植物挥发物对天敌昆虫异色瓢虫的引诱效应

采用嗅觉仪测定和比较了国槐、柳树、杨树、臭椿、榆树、白丁香、红花刺槐、蕃茄、枣树、云杉10种植物枝叶挥发物对蚧虫和蚜虫的重要天敌--异色瓢虫的引诱效应.结果表明.在所试验的lO种植物中,国槐枝叶对异色瓢虫的引诱作用最强,其平均趋向率达60%.通过用热脱附气相色谱/质谱联机分析(TCT-GC/MS)方法,从国槐枝叶的挥发物中检测出38种组分,烯类化合物含量最多,占63.3%(其中萜类化合物6种);烷烃类化合物dil6.2%;其它为萘及其衍生物、苯及其衍生物、酯类、醛类和醇类等.从检出的周槐挥发物组分中选取了6种物质引诱瓢虫,发现α-蒎烯在10-4～10-6g/mL、沉香醇10-4g/mL和已醛10-5g/mL的浓度下对瓢虫有显著的引诱作用.     

茶刺蛾危害后茶树挥发性有机化合物释放变化

为筛选引诱天敌昆虫的化学信息素,以应用其防控茶刺蛾(Iragoides fasciata Moore),研究了茶树[Camelliasinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]被茶刺蛾危害后释放出的挥发性有机物的变化.应用同时萃取蒸馏法收集被茶刺蛾危害和未危害的茶叶的挥发性有机化合物,气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析结果发现,未受害枝叶挥发性有机化合物共有63种组分,主要由酯类、醇类、烃类、酮类、杂环化合物、醛类、有机酸和醚类组成,烃类物质的相对含量占19.05%,而受害枝叶释放出的挥发物中烃类物质的相对含量增加到26.79%,反式-橙花叔醇、雪松醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯甲酸二异丁酯相对含量显著增加,此外,产生了32种新的组分,包括10种酯类、5种醇类、5种烯烃类、4种杂环类、3种芳香烃类、3种烷烃类、1种醛和1种酮.     

黑肩绿盲蝽对水稻挥发物单一组分的嗅觉行为反应

研究水稻挥发物单一组分对稻飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)天敌黑肩绿盲蝽(Cyrtorhinus lividipennis)嗅觉行为反应的影响,为进一步开发基于水稻挥发物的害虫天敌引诱剂提供一定的理论依据。利用T型嗅觉仪室内测试了黑肩绿盲蝽对10种水稻挥发物单一组分(苯乙醛、2-庚酮、α-蒎烯、芳樟醇、反-2-己烯醛、叶醇、罗勒烯、水杨酸甲酯、橙花叔醇、石竹烯)不同浓度(100、10、1、0.1 mg·L~(-1))的嗅觉行为反应。试验结果表明,α-蒎烯(100 mg·L~(-1))、水杨酸甲酯(10 mg·L~(-1))、芳樟醇(1 mg·L~(-1))、罗勒烯(1 mg·L~(-1))、反-2-己烯醛(0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))、叶醇(0.1 mg·L~(-1))等6种化合物对黑肩绿盲蝽雌成虫具有引诱效果,而芳樟醇(10、100 mg·L~(-1))、叶醇(100 mg·L~(-1))、橙花叔醇(1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))、β-石竹烯(0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))对其产生了驱避效果。同种化合物在不同浓度下的作用效果不同。黑肩绿盲蝽会对水稻挥发性化合物单一组分产生一定的嗅觉行为反应,且在不同水稻挥发物不同浓度下的选择行为存在一定的差异。水稻挥发物单一组分的浓度对黑肩绿盲蝽的嗅觉选择行为具有一定的影响,如芳樟醇和叶醇在低浓度下表现出引诱而高浓度下表现出趋避;反-2-己烯醛随浓度的增加引诱效果减弱,而橙花叔醇随浓度的增加驱趋避效果增强。     

棉铃虫天敌中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator对不同处理棉花的趋性行为反应

采用机械损伤(处理A)、棉铃虫取食为害(处理B)、棉铃虫取食棉花 棉铃虫复合物(处理B H)、水杨酸诱导(处理C)、机械损伤加棉铃虫口腔分泌物(处理D)5种方式诱导现蕾期棉花植株,并应用Y型嗅觉仪测定处理后棉花对棉铃虫天敌中红侧沟茧蜂搜索寄主行为的影响.处理B、处理B H和处理C棉花对中红侧沟茧蜂有显著的引诱作用.健康棉株、处理A及处理D棉花对中红侧沟茧蜂没有明显的吸引.中红侧沟茧蜂对处理C、处理B H以及处理B棉花没有明显的趋性差异.利用气质联用系统对各处理棉花挥发性物质进行定性和定量分析.表明处理B、处理B H、处理C棉花挥发物种类和含量均比对照棉花多,处理A及处理D棉花与对照棉花挥发物种类和含量差异不显著.处理C、处理B及处理B H棉花中β-月桂烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯的含量明显增加.处理C棉花柠檬烯的含量发生明显变化.图2表1参19     

雪松枝叶挥发性物质的化感作用及其化学成分分析

采用半密闭容器测定法,研究了离体雪松(Cedrus deodara)枝叶挥发性物质对白菜(Brassica pekinensis)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus)、莴苣(Lactuca sativa)种子萌发的化感作用,并对其成分进行了GC-MS分析。结果表明:雪松枝叶的自然挥发物对白菜、萝卜和莴苣的发芽率和干质量影响不显著,但对萌发的芽长产生显著的影响,而挥发油对受体种子的发芽率、发芽指数、萌发的根长以及芽长均产生显著的抑制作用,其中对莴苣的发芽率和发芽指数的抑制效应达到92.85%和96.43%,对白菜种子萌发的根长的抑制效应达到51.3%,表明雪松枝叶的挥发物中存在潜在的化感物质,抑制种子的萌发,且挥发油的化感作用大于自然挥发物。对挥发油和自然挥发性成分分析结果表明,两种方法收集的挥发性气体中均鉴定出大量的萜烯类化合物,其中挥发油中鉴定出37种化合物,84.68%为萜烯类化合物,主要成分为α-蒎烯(24.72%)、β-蒎烯(21.04%)、1-石竹烯(12.42%);自然挥发物中鉴定出22种化合物,52.81%也都是萜烯类化合物,主要成分为α-蒎烯(17.16%)、β-蒎烯(11.53%)、b-侧柏烯(13.06%),两者共有成分15种,均为萜烯类化合物,其中挥发油中的成分含量较高,挥发油中化学成分的种类以及成分含量均大于自然挥发物,这可能是导致挥发油的化感作用大于自然挥发物的一个原因。从成分的分析结果可以看出,萜烯类化合物是雪松挥发性物质的主要成分,因此雪松枝叶挥发物的化感作用可能与其中的萜烯类物质有关。     

茶叶挥发物对白斑猎蛛觅食行为的影响

为了探明茶树叶片挥发物在白斑猎蛛(Evarcha albaria)选择觅食斑块过程中的作用,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了其猎物假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis)取食对茶树叶片挥发物释放的影响,同时利用蜘蛛行为观测平台研究了白斑猎蛛在不同味源侧(觅食斑块)的活动行为。结果表明,未损伤叶片(对照)仅释放出微量挥发物,而假眼小绿叶蝉成虫取食后的茶树叶片释放出14种挥发物;雌、雄蛛在进入处理味源(假眼小绿叶蝉取食后的茶树叶片)侧和对照侧的初次选择及进入频次上均无显著差异,但与对照相比,雌、雄蛛在虫害处理叶片中的停留时间显著增加。研究表明,假眼小绿叶蝉取食诱导了茶树叶片挥发物的释放,而挥发物种类和含量的变化造成了白斑猎蛛在不同味源侧停留时间的差异。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌入侵蚧虫表皮过程中蛋白酶和几丁质酶的作用

研究了蜡蚧轮枝菌两个菌株No.V3.4504和No.V3.4505感染沙里院褐球蚧的外观症状、入侵体壁的过程及胞外蛋白酶与几丁质酶的作用.结果发现.用菌株No.V3.4504的孢子悬浮液感染蚧虫2 d后,在虫体表面蜡粉稀薄的位置和柔软的虫体腹面出现了菌丝,5 d后菌丝覆盖虫体,7 d后菌丝层加厚,虫体开始死亡.显微切片观察.在体壁的外表皮、内表皮和真皮层都发现了菌丝.说明该菌已侵染成功.以蚧虫的表皮为培养基对这两个菌株连续培养8 d,发现菌株No.V3.4504的蛋白酶活性在前6天连续上升,最大值为(33.94±1.61)U/g,然后降低;几丁质酶活性在前期维持在一个较低水平,d 5开始增加,最大值为(7.28±1.36)U/g.菌株No.V3.4505的蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性变化趋势与No.V3.4504相似.说明蛋白酶在菌丝侵染体壁的前期发挥了作用,降解表皮中的蛋白质,使几丁质暴露,诱导几丁质酶的大量产生,从而分解几丁质.图3表2参22     

大气活性氧物质污染特征、机制及其来源研究进展

活性氧(reactive oxygenspecies,ROS)是指含有氧、且具有较高氧化反应活性的一类物质的总称,因其会由大气颗粒物中的不同组分诱导生成并危害人体健康而广受关注.本文主要概述了大气ROS的国内外研究进展,总结了大气ROS的检测方案,并详细介绍了细胞衬里液法、二硫苏糖醇检测法等几种常用的胞外ROS检测方案.大气细颗粒物是大气ROS的主要诱导组分,具体的成分为水溶性有机物和金属离子,环境持久性自由基也可能是潜在的ROS诱导物质.ROS的来源研究表明燃烧过程和交通排放等人为来源是大气ROS的主要来源.在未来的研究中可以以大气ROS的生成机制为研究重点,通过实验室模拟等具体实验手段全面研究ROS的污染特征,为ROS污染评价体系的制定提供数据支撑.     

沥青烟化学组分的气相色谱-质谱联机分析

沥青烟是一种特殊的污染物,沥青烟由液态烃类颗粒物和气态烃类衍生物组成,所含多环芳烃（苯并（a）芘）对人体危害很大,它主要来自碳素行业焙烧炉和浸渍工序,炼铝业焙烧炉,道路沥青石子生产和化工行业沥青制品工序和防水材料建筑业涂浸等。为治理和控制沥青烟的污染,辽宁省环境保护局于1989年制定了沥青烟排放标准,并注明沥青烟以苯溶物为执行标准。1996年国家制定新的大气污染物综合排放标准,增设了沥青烟和苯并（a）芘排放标准,根据监测分析工作的需要,我们研制了沥青烟富集器,用涂有色谱固定液的玻璃纤维滤筒捕集沥青烟和多环芳烃,用烟尘测试仪进行等束采样,同时采集沥青烟尘和捕集气态烃类物质。我们对沥青烟样品进行了气相色谱－质谱联机分析,共检出了196种有机污染物,主要化学组分是多环芳烃。     

废水处理生物出水中COD构成的解析——以焦化废水为例

以焦化废水为例,采用连续过滤及化学分析的方法考察了悬浮组分、胶体组分及溶解组分对生物出水残余COD的贡献,并结合紫外-可见光谱和GC/MS图谱定性解析各形态组分的有机构成特征,构建了一种废水生物出水COD构成解析的评价方法.实验结果显示,焦化废水生物处理出水中悬浮态和胶体态组分对残余COD的贡献分别占COD总量的25.9%—46.3%和18.7%—44.4%,建议优先考虑采用混凝沉淀工艺去除约35.0%—45.0%的COD,使处理出水基本能够达标排放;溶解组分的COD占COD总量的24.6%—40.7%,其中4.3%—15.8%的COD由硫化物、硫氰化物等还原性物质贡献,其余部分主要由链状烃类、酯类及醇类等溶解有机组分贡献,建议采用氧化或吸附工艺进行处理,以满足更高的出水水质要求.     

Systemically-induced response of cabbage plants against a specialist herbivore, Pieris brassicae

Summary. Plant responses to herbivory might directly affect the herbivore (“direct” defences) or might benefit the plant by promoting the effectiveness of natural antagonists of the herbivores (“indirect” defences). Brussels sprouts attacked by Pieris brassicae larvae release volatiles that attract a natural antagonist of the herbivores, the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, to the damaged plant. In a previous study, we observed that feeding by caterpillars on the lower leaves of the plant triggers the systemic release of volatiles detectable by the parasitoids from upper leaves of the same plant.?The role of these systemically induced volatiles as indirect defence and the dynamics of their emission were investigated in wind-tunnel dual choice tests with C. glomerata. The systemically induced emission of volatiles varied depending on leaf age and on plant age. Systemic induction affected parasitoid effectiveness, as induced plants could be more easily located by parasitoids than non-induced ones.?The role of the systemic induction as a direct defence was investigated through behavioural and feeding tests with P. brassicae. In dual choice assays, 1st instar larvae preferred to feed and fed more on systemically induced than on non-induced leaves. In single choice assays, the leaf area consumed by caterpillars was larger on systemically induced leaves than on non-induced control leaves. However, caterpillars fed on systemically induced leaves attained the same weight as those feeding on non-induced controls. In addition, P. brassicae pupae whose larvae were fed on systemically induced leaves had longer developmental times than those of larvae fed on non-induced leaves. Adult oviposition behavior was not influenced by systemic induction.?We conclude that systemically induced responses in cabbage might reduce P. brassicae fitness both directly, by affecting their development and feeding behavior and indirectly by making caterpillars and pupae more vulnerable to attack by carnivores. The occurrence of a possible relationship between direct and indirect defence is discussed. Received 24 January 2001; accepted 3 May 2001.     

Attraction of the potential biocontrol agent <Emphasis Type="Italic">Galerucella placida</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to the volatiles of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polygonum orientale</Emphasis> (Polygonaceae) weed leaves

Galerucella placida Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a potential biocontrol agent of the rice-field weed Polygonum orientale L. (Polygonaceae). The volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles from undamaged and mechanically damaged plants, and from plants 12- and 36-h following continuous feeding of female G. placida adults and 2nd instar larvae were identified and quantified by GC–MS and GC-FID analyses. Twenty-four and 21 compounds were identified in volatiles of undamaged and insect feeding plants, respectively; whereas 22 compounds were detected in volatiles of mechanically damaged plants. Decanal and 1-dodecanol were unique to undamaged plants, and linalool was detected in volatiles of undamaged and mechanically damaged plants, but not in volatiles of insect damaged plants. However, the beetles are not attracted by none of these volatile components, when tested individually in Y-shaped glass tube olfactometer bioassays. In all plants, methyl jasmonate was predominant. 1-Undecanol was the least amount in undamaged plants, and plants 12-h after feeding by G. placida adults and larvae; whereas 1-tridecanol was the least abundant in plants 36-h after feeding by G. placida adults and larvae, and mechanically damaged plants. The beetles showed significant preference to the whole volatile blends from plants 12-h after feeding by larvae and plants 36-h after feeding by either larvae or adults compared to those of undamaged plants. Further, G. placida responded to individual synthetic compounds, 3-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, nonanal, and geraniol at 7, 1.38, 3.75 and 4.5 µg/25 µL CH₂Cl₂, respectively, and provide a basis for attraction of the potential biocontrol agent in the field.     

New insights in analysing parasitoid attracting synomones: early volatile emission and use of stir bar sorptive extraction

Summary. It is well known that feeding by Pieris brassicae caterpillars on cabbage leaves triggers the release of volatiles that attract natural antagonists such as the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. The temporal dynamics in the emissions of parasitoid attracting volatiles has never been elucidated in this system. In a time course experiment, caterpillar infested leaves attracted the parasitoid within one hour after infestation. At such an early stage of infestation, as much as fifty percent of the parasitoids flew towards the infested plant in a wind tunnel bioassay, while only five percent flew towards the non-infested control plant. Three hours after infestation and later, the response to the volatiles from the infested plant reached its maximum and then continued at a constantly high level for the remaining 14 hours of the experiment. Chemical analyses of volatiles collected from infested leaves at short time intervals during the first 24 hours identified a total of ten compounds, comprising green leaf volatiles, terpenoids, and a nitrile. Significant increase of emission within the first 5 hours following initial herbivory was detected for (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, cineole and benzylcyanide. Subsequently, a coupled bioassay-chemical analysis procedure was developed allowing for testing and analyzing the same sample for future identification of the bioactive compounds. This was achieved by using stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of solvent extracts of caterpillar-damaged leaves.     

Comparison of the flower scent of the sexually deceptive orchid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophrys iricolor</Emphasis> and the female sex pheromone of its pollinator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Andrena morio</Emphasis>

Summary. Ophrys flowers mimic the female produced sex pheromone of their pollinator species to attract males for pollination. The males try to copulate with the putative female and thereby pollinate the flower. Using electrophysiological and chemical analyses, floral volatiles released by O. iricolor as well as the female sex pheromone of its pollinator species, Andrena morio are investigated. Overall, 38 peaks comprising 41 chemical compounds, were found to release reactions in the antennae of male A. morio bees. Analyses using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of alkanes and alkenes with 20 to 29 carbon atoms, aldehydes (C9 to C24) and two esters. Almost all of those compounds were found in similar proportions in both, the floral extracts of O. iricolor and cuticle surface extracts of A. morio females. The pattern of biologically active volatiles described here is very similar to that used by other Ophrys species pollinated by Andrena males.     

Attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes to sugarcane root volatiles under herbivory by a sap-sucking insect

Few systems have been described in which herbivore-induced root volatiles mediate attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), and they only concern root damage inflicted by chewing insects. EPNs, especially Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae, are potential biological control agents of sugarcane spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata) populations. Here, we investigated the response of these two species of EPNs to sugarcane root volatiles damaged by M. fimbriolata nymphs in a belowground six-arm olfactometer. We also examined changes on root volatile profile in response to herbivory of sugarcane spittlebug nymphs. Results showed that both EPN species did not discriminate between odors of undamaged sugarcane and moistened sand (blank). However, when EPNs were exposed to odors of spittlebug-damaged and undamaged sugarcane roots, both species significantly preferred odors of spittlebug-damaged roots. Headspace collection followed by GC–MS analyses showed no qualitative difference (total of 11 compounds) between volatile profiles of spittlebug-damaged and undamaged sugarcane roots. In contrast to the previous studies involving feeding by root chewing insects, our root volatile analysis did not reveal any up-regulation resulting from sugarcane spittlebug damage, but the down-regulation of the terpenes dihydromyrcenol and β-isomethyl ionone when compared with the profile of undamaged sugarcane roots. Here, we propose alternative explanations for the EPN attraction to spittlebug-damaged roots as it is unlikely that reduced concentrations of the volatiles play a role in this interaction. Further studies are necessary to determine the key compounds of the root volatile emission to enhance biological control efficacy with EPNs against M. fimbriolata in sugarcane.     

Ontogenetic and spatio-temporal patterns of induced volatiles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> in the light of the optimal defence hypothesis

Summary. Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit a blend of volatile compounds that serve as important host location cues for parasitoid wasps. Variability in the released blend may exist on the whole-plant and withinplant level and can affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids. We comprehensively assessed the kinetics of herbivore-induced volatiles in soybean in the context of growth stage, plant organ, leaf age, and direction of signal transport. The observed patterns were used to test the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis (OD). We found that plants in the vegetative stage emitted 10-fold more volatiles per biomass than reproductive plants and young leaves emitted >2.6 times more volatiles than old leaves. Systemic induction in single leaves was stronger and faster by one day in acropetal than in basipetal direction while no systemic induction was found in pods. Herbivore-damaged leaves had a 200-fold higher release rate than pods. To some extent these findings support the OD: i) indirect defence levels were increased in response to herbivory and ii) young leaves, which are more valuable, emitted more volatiles. However, the fact that reproductive structures emitted no constitutive or very few inducible volatiles is in seeming contrast to the OD predictions. We argue that in case of volatile emission the OD can only partially explain the patterns of defence allocation due to the peculiarity that volatiles act as signals not as toxins or repellents.     

Making scents of defense: do fecal shields and herbivore-caused volatiles match host plant chemical profiles?

Many plant families have aromatic species that produce volatile compounds which they release when damaged, particularly after suffering herbivory. Monarda fistulosa (Lamiaceae) makes and stores volatile essential oils in peltate glandular trichomes on leaf and floral surfaces. This study examined the larvae of a specialist tortoise beetle, Physonota unipunctata, which feed on two M. fistulosa chemotypes and incorporate host compounds into fecal shields, structures related to defense. Comparisons of shield and host leaf chemistry showed differences between chemotypes and structures (leaves vs. shields). Thymol chemotype leaves and shields contained more of all compounds that differed than did carvacrol chemotypes, except for carvacrol. Shields had lower levels of most of the more volatile chemicals than leaves, but more than twice the amounts of the phenolic monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol and greater totals. Additional experiments measured the volatiles emitted from M. fistulosa in the absence and presence of P. unipunctata larvae and compared the flower and foliage chemistry of plants from these experiments. Flowers contained lower or equal amounts of most compounds and half the total amount, compared to leaves. Plants subjected to herbivory emitted higher levels of most volatiles and 12 times the total amount, versus controls with no larvae, including proportionally more of the low boiling point chemicals. Thus, chemical profiles of shields and volatile emissions are influenced by the amounts and volatilities of compounds present in the host plant. The implications of these results are explored for the chemical ecology of both the plant and the insect.     

Responses of nymphs of desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria to volatiles of plants used as rearing diet

Summary Gregarious nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were more attracted to volatiles from mechanically damaged food plants used for rearing than to either the undamaged or damaged food plants not used as diet in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Comparative analysis of the volatile emissions from plants used for rearing and food plants not used for rearing,e.g. Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schouwia thebaica, wheat (Triticum sp., var. Nyangumi),Zygophyllum simplex, Heliotropium undulatum andTribulus terrestris was carried out by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the volatile emissions and olfactory responses of nymphs in GC-EAD assays. Up to 33 compounds were identified in volatiles of the plants of which 9 evoked EAGs. EAG-active components included common green leaf compounds (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol. (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate and (Z)-3-hexenyl isovalerate were detected in stimulatory amounts only in the volatiles ofS. thebaica. (E, Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was detected as a component in the volatiles ofT. terrestris and was highly stimulatory. In EAG assays with seven common green leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was most stimulatory while hexanal was the least. No significant differences were recorded between antennal responses of males and females to the tested compounds. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on host plant recognition through detection of their airborne volatiles and the learning behaviour by nymphs ofS. gregaria.