农田杂草的重金属超积累特性研究

首次采用小区试验方法,对沈阳地区12科22种田间杂草植物进行其积累特性的初步研究.结果表明,小白酒花(Conyza canadensis)、欧亚旋覆花(Znula Britannica)等8种植物地上部Cd的富集系数均大于1,且地上部Cd的含量大于根部Cd的含量,具备了重金属超富集植物的基本特征.植物地上部重金属含量与植物地上部生物量的相关分析表明,植物对重金属的积累量与植物地上部生物量的大小无关.     

商陆对镉锌铜胁迫的生理响应与金属积累特性

以水培方法研究了商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)在不同浓度镉、锌和铜处理下的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、生物量和组织重金属含量。结果表明,随着处理浓度增加,叶绿素含量、SOD活性和生物量呈先增加后降低趋势。组织重金属含量在镉、锌、铜为最高浓度处理时达到最高值。根重金属含量高于茎和叶。叶片中重金属含量的最大值分别为镉100.6mg/kg、锌2753mg/kg、铜36.9mg/kg。商陆对锌的蓄积能力接近于超积累植物东南景天,是一种在锰锌复合污染土壤植物修复中具有较大应用潜力的种质资源。     

土壤pH对东南景天修复镉污染土壤的影响研究

东南景天是一种镉和锌的超积累植物,改变土壤p H能否有效提高其吸收镉的效率,需要进一步验证。采用盆栽实验研究不同土壤p H下东南景天吸收和积累Cd的差异以及对Ca Cl2提取有效态镉的影响。结果表明,降低土壤p H值显著提高了土壤镉的有效态含量。弱酸性土壤即p H接近5.5时东南景天生物量及累积镉的量最大,土壤镉去除率也最高,达6.6%。强酸性即当p H接近4时,虽然植物地上与地下镉含量均最高,但生物量最小,植物去除率较其他处理低。研究证实降低土壤p H是提高植物提取效率的有效办法,这为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供了科学依据。     

田间条件下养分调控八宝景天Cd修复效率

在田间条件下,采用四因素三水平正交试验研究了N、 P、 K三因素不同水平对Cd富集植物八宝景天的生长和Cd吸收性的影响.结果表明,八宝景天生物量随施N水平的提高而增加,高N水平下(337.5 kg·hm~(-2))八宝景天地上部生物量最大,为不施肥处理的0.86～2.00倍,但对其地上部Cd含量无显著影响.K肥对八宝景天Cd吸收具有一定的促进作用,高K水平下其地上部Cd含量最高达22.05 mg·kg~(-1),较不施肥处理提高29.3%.综合分析,NPK肥料配施条件下,N肥和K肥分别是八宝景天生长和Cd吸收效率的主要影响因素,且对八宝景天Cd积累表现出明显的交互作用.肥料对八宝景天Cd提取量影响顺序为NKP,其中对八宝景天Cd修复效率的促进作用主要通过提高八宝景天生物量,高量N肥配施适量P、 K肥是提高八宝景天Cd修复效率的最佳施肥措施,其地上部Cd积累量较不施肥处理提高了0.9～2.2倍,合理增施N肥是提高八宝景天Cd修复效率的主要影响因子.     

种植密度对镉锌污染土壤伴矿景天植物修复效率的影响

田间微区试验研究了不同种植密度对伴矿景天生长和地上部重金属吸收量的影响.结果表明,适度增大种植密度可促进伴矿景天的生长,显著提高其地上部生物量,但过分密植对植物地上部增产无显著贡献.种植密度由11万株/hm2上升到44万株/hm2时,伴矿景天地上部Cd、Zn吸取量显著上升,分别由0.208 kg.hm-2上升至0.631 kg.hm-2、13.2 kg.hm-2上升至58.7kg.hm-2;但种植密度从44万株/hm2增大到100万株/hm2时,植物地上部重金属吸取量并无显著提高.伴矿景天种植密度为44万株/hm2时,在Cd、Zn分别为(3.04±0.11)mg.kg-1和(1 299±96)mg.kg-1的污染土壤上种植1 a,对镉锌的修复效率分别达21.1%和4.60%,表明选择适宜的密度种植伴矿景天有利于增大植物地上部Cd、Zn吸取量,从而缩短修复时限.     

不同供磷水平对四种超富集植物生长及吸收重金属的影响

本论文通过水培试验研究了以KH2PO4作为磷(P)源在不同浓度(0~45.52 mg·L-1)和以Ca3(PO4)2作为磷(P)源在22.76 mg·L-1对Zn/Cd超富集植物东南景天Sedum alfredii、Zn/Cd/Ni超富集植物遏蓝菜Noccaea caerulescens(两个品种)和Ni超富集植物庭荠属Alyssum murale在20 mg·L-1(Zn)、18 mg·L-1(Ni)、10 mg·L-1(Pb)和0.5 mg·L-1(Cd)胁迫下的生长和吸收重金属的影响.试验结果表明严重缺磷的无磷和磷酸钙源处理显著抑制了这些超富集植物的生长,但4种超富集植物的地上部生物量在11.38、22.76、45.52 mg·L-13个磷水平处理之间均无显著差异.正常营养液的供磷水平(22.76 mg·L-1),S.alfredii对Zn/Cd和N.caerulescen 1号对Zn/Cd/Ni的吸收累积达到最大值,而高浓度的磷素供应(45.52 mg·L-1)显著抑制了这两种植物对相应元素的吸收;A.murale对Ni/Cd/Pb的吸收累积均在高浓度的磷素供应(45.52 mg·L-1)获得最大;增加磷的供应对N.caerulescen 1号吸收累积Zn/Ni/Cd/Pb产生了不同的效应.这些超富集植物提取重金属的最佳供P水平因植物种类而不同.     

不同有机物料对东南景天修复重金属污染土壤效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究清洁有机物料(沼渣、菌渣、笋壳)对镉、锌超积累植物东南景天修复重金属污染程度不同的土壤(分别采自温州和富阳,称温州土和富阳土)的影响.结果表明,有机物料对土壤重金属有效性的影响因有机物料种类和添加量而异,不同重金属元素的反应也不同.在温州土中,以5%沼渣对Cu、Zn的活化效果最好;而在富阳土中则以1%笋壳对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的活化效果最好.有机物料的添加促进了东南景天的生长,其生物量随着有机物料添加量的提高而增加,增幅达23.7%~93.0%.在温州土中,仅以1%笋壳的处理对东南景天地上部吸收积累Cd的效果最佳,超过对照的22.6%,而其余各处理皆不及对照;对于Zn,菌渣处理不及对照,而其它处理均优于对照,以5%沼渣、1%笋壳和5%笋壳为佳,分别超过对照的39.6%、32.6%和23.8%.而在富阳土中,对于Cd而言,以5%笋壳、1%沼渣和5%沼渣的处理效果为佳,地上部Cd积累量超过对照的12.9%、12.8%和6.2%,而其余处理皆不及对照;对于Zn,添加有机物料的各处理都促进了东南景天地上部Zn的积累,最佳处理分别为:5%笋壳、5%沼渣和5%菌渣,分别超过对照的38.4%、25.7%和22.4%.     

11种广义景天属植物对Cd的耐性和积累特性

植物修复是生态修复领域研究的重要方向之一,超富集和耐性植物的选育是其中的关键.对‘胭脂红’景天、勘察加景天、费菜、垂盆草、佛甲草、反曲景天、六棱景天、苔景天、东南景天、‘红毯’景天、八宝11种广义景天属植物进行为期3个月的0、25、50、100、200、400 mg·kg~(-1)不同浓度Cd污染的土壤盆栽实验,以初步研究其对Cd的耐性和积累特性.研究发现,反曲景天、垂盆草、勘察加景天、六棱景天在所有处理下,地上部干重没有显著变化,耐性指数皆大于0.5,死亡率极低,耐性很强.在200和400 mg·kg~(-1)Cd处理下,分别有6种和9种植物的地上部Cd含量超过100 mg·kg~(-1),最大值为‘胭脂红’景天在400 mg·kg~(-1)处理下达到的749.72 mg·kg~(-1).地上部富集系数和转移系数在未施加Cd的情况下达到最大值,最大值均为费菜,其值分别是13.51和9.19.     

外源硒对黄瓜抗性、镉积累及镉化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验,在土壤Cd(20 mg·kg-1)污染条件下,测定了不同浓度的Na2Se O3(Se水平为0、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)处理对2个黄瓜(Cucumis satiuus L.)品种(低Cd富集植物品种津优1号和高Cd富集品种燕白)生物量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及黄瓜体内Cd形态和Cd积累量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硒(Na2Se O3)后,黄瓜叶、茎、根、果实、植株干重,以及Cd含量和积累量在两个品种间的差异达到了显著性水平.随硒浓度的增加,燕白叶的丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,津优1号叶的丙二醛含量则逐渐减少;燕白根的丙二醛含量先增后降,津优1号根的丙二醛含量先降后增.喷施Na2Se O3后,黄瓜叶和根的CAT、SOD和POD活性呈现不同变化趋势.喷施外源硒降低了2个品种果实中不同形态Cd含量.叶面喷施Na2Se O3使黄瓜叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd含量分别下降了3.2%~17.9%、14.6%~28.2%、5.1%~18.5%和60.6%~75.8%.比较2个供试黄瓜品种,无论喷施Na2Se O3与否,黄瓜植株中Cd积累量以津优1号燕白.     

盐胁迫下八宝景天不同生态型对土壤中Cd积累特征

采用Cd含量为2.22 mg·kg^-1的潮褐土开展盆栽试验,通过外源添加NaCl研究不同生态型八宝景天对Cd和盐分复合胁迫的生长响应以及Cd吸收积累的差异.结果表明,在Cd单一或与盐分复合胁迫下,八宝景天各生态型间地上部生物量和Cd含量均表现出显著差异,盐分胁迫进一步加剧了八宝景天的生长抑制,高盐胁迫下八宝景天各生态型地上部Cd含量总体呈下降趋势,这与盐分引起土壤pH显著升高导致Cd生物有效性降低有关.此外,不同生态型对盐分胁迫表现出的生长和Cd吸收响应有显著差异,LN生态型地上部生物量在各处理下均显著高于其他生态型,且在1% NaCl处理下生物量仍没有显著下降,耐性指数可达0.91.同时,其地上部Cd含量在不同处理下均显著高于其他生态型,其原因为LN生态型在Cd富集和解毒的生理机制方面更具优势,而这些同样是其耐盐性的重要生理机制.综上可知,尽管盐分胁迫减少了八宝景天地上部Cd富集量,但其不同生态型间差异显著,LN生态型在2% NaCl处理下地上部Cd富集量仍可达84.4 μg·plant^-1,且较其他生态型显著提高48.4%~89.3%,因此,LN生态型八宝景天具有应用于修复盐渍化土壤Cd污染的潜力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.