改性黄土中的吸附模型，吸附等温曲线可分解为两条分别代表离子和非离子形态的等温吸附曲线；其吸附行为可用双模式吸附理论来解释。在2，4-二硝基苯酚共存时，苯甲酸在改性黄土中的吸附量减小，证明竞争吸附的存在。     

胶团强化超滤中SDS胶团与镉离子的吸附特性

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,对含有Cd2 的水溶液进行胶团强化超滤分离.考察胶团强化超滤中表面活性剂与镉离子比值对镉离子吸附总量、截留率的影响,以及胶团与镉离子的吸附等温规律和吸附动力学规律,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明:Cd2 截留率可以达到97%以上,SDS与镉离子的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,并遵循Lagergren二级动力学规律,其吸附作用主要是化学吸附.     

磁性海泡石表面零电荷点和吸附Cd~（2＋）的特性

采用惰性电解质滴定法和静态吸附实验,研究了磁性海泡石表面零电荷点和吸附Cd2＋特性.实验结果表明,海泡石经过磁改性后所对应的pHpzc值由8.0升高到8.5,吸附体系pH的提高,有利于对重金属阳离子Cd2＋的吸附.在pH值大于3时,磁性海泡石对Cd2＋吸附量和去除率随pH值的升高而增大且趋于稳定,其吸附量为16.10 mg.g-1,约为海泡石的3.9倍,去除率为98%,约为海泡石的2.2倍.磁性海泡石对Cd2＋的吸附量与离子强度有较大的相关性,随离子强度的增加而减小;对Cd2＋的吸附量随反应温度的升高而增加,吸附等温式符合Langmuir方程.吸附机理以表面配合吸附和表面沉淀为主.     

马铃薯秸秆生物炭对黄土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响

为了探究来源于本地农业废弃物的生物炭对区域重金属污染黄土吸附固定化修复的可行性,本文采用批量平衡实验法,研究了马铃薯秸秆生物炭、黄土和生物炭与黄土混合物(加炭黄土)吸附重金属Cd(Ⅱ)的性能,考察了吸附时间、初始Cd(Ⅱ)浓度和溶液p H值对吸附过程的影响,并利用红外光谱、X-射线衍射分析等方法对吸附前后的生物炭和黄土分别进行表征.结果表明,生物炭、黄土、加炭黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温模式符合Langmuir模型,在25℃下的最大吸附量分别为15.60、7.87、12.40 mg·g~(-10,吸附动力学数据满足准二级动力学方程,溶液初始p H值对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程影响较大,2p H4和6p H8时,吸附量增加速率很快,而4p H6时,吸附量平缓上升.表征结果说明离子交换和阳离子-π作用为生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的主要吸附机制,而黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附主要归因于石英、高岭石等黏土矿物以及有机质中的羧基基团.对比动力学和等温吸附数据可得,在实验研究范围内,生物炭的添加使黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力分别提高了41.50%和49.94%.因此,在一定条件下,生物炭的输入可有效提高黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附固定化能力.     

红壤对SO_4~（2－）和H_2PO_4~－的吸附与竞争吸附研究

研究红壤对ＳＯ４（２－）和Ｈ_２ＰＯ(４－)的吸附与竞争吸附机理．实验结果表明，红壤吸附Ｈ２ＰＯ４－的量远远大于ＳＯ４（２－），前者几乎是后者的２倍．在两种阴离子共存体系中，Ｈ２ＰＯ４－使ＳＯ４（２－）吸附量明显减少，在浓度低时甚至出现负吸附；ＳＯ４（２－）对Ｈ２ＰＯ４－吸附量的影响很小．说明土壤对Ｈ２ＰＯ４－的吸持力较强，为高强度专性吸附，不易于被其它阴离子解吸；土壤对ＳＯ４（２－）的吸持力则较弱，为低强度专性吸附或非专性物理吸附，能够被吸持力更强的阴离子完全解吸．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.