Forest fires caused by lightning as an indicator of connections between atmosphere,lithosphere, and biosphere

A significant positive correlation between the density of lightning fires and the horizontal gradient of anomalous geomagnetic field is demonstrated on the basis of studies on lichen pine forests in the Konda River basin (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, Western Siberia) and analysis of published data. Schematic hypotheses of global connections in the atmosphere-lithosphere-forest-lightning fire are proposed.     

The diet of Asian badger, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meles leucurus</Emphasis> Hodgson, 1847, in Samarovskii Chugas Nature Park,Western Siberia

The diet structure of Asian badgers (Meles leucurus Hodgson, 1847) on Bol’shoi Chukhtinskii Island (Samarovskii Chugas Nature Park, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area) was studied by means of coprological analysis. Ten diet components were identified, including Siberian stone pine seeds (pine nuts), berries, earthworms, larval and adult insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The proportion of pine nuts was especially large. Seasonal fluctuations in the occurrence frequency and abundance of different foods were insignificant, but some of them were found to markedly vary between years.     

The Structure of Narrow-Skulled Vole (Microtus gregalis Pall.) Colonies in Western Siberia

The structure of Microtus gregalis colonies was studied in different parts of the species range in Western Siberia, both in the south (Omsk oblast) and in the north (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area), in 1999 and 2000. The colonies studied in the steppe zone of Omsk oblast, southern tundras of the Yamal Peninsula, and mountain tundras on the northern slopes of the Polar Urals prove to have some common structural features. In Omsk oblast, seasonal variation in the area of colonies and the number of entrances to the burrows was revealed, although the general structure of colonies (the pattern of tunnels and location of the nest and storage chambers) was largely the same in spring and autumn.     

A Rationale for a Regional Network of Ecologically Valuable Areas

Several ecologically valuable objects identified on the basis of complex assessment and differentiation of the region are proposed for establishing a regional network of specially protected areas. To identify these objects, characteristics of the plant cover, soils, faunistic and hydrobiological associations, and landscapes have been analyzed using a 1 : 1000000 vegetation map. Five classes of ecologically valuable areas are distinguished according to the need for integrated protection of landscapes and their components or botanical and zoological objects. The concept has been realized using an example of the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Area, Western Siberia.     

多级环境地理信息系统的建立

地理信息系统(GIS)是当前研究的热点,它在各类管理与决策中已被广泛采用,我国十个省市的环保局系统已建立了环境信息中心来开展这项工作。本文提出了建立既独立又能相互连接的三级环境信息系统,以适应不同层次的需要,并对各级系统的特点及其接口、汉化技术、环境数据库等进行了讨论。     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

Abstract

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to improve land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

Modelling of long-term behaviour of caesium and strontium radionuclides in the Arctic environment and human exposure

In this paper a compartment model of the highly vulnerable Arctic terrestrial food chain "lichen-reindeer-man" is outlined. Based upon an analysis of measured (137)Cs and (90)Sr contents in lichen and reindeer meat from 1961 up to 2001, site specific model parameters for two regions in north-western Arctic Russia and for Kautokeino municipality in Arctic Norway have been determined. The dynamics of radionuclide activity concentrations in the "lichen-reindeer-man" food chain for all areas was satisfactorily described by a double exponential function with short-term and long-term effective ecological half-lives between 1-2 and 10-12 years, respectively, for both (137)Cs and (90)Sr. Using parameter values derived from the model, life-time internal effective doses due to consumption of reindeer meat by reindeer-breeders after an assumed single pulse deposit of 1 kBq m(-2) of (137)Cs were estimated to be 11.4 mSv (Kola Peninsula), 5 mSv (Nenets Autonomous Area), and 2 mSv (Kautokeino, Norway). Differences in vulnerability to radiocaesium deposition were due to differences in transfer between lichen and reindeer and in diet between the three regions.     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to im- prove land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

武汉城市圈资源集聚能力的空间关联研究

提升武汉城市圈各城市间资源集聚能力的空间关联程度,对于实现该区域的协调发展具有重要意义。基于此,运用修正的引力模型,采用社会网络分析法对1995～2015年武汉城市圈资源集聚能力的空间关联进行分析。研究表明:(1)武汉城市圈资源集聚能力的空间关联特征显著,网络密度呈现倒"U"型,网络等级逐年下降,网络效率呈现"U"型;(2)武汉城市圈资源集聚能力在网络中呈现"中心-边缘"的特征,武汉市的点度中心度最高,在网络中属于中心城市,而其它城市属于边缘城市;(3)板块一(武汉、孝感、天门)属于"双向溢出"板块,板块二(潜江、咸宁)属于"净受益"板块,板块三(仙桃、黄冈)属于"净溢出"板块,板块四(黄石、鄂州)属于"经纪人"板块。鉴于此,从多途径构建资源集聚能力空间关联"通道"、增强中心城市辐射带动功能和推动城市分工协作等3个方面提出了提升武汉城市圈资源集聚能力空间关联程度的政策建议。     

三峡库区近50年来的气温变化趋势

利用三峡库区及周边32个气象站点1960~2006年的气温资料,运用线性趋势分析、累积距平分析和〖WTBX〗t〖WTBZ〗检验等统计学方法研究了三峡库区近50 a来的气温变化趋势。研究结果表明：（1）近50 a来三峡库区气温变化总体上呈显著上升趋势,增温率为013℃/10 a;其中1960’s~1980’s末存在一个缓慢降温过程,1980’s末后快速增温。（2）三峡库区各季节平均气温变化过程与年气温变化过程相似,总体上也呈上升趋势,春、夏、秋、冬四季平均气温增温率分别为010、0005、019和021℃/10 a,其中冬季气温上升对库区年平均气温上升的贡献率最大。（3）年均气温跃变出现在1996年,春、夏、秋、冬四季气温跃变点分别出现在1996、1993、1997、1996年,季节气温的跃变与年均气温跃变具有较好的同步性。（4）三峡库区偏暖和显著偏暖年份都发生在1996年以后,其中1998〖JP2〗和2006年为异常偏暖年份;偏冷年份基本出现在1990’s以前,尤其集中在1980’s,但无显著偏冷和异常偏冷年份。〖     

三峡水库入库污染负荷研究(Ⅰ)--蓄水前污染负荷现状

分析蓄水前三峡水库入库污染负荷,包括库区污染负荷,如城市生活污水、工业废水、农业面源、船舶流动污染源;主要干支流长江、嘉陵江、乌江的入库背景污染负荷,包括上游天然背景负荷和上游污染贡献负荷,为三峡水库水污染防治提供理论依据。研究表明：①进入三峡库区的污染源主要来自长江、嘉陵江、乌江上游输入的背景负荷,包括上游贡献负荷和天然背景负荷,其中：CODCr的天然背景负荷与上游污染贡献负荷较为接近,BOD5、NH3-N的上游贡献负荷略大于天然背景负荷;TP的上游贡献负荷远大于天然背景负荷。因此,“三江”上游区域的污染治理工作应为今后三峡水库水污染防治的重点;②库区内排放的主要污染物是TP、BOD5、TN、CODCr等有机污染物,其累计等标污染负荷比达到98%以上。库区内的主要污染源为农田径流,其等标污染负荷比为77.85%;其次为城市污水,其等标污染负荷比为19.45%,工业废水的等标污染负荷比只占1.62%。因此,农田面源将是今后库区污染防治的重点。     

Anthrax in Yamal: An ecological view on traditional reindeer husbandry

The critical situation with traditional reindeer husbandry in the Yamal district of the Yamalo- Nenets Autonomous Area, indicated by an anthrax epizootic, is analyzed from an ecological viewpoint. The phenomenon of epizootic is regarded as an ecosystemic homeostatic mechanism operating to prevent excess population growth and maintain ecosystem integrity. The shutdown of this mechanism by means of vaccination, with the proportion of reindeer removed from slaughter remaining low, has resulted in an increased grazing load of rangelands and their consequent severe degradation. These events have been aggravated due to change in the type of ownership in reindeer husbandry during the reforms of the 1990s. The ecological situation is classified as critical, posing a real hazard to this particular ethnic form of economy. It is concluded that the period of extensive/expansive development of Yamal reindeer husbandry has come to an end. Sociopsychological attitudes of the Nenets, acquired when biological resources were abundant, contradict with the principles of ecosystem existence and functioning in the period of resource depletion. The maintenance of reindeer husbandry in the traditional form requires increasing material, labor, and financial investments, but positive results are unlikely to be obtained because of ecological constraints.     

三峡库区不同退耕还林模式水土流失特征及其影响因子

三峡库区为国家水土保持重点防治区,土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）与水土流失的关系已成为水土流失治理研究的关注重点之一,退耕还林工程的水土保持效益对于库区生态环境的建设具有重要意义。通过对库区典型退耕还林模式的水土流失的监测,分析其不同降雨条件下水土流失特征及影响因子,结果标明：（1）退耕还林后库区的水土流失问题得到了有效控制,退耕还林后各土地利用类型的年地表径流量下降了70%~95%,泥沙流失量则比农田降低了97%以上,其中乔木林和竹林对水土保持的效果最为理想;（2）退耕还林后各土地利用类型年地表径流量与降雨量呈较好的指数关系,随着降雨量的增加而增加。除农田和板栗林外,各土地利用类型年地表径流量与雨强关系不显著;（3）泥沙流失量与降雨量和降雨强度的关系均不显著;（4）各土地利用类型地表径流的80%以上,泥沙流失量的95%以上都是发生在暴雨条件下,暴雨事件成为库区水土流失的主要气候影响因素;（5）凋落物层盖度是控制退耕还林各模式地表径流的主要因素,各土地利用类型的年地表径流量均随着凋落物层盖度的增加而显著降低     

流域气候变化和人类活动对长江径流量影响的辨识

利用1956~2011年的流域气温、降水量、径流量及有关文献所载蒸发量、水库修建、用水量、水土保持等资料,探讨气候变化和人类活动对长江径流量的影响。结果表明：（1）流域气温明显上升,且上升速率大于全球平均上升速率;（2）流域平均降水量下降了约1%,年降水量与年均气温之间无显著相关性;（3）年径流量随降水量频繁振荡,最大和最小值之比达19;（4）太阳净辐射量和风速下降导致流域自然蒸发作用减弱,而水库修建、耗水增多和水土保持等人类活动则使蒸发作用加强。两方面的影响相互削弱;入海年径流量下降1%;（5）流域内分区间存在差异,北域（岷江、嘉陵江和汉江）人类活动的影响居主导地位,径流量下降约15%;中域（金沙江以下干流两翼“未测区”）则以气候变化的影响占优,径流量上升约9%;西域（金沙江流域）径流量减少4%;南域（乌江、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖流域）径流量上升2%。推断今后几十年气候要素仍将主导径流量的年际波动,而南水北调、新建水库、耗水增多和水土保持加强将可能使径流量再下降约10%     

安徽省主要气象灾害趋势演变及其对粮食总产的影响

为了揭示安徽省主要气象灾害的现状和变化规律，保障粮食作物稳产高产。该文利用1986~2017年安徽省78个市、县的干旱、洪涝、风雹、低温冷冻害和雪灾等4类主要气象灾害的受灾、成灾率数据，采用气候倾向率、灰色关联度和R/S分析方法，分析了全省4类主要气象灾害的时空变化特征和未来发展趋势及其与粮食总产的关联度。结果表明：（1）全省4类气象灾害的受灾、成灾率均随年代呈下降趋势，近10年受灾、成灾率明显偏少；高值区多出现在淮北地区、皖南山区和大别山区，低值区大多出现在沿淮、江淮和沿江地区。（2）未来安徽省干旱受灾、成灾率将继续下降，洪涝将持续不明显的下降趋势，风雹、低温冷冻害和雪灾将由下降趋势转为平稳或略有上升的趋势。（3）4类气象灾害的受灾、成灾率与粮食总产量的关联度由高到低的排序均为: 洪涝、低温冷冻害和雪灾、干旱、风雹。由此说明洪涝是影响安徽省粮食生产最主要的气象灾害。     

Impact on Mountainous Agricultural Development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area forced by Migrants of the Three Gorges Project

Abstract

The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration has special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area     

基于流动人口特征的环洞庭湖区县域城镇化的水平和性质分析

改革开放以来,中国的人口迁流带有明显异地城镇化的性质,这种跨大区域的异地城镇化对人口流入区和人口流出区的影响是不同的。以环洞庭湖区为例,在第六次人口普查县域资料的基础上,利用SPSS170软件定量分析了湖区县域人口净流出率与城镇化率之间的关系,得出人口净流出区县域城镇化水平与县域人口净流出率呈高度负相关的结论;进而,按县域城乡人口内外流比(城镇人口净流入与农村人口净流出之间的比例),将本区城镇化划分为主动型城镇化、内流为主的被动型城镇化、外流为主的被动型城镇化和衰退型城镇等类型,并探讨了各类城镇化的人口流动的特征、动力机制和综合效益;在此基础上,提出了环洞庭湖区合理推进城镇化的对策     

聚落景观格局的空间粒度转换响应及其机理分析——以江苏省镇江地区为例

以镇江地区第二次土地调查（2009年）1〖DK〗∶10 000土地利用现状数据为主要数据源,运用GIS和景观格局分析方法,研究了按照中心属性值法和面积最大法从现状数据粗化为30 m、100 m、500 m和1 000 m栅格和矢量数据的聚落景观格局变化特征及机理。结果显示：最大面积值法生成数据各景观类型的面积相对误差较大,特别是其它土地,在空间粒度为1 000 m时消失,中心属性值法在空间粒度转换中的面积相对误差较小,并且是随机的;在聚落景观变化方面,研究区斑块密度、聚集度指数和斑块结合度指数降低,分维数、最大斑块指数和平均邻近距离升高,说明聚落景观斑块破碎化降低、斑块面积扩大并趋于成片成团、空间分布更为离散等特征;聚落景观格局变化表明最大面积值法突出整体分布规律,中心属性值法突出聚落景观的空间分布特性;基于最大面积值法的聚落景观格局的空间粒度转换响应与其斑块面积结构和空间邻接有所关联     

武汉城市圈旅游景区空间结构分形研究

武汉城市圈旅游景区具有沿河流、交通、城市分布的特征,集聚态分布格局明显。运用分形理论对武汉城市圈旅游景区空间结构进一步分析,结果表明：武汉城市圈旅游景区空间结构存在明显的无标度区,空间结构是分形的。武汉城市圈旅游景区在自组织演化过程中的中心性较为明显,多分形结构凸出,空间结构较为复杂;旅游景区空间结构是以武汉、咸宁、黄冈、麻城等主要城市为节点,通过系统内部的长江、京广高铁、京港澳高速、沪蓉高速等线状要素进行能量传递而展开的;旅游景区空间分布具有较强的轴线分布特征,空间相互作用较强,旅游交通网络通达性优良。对旅游景区空间结构现状分析和分形刻画的基础上,认为“K”形空间发展结构是武汉城市圈旅游空间结构的最佳发展模式     

国家级新区发展异质性及驱动机制研究——以上海浦东新区和南京江北新区为例

国家级新区建设是转型期国家推动新型工业化和城镇化战略的重要手段,推动了城市空间重构和功能重组,从而成为城市研究热点。从经济发展、人口集聚规模以及建设用地扩张三个维度刻画对比了上海浦东新区和南京江北新区的发展的异质性,并进一步剖析发展的驱动机制,发现两地发展异质性的表象原因是发展阶段的差异,更深层的是区域发展驱动机制的差异:交通等基础设施建设能强化新区与母城的联系,是实现新区快速健康发展的基础,浦东新区完善的交通运输体系对所在区域及全市的经济快速增长产生了重要影响;而全球资本汇聚、产城融合、城市大事件营销是新区快速发展的重要驱动力;发展型政府的作用及政治精英的影响力对国家级新区发展也具有重要的推动作用。基于上述研究,对于新型工业化和城镇化背景下新区的健康发展提出了政策建议。