应用自动识别和定量系统评价两种污水再生工艺对微量有机污染物的去除效果

采用气质联用分析,并结合自动识别与定量系统(AIQS-DB)考察2种再生水厂采用的深度处理工艺对微量有机污染物的去除效果。结果表明,以污水为原水的膜生物反应器(MBR)+臭氧氧化+生物活性炭滤池(BAC)工艺用于再生水生产,MBR工艺对有机污染物的去除起主要作用;城市污水厂二级出水为原水的混凝沉降+浸没式超滤(SMF)/连续微滤(CMF)+部分反渗透(RO)+臭氧氧化工艺用于再生水生产,其SMF和CMF工艺段的膜截留作用均可有效消减有机污染物含量,SMF的效果优于CMF;2种工艺中采用的臭氧技术都能进一步加强部分物质的去除效果。气质联用结合AIQS-DB可用于再生水中污染物的筛查和不同污水再生工艺对微污染物消减效果的评价。     

BDD电极阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验研究了电化学技术阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,比较了不同阳极种类、电流密度和极板间距对污染物降解的影响。结果表明,掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond,BDD)薄膜电极作为阳极,比钛基镀钌铱(Ti-RuO2-IrO2)和钛基镀铂(Ti-Pt)电极作为阳极时,有机物的矿化更为迅速。选用BDD电极作为阳极,不锈钢电极作为阴极,随着电流密度的增加(10~100 mA/cm2),TOC去除率随之提高,极板间距的改变(2~12 mm)对TOC的降解影响较小。BDD阳极氧化6 h后,浓缩液的TOC去除率达到94%。研究表明,BDD电极阳极氧化技术可有效地处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,可将其应用于高毒性难生物降解的有机废水的处理工艺中。     

芦苇湿地对造纸废水中有机污染物的去除效果及机理

为了对芦苇湿地对造纸废水中有机污染物的去除效果及降解机理进行研究,本文采用GC-MS联用仪对经芦苇湿地处理前后造纸废水中有机污染物的组成和含量进行测定,并通过叠放色谱图的方法对造纸废水中有机污染物的降解效果进行分析。结果表明:(1)经芦苇湿地处理前造纸废水中共测出30种有机污染物,其中8种被列入美国EPA环境优先控制污染物黑名单。(2)纸浆造纸废水生物塘-芦苇湿地复合处理系统对有毒有机污染物基本上达到了较好的去除效果:有机污染物总量减少80%以上,且降解后的产物多为毒性较小的烷烃类。(3)利用质谱手段对有机污染物的降解规律进行了初步研究。该研究为造纸废水处理和资源化利用提供了科学依据,为"造纸废水-芦苇-造纸"生态纸业循环经济模式的进一步推广应用奠定了基础。     

联合国环境规划署关注难降解有机污染物

联合国环境规划署 2 0 0 0年 9月开始一个为期两年的“难降解有毒有机污染物评价”项目 ,其初步目标是分析难降解有毒物质造成的损害 ,最终目标是对不允许排放到环境中的难降解有毒物提出建议名单。该项目将有助于确定必须削减排放量的难降解有毒有机污染物。UNEP将全球分为 1 2个区域 ,在每一个区域内 ,由当地专家对各污染源 (如农业害虫控制和工业使用 )的排放定量化。由于各区域内工农业生产和气候状况不同 ,因此设定目标必须削减的物质不完全相同。该项目预计花费 50 0万美元。原来预定在 2 0 0 0年年底要制定一项全球性条约 ,以减少 …     

光电氧化降解饮用水中有机污染物的效能

针对地表水中普遍存在的有机污染物现状和常规水处理工艺无法去除有机污染物的问题,以紫外光电氧化技术为基础,提出了以“分质供水”为目标的末端深度水处理工艺。与单独电解和光解相比,电化学氧化与紫外耦合技术可以将布洛芬、阿特拉津、三氯乙酸、乐果的降解率在15 min内分别提高到92.5%、98.1%、71.0%和94.6%,并且能耗有所降低。电流和光强对光电氧化降解有机污染物有促进作用,但污染物初始质量浓度、Cl^-、HCO₃^-和天然有机物(HA)和污染物去除率呈反比关系。在此基础上,以布洛芬为污染物代表,测定了布洛芬的中间产物,并计算了降解中间体的毒性变化,发现光电氧化明显降低了布洛芬的毒性。     

二维单体同位素分析在有机污染物转化研究中的运用进展

单体同位素分析(CSIA)作为一门新技术日渐应用于有机污染物的降解研究。降解过程中,同位素分馏受环境因素影响较大,导致CSIA技术应用存在一定的不足。多维同位素分析通过对不同元素同位素分馏的相关性分析,可消除有机污染物降解过程中环境因素变化对同位素分馏行为的影响,因而对有机污染物降解的评价更为准确。主要总结了二维单体同位素分析(2-D CSIA)技术在有机污染物降解、转化机制等领域的研究进展,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

不同水处理工艺对地表水中AOC的去除效果

研究了以A江水、B河水为原水的常规处理工艺和以C湖水为原水的两种深度处理工艺对有机污染物的去除效果。对水样的AOC、TOC和UV254进行了分析，结果表明，4个工艺对AOC的去除率分别是63．6％、-97．9％、84．2％和94．7％；对TOC的去除率分别是61％、6．6％、66．7％和75％；对UV254的去除率分别是17．9％、25．6％、83．3％和95．1％，与深度处理工艺相比，常规处理工艺不能保证饮用水的生物稳定性。     

不同水处理工艺对地表水中AOC的去除效果

研究了以A江水、B河水为原水的常规处理工艺和以C湖水为原水的两种深度处理工艺对有机污染物的去除效果.对水样的AOC、TOC和UV254进行了分析,结果表明,4个工艺对AOC的去除率分别是63.6%、-97.9% 、84.2%和94.7% ;对TOC的去除率分别是61%、6.6%、66.7%和75% ;对UV254的去除率分别是17.9%、25.6%、83.3%和95.1% ,与深度处理工艺相比,常规处理工艺不能保证饮用水的生物稳定性.     

高原城市污水处理厂中5种典型有机紫外防晒剂含量及其去除

有机紫外防晒剂具有内分泌干扰效应、遗传毒性和生殖毒性等多种负面生物效应,其进入环境中的一个主要途径为工业废水排放及污水处理厂出水的排放。昆明地处高原,紫外线较强,有机紫外防晒剂的使用量逐年增多,因此选择了5种典型有机紫外防晒剂:胡莫柳酯(HMS)、甲氧基肉桂酸乙基已酯(EHMC)、二苯酮-3(BP-3)、4-甲基苄亚基樟脑(4-MBC)和奥克立林(OC)作为目标物质,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,检测了昆明市5座城市污水处理厂进水、二级生化处理及深度处理进出水中有机紫外防晒剂的含量,分析了不同二级生化处理及深度处理工艺对目标物质去除效率的影响。结果表明,目标物质的去除主要依靠二级生化处理工艺,3种工艺都有比较好的去除效果,其中缺氧-厌氧-缺氧膜生物反应器工艺相对来说更好。此外,深度处理也能有效去除目标物质,紫外消毒去除效果更好。5种目标物质的总去除率达58.76%~94.0%,可见还有一部分的有机紫外防晒剂迁移到了环境中,具有一定的环境与健康风险。     

O3/H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2加入量的简易控制方法

对与臭氧有着不同反应活性的3类有机污染物,探讨并建立了O3/H2O2高级氧化技术H2O2较优投加量的简易控制方法.结果表明,水中存在溶解臭氧是H2O2与臭氧降解效率具有协同作用的必要条件,另外,H2O2的较优加入量直接依赖于目标有机污染物与臭氧的反应活性.对于不同的有机物及在常规的臭氧化水处理时间内,H2O2加入量控制在单独臭氧化处理时水中溶解臭氧的20～30倍(质量比)之间为宜.这种简易控制H2O2加入量的方法对推广O3/H2O2技术在实际废水处理中的应用具有重要的意义.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.