2-氢七氟丙烷熄灭聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯燃烧火焰的实验研究

采用二视窗小型燃烧室和数码摄像技术分别研究了2-氢七氟丙烷和二氧化碳对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(RMMA)燃烧火焰的熄灭过程;探讨了2-氢七氟丙烷对PMMA的点火延迟时间、火焰形貌和燃烧速率的影响;同时,运用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对PMMA熄火表面的化学成份进行了分析.结果发现:极低浓度的2-氢七氟丙烷不仅不能灭火反而还能够促进PMMA的点火和燃烧,但在灭火剂浓度相对较高的情况下,2-氢七氟丙烷抑制样品点火和燃烧的能力要远高于二氧化碳.与二氧化碳灭火剂相比,2-氢七氟丙烷具有灭火浓度低、灭火效率高和灭火速度快等明显优点.此外,FTIR的分析结果显示PMMA熄火表面的化学成份没有明显变化,这表明2-氢七氟丙烷对RMMA燃烧火焰的熄灭作用可能主要是发生在气相中.     

甲烷射流扩散火焰结构试验研究

利用不同口径、不同流量的甲烷射流扩散火试验研究了射流扩散火焰结构特征,得到了射流火从层流燃烧到湍流燃烧再到吹熄的一般规律.结果表明,不同口径射流火在层流扩散燃烧与湍流扩散燃烧时火焰高度的变化各有不同.火焰最大高度出现在湍流扩散燃烧阶段.某些工况下燃烧出现脉动火焰现象,此时的火焰高度较小.     

Fe(OH)_2在湍流扩散火焰中抑制效果的CMC模拟研究

采用条件矩封闭模型(CMC)数值模拟了Fe(OH)2在湍流射流火焰中的灭火性能,计算结果表明该灭火添加剂在湍流燃烧中对H、OH和O的最大抑制效果要比层流下分别高出40%,10%,15%,其原因在于湍流扩散作用加强了某些不良输运特性组分的扩散,使得灭火添加剂的效果更强。不同Re数下的局部Damkholer数分布表明该灭火添加剂使得火焰变的不稳定,稳定燃烧位置沿轴向方向提高了3倍喷口直径的距离。     

局部扰动对主坑道爆炸波发展的数值模拟与实验研究

在地下建筑物,如隧道、地下储油库、人防工程、地下物资仓库等里面,由主通道旁结分支通道是最常见的一种布置形式,是一种典型的复杂受限空间结构.一旦有可燃气体发生爆炸燃烧,爆炸压力波和火焰的传播将受众多因素的影响,其中局部扰动的影响是主要因素之一.本文通过实验和数值模拟的方法研究了油气混合物在该复杂受限空间中由弱点火引起爆炸燃烧的发展过程,湍流强度经旁接分支坑道后在主通道中的变化,以及爆炸压力波和火焰经局部扰动后的变化过程;并将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比和综合分析,得到了与地下受限空间安全相关的重要结论.湍流强度是复杂受限空间中可燃气体爆炸燃烧发展过程的主要影响因素之一,局部扰动将增强爆炸流场的湍流强度,加速燃烧化学反应,能量的释放量和速率大大提高.这些能量的快速加入促进了高峰值压力波的形成,火焰也被加速,爆炸从此由弱转强,出现跃升.研究结果对地下受限空间爆炸过程的进一步研究以及爆炸灾害的预防都有参考价值.     

置障长管内丙烷-空气爆炸过程的流场特性研究

本文构建了12 m×0.125 m的大长径比密闭管道的二维模型,运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型和预混燃烧模型,对有障碍物条件下丙烷-空气爆炸过程中湍流对火焰的加速机理进行数值模拟研究,重点分析不同阻塞率对流场微观特性的影响规律。结果表明,阻塞率对管道内流场特性的影响十分明显,在一定范围内,阻塞率越大,火焰锋面前后的速度梯度越高,引起的湍流涡旋规模越大,导致火焰阵面的变形程度越严重,使得火焰锋面传播速度以及气体的扩散速度也越快。     

置障空间可燃气体火焰传播特性数值模拟研究

为揭示置障管道内丙烷浓度对火焰传播特性影响,借助ANSYS Fluent软件,利用Zimont燃烧模型开展了置障管道内不同丙烷浓度预混气体燃爆规律的大涡模拟研究。结果表明:在阻塞率为0,0.5,0.7,0.9障碍物管道中火焰锋面速度峰值均随给定初始浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且峰值速度随阻塞率的增大而增大,丙烷体积分数为4.5%、阻塞率为0.9时,火焰传播峰值速度可达178.93 m/s;阻塞率越大,涡团规模越大,导致流场紊乱程度增大,湍流脉动增强,火焰面与流场相互作用,促使火焰面褶皱破碎,加速了已燃气体与未燃气体分子间的无规则运动,对燃烧反应起到激励作用;数值模拟结果直观展示了火焰传播进程及火焰结构的发展细节。     

丙烷扩散火焰燃烧光谱特性研究

为实现烃类火灾事故的光谱辨识,对丙烷火焰燃烧初期过程中的光谱特性进行实验研究,利用拉曼光谱仪等设备采集、提取丙烷扩散火焰光谱数据。分析燃烧初期OH~*,C₂~*,CH~*,H₂O分子谱带范围及特征峰值分布特性,揭示谱带光谱特征强弱的主要原因,阐述沿火焰轴向与径向C₂~*,CH~*以及H₂O分子光谱峰值强度的分布特性。研究结果表明：丙烷火焰特征光谱主要分布在可见光与近红外波段,250～380 nm的近紫外波段光谱强度较弱。C₂~*的509.4,512.8,810.5 nm特征谱带,CH~*的431.4 nm谱带以及H₂O分子的586.2,652.2 nm处振动-转动谱带可作为丙烷火焰燃烧的关键特征光谱,为烃类火灾的早期识别与防控提供光谱实验依据。     

丙烷/空气拉伸火焰传播稳定性实验研究

为了揭示空气中丙烷火焰传播特性,利用纹影系统记录了预混气体小能量点火条件下火焰形成与传播过程,得到了火焰表面的微观结构特征,分析了混合气体火焰的稳定性及其影响因素。结果表明:丙烷/空气混合物火焰发展过程及其表面微观特征与浓度直接相关;当混合物浓度接近爆炸上下限时,火焰扩展速率整体不大于0.5 m/s,燃烧区域向上漂浮,浮力成为影响火焰失稳的主导因素;当混合物浓度靠理论配比时,火焰呈规则球形扩展,火焰稳定性按照先减弱后增强的趋势发展,火焰表面褶皱的形成及演化规律是热扩散不稳定性和流体力学不稳定性共存与竞争的作用结果。     

W型火焰锅炉屏式过热器结焦问题分析

针对某发电厂600MW超临界W型火焰燃烧锅炉在调试期间发生的屏式过热器结焦问题,通过对炉膛结构、燃烧器配风、炉渣、飞灰含碳量等主要数据的分析,对锅炉的燃烧进行了调整试验。试验结果表明,对于W型双旋流煤粉燃烧器来说,通过调整乏气风量的大小可调节煤粉燃烧火焰的穿透能力及火焰形状,改变整个炉膛火焰中心位置,进而影响到屏过区域的热量分布,避免由于局部过热而引起的结焦问题。     

CH_4/N_2/O_2预混气激波火焰结构数值预测

研究激波着火现象，推导激波加热点燃可燃气控制方程组。针对甲烷预混气激波火焰结构进行数值模拟，计算了激波燃烧时的压力、温度、及不同组分随时间的变化历程。其中甲烷燃烧采用美国BERKELEY大学GRI-MECH机理，该反应机理包含177个基元反应，涉及32种组分。程序采用美国SANDIA国家实验室发展的大型化学反应动力学软件包CHEMKIN III中相关的模型、子程序和热力学数据库。计算结果表明激波火焰有其自身的结构特征。     

Combined effects of initial pressure and turbulence on explosions of hydrogen-enriched methane/air mixtures

Hydrogen-enrichment has been proposed as a useful method to overcome drawbacks (local flame extinction, combustion instabilities, lower power output, etc.) associated to turbulent premixed combustion of natural gas in both stationary and mobile systems. For the safe use of hydrogen-enriched hydrocarbon fuels, explosion data are needed.In this work, a comparative experimental study of the explosion behavior of stoichiometric hydrogen-enriched methane/air (with 10% of hydrogen molar content in the fuel) and pure methane/air mixtures is presented. Tests were carried out in a 5 l closed cylindrical vessel at different initial pressures (1, 3 and 6 bar), and starting from both quiescent and turbulent conditions.Results allow quantifying the combined effects of hydrogen substitution to methane, pressure and turbulence on maximum pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, burning velocity and Markstein lengths.     

湍流模型和壁面函数对有障碍半开口空间氢气燃烧模拟的影响

为了进一步验证有障碍半开口空间内氢气燃烧数值模拟的准确性,使用对比验证的方法对FLUENT软件湍流模型和壁面函数数值模拟结果的准确性进行了研究。研究结果表明:可实现k-ε湍流模型和非平衡壁面函数使燃烧压力和火焰形状与实验结果相比偏差较大,RNG k-ε湍流模型和可伸缩壁面函数可更准确地预测燃烧压力变化及火焰传播行为。     

针对C3H8／空气扩散火焰的PCA简化机理构筑

C3H8是液化石油气（LPG）的主要成分,其火焰结构的数值预测对于消防等相关行业具有重要意义。单步或总包反应过于简单,不能描述碳氢燃料的氧化机制,而耦合燃料详细机理的燃烧模拟计算量大,且描述反应的数学系统具有极强的“刚性”,限制了反应机理的实际应用,而去除冗余反应和组分的简化机理具有描述燃烧的全面性优点,且降低了数学系统的“刚性”,因此耦合简化机理的火焰结构数值预测具有优势。本文采用基于矩阵分析的主成分（PCA）分析技术,分析研究了wang等发展的469步C3H8详细反应动力学机理,获得了组分的重要性排序,基于此分别构筑了320步和214步两个简化机理,针对典型扩散火焰的计算,表明建立的两个简化机理具有较高的模拟可靠性,同时也提供了一种框架简化机理的构筑方法。     

Fired equipment combustion chamber accidents: A historical survey

A historical analysis was carried out on 189 accidents that occurred in gas and oil fuel fired equipment. The variation of frequency as a function of time, the main causes leading to a fire or an explosion, as well as the consequences of the accidents were studied. Explosion was the most frequent accident, followed by fire; in a few cases the final outcome was a release. Accidents in gas fired combustion equipment were significantly more frequent than those in the liquid fired ones. The main causes were tube rupture and/or error in ignition/reignition sequences, followed by loss of flame in the combustion chamber and, with a minor frequency, entrance of non-expected fuel and presence of non-combusted materials. The consequences on people were much more important in case of explosions than in case of fires. Even though the equipment involving combustion chambers can be considered essentially safe, this historical analysis has shown that accidents continue to occur with certain frequency because the number of existing units is quite high and the possibility of human error during its operation and maintenance is still significant.     

多孔球形材料阻火抑爆性能影响因素数值模拟研究

为探究影响多孔球形材料阻火抑爆性能的主要因素,采用气体爆炸模拟软件FLACS建立多孔球形结构中湍流燃烧模型,对填充多孔球形材料后丙烷/空气预混气体燃烧爆炸过程进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:多孔球形材料能够有效衰减爆燃压力波、阻隔火焰传播,起到阻火抑爆作用,且压力波衰减程度和火焰阻隔效果与多孔球形材料的尺寸、孔径及填充密度密切相关。当多孔球形材料的直径为25 mm、孔径为3 mm、填充密度为20层时,压力波衰减程度最大,火焰阻隔效果最明显,说明直径和孔径越小,填充密度越大,材料的阻火抑爆性能越强。     

Explosions in closed pipes containing baffles and 90 degree bends

There is a general lack of information on the effects of full-bore obstacles on combustion in the literature, these obstacles are prevalent in many applications and knowledge of their effects on phenomena including burning rate, flame acceleration and DDT is important for the correct placing of explosion safety devices such as flame arresters and venting devices. In this work methane, propane, ethylene and hydrogen–air explosions were investigated in an 18 m long DN150 closed pipe with a 90 degree bend and various baffle obstacles placed at a short distance from the ignition source. After carrying out multiple experiments with the same configuration it was found that a relatively large variance existed in the measured flame speeds and overpressures, this was attributed to a stochastic element in how flames evolved and also how they caused and interacted with turbulence to produce flame acceleration. This led to several experiments being carried out for one configuration in order to obtain a meaningful average. It was shown that a 90 degree bend in a long tube had the ability to enhance flame speeds and overpressures, and shorten the run-up distance to DDT to a varying degree for a number of gases. In terms of the qualitative effects on these parameters they were comparable to baffle type obstacles with a blockage ratios of between 10 and 20%.     

An experimental study of flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition in representative process piping

The paper summarizes the results of experimental tests and accompanying analyses to investigate the factors that govern flame acceleration and potential transition to detonation in a relatively long unobstructed piping system. The overall aim of the work was to obtain sufficient experimental data so as to be able to develop and evaluate methodologies for classifying and predicting potential detonation flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) hazard in industrial process pipes and mixtures. The present results show that the flame acceleration process in an unobstructed pipe exhibit three distinct phases: an initial establishment phase; a second rapid acceleration phase and a final transition to detonation phase. Test results with ethylene indicate that the acceleration process is not sensitive to initial pressure (all other parameters remaining constant) but can be sensitivity to initial pipe wall temperature or possibly mixture humidity. The presence of bends increases the local rate of turbulent combustion, an effect attributed to the additional turbulence generated downstream of the bend. For straight pipes, detonation was only observed to develop for hydrogen–air and ethylene–air mixtures. Detonation was not observed with methane, propane or acetone as fuel in the present piping apparatus.