莆田地区夜间臭氧污染成因分析

基于2016—2020年莆田市监测站O₃逐小时质量浓度观测资料和边界层高度数据，分析5年间4次夜间O₃质量浓度超标的过程。沿海各市的O₃数据、后向轨迹和MEIC污染排放清单表明，O₃污染前体物来源于长三角地区和福州地区。4次夜间O₃污染期间，O₃与NO_x整体相关性小，相关系数为0.23,外来源输送导致出现O₃与NO_x整体相关性较小的现象。4次夜间O₃质量浓度超标成因是外来源输送的O₃在夜间时段随着后向轨迹向本地区输送时，O₃因缺少NO的滴定作用而无法分解，且垂直方向上边界层高度降低。     

嘉善前体物与气象因子对臭氧生成的影响及臭氧潜在源区分析

利用2017年嘉善善西超级站臭氧(O₃)及其前体物(NO_x和VOCs)以及气象因子(温度、湿度、风速)逐小时数据,分析了2017年全年NO_x和O₃的变化特征以及春季(4—5月)、夏季(7—8月) NO_x和气象因子对O₃生成的影响,利用O₃生成潜势(OFP)评估了VOCs大气化学反应活性,并通过潜在源区贡献(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)方法分析了嘉善春、夏季O₃潜在源区贡献特征。研究发现:O₃日变化特征为单峰结构,NO_x为弱双峰结构。O₃浓度在3—9月较高,春、夏季O₃浓度峰值分别出现在15:00和14:00,春、夏季的NO_x、O₃日变化与2017年全年日变化趋势基本一致。NO_x对O₃存在滴定作用,且低湿高温有利于O₃     

漯河市一次秋季典型PM2.5和O3复合污染过程中挥发性有机物污染特征分析

基于漯河市大气灰霾站在线观测数据,分析2022年10月12—19日PM_2.5-O₃复合污染过程中VOCs的污染特征及来源,以期判别复合污染过程中需要优先管控的VOCs物种及来源,为PM_2.5和O₃协同管控提供依据。结果表明：污染期间VOCs平均质量浓度(96.7μg/m³)显著高于污染前(49.4μg/m³)和污染后(54.8μg/m³),以烷烃和卤代烃占比较高;整个污染过程中质量浓度较高的物种包括乙醛、乙烷、丙烷、异戊烷、氟利昂-12、二氯甲烷、甲苯、苯、一氯甲烷、氟利昂-11、正丁烷和1,2-二氯乙烷;污染期间正丁烷、异戊烷、丙烷、二氯甲烷、一氯甲烷和苯的质量浓度增幅均超过100%。漯河市VOCs的O₃生成潜势(OFP)以OVOC和烯烃占比较高,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAp)以芳香烃占比最高。OFP贡献较高物种为乙醛、乙烯、甲苯和丙烯,SOAp贡献较高物种为甲苯、苯、间、对二甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯;污染期间...     

北京市城区挥发性有机物污染特征及其对臭氧影响分析

对2020年4月—2021年3月北京市建成区挥发性有机物(VOCs)的化学特征、污染来源及其对臭氧(O₃)污染的影响进行了研究。结果显示:O₃日最大8 h滑动平均值在臭氧季(4—9月)均值为134μg/m³,是非臭氧季(10月至次年3月)均值(59.6μg/m³)的2.2倍。臭氧季VOCs体积浓度均值为14.3×10^-9,明显低于非臭氧季(21.1×10^-9),可能与光化学反应速率和VOCs来源的季节性差异有关。臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献率排名前10位的物种在臭氧季和非臭氧季相似,均包括间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、邻二甲苯、异戊烷、正丁烷、丙烯、反式-2-丁烯和1,2,4-三甲基苯,但排名有所差异,燃煤源特征明显的乙烯等物种在非臭氧季上升明显,与溶剂使用、油气挥发相关的间/对二甲苯、甲苯、异戊烷和正丁烷等物种在臭氧季上升明显。甲苯/苯的值和异戊烷/正戊烷的值在臭氧季明显高于非臭氧季,反映出机动车排放和油气挥发等在臭氧季影响突出,非臭氧季是燃煤影响显著。基于...     

西安市某工业园夏季VOCs浓度特征及O3、SOA生成潜势

2020年7月30日—10月10日对西安市某工业园区大气中的70种VOCs开展了为期73 d的VOCs手工采样监测,分析了上、下风向2个点位VOCs浓度组成特征、O₃生成潜势和SOA生成潜势,并运用PMF进一步分析该区域VOCs的主要来源。结果显示:监测期间工业园区平均VOCs浓度为203.50μg/m³,以甲醛和乙醛为主的醛酮类(148.37μg/m³)是主要污染物,占TVOC浓度的57%～84%,其次是烷烃。通过上、下风向VOCs成分比较发现,醛酮类为高污染时段特征污染物,工业园区平均OFP为969.66μg/m³,醛酮类对O₃生成的贡献最大,占TOFP的80%～97%,其次是烯烃。工业园区平均SOAFP为0.50μg/m³,芳香烃对SOA生成的贡献最大,占TSOAFP的48%～98%,其次是烷烃。PMF源解析得到5个因子,分别为工业源、溶剂涂料、燃烧源、移动源及其他源,贡献率分别占35.2%、20.4%、18.3%、12.8%、13.3%,解析显示该...     

2020年春节前后上海市典型石化园区大气VOCs特征及来源分析

于2020年1月1日—3月31日,采用TH-300B型气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器/质谱联用（GC-FID/MS）在线分析仪对上海市典型石化园区大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了连续自动观测,测定了包括含氧挥发性有机物在内的102种VOCs,分析了不同阶段VOCs的组成特征、日变化特征、大气光化学活性及来源变化。结果表明,春节期间,上海市典型石化园区 φ（VOCs）为17.1×10^-9,较春节前下降59.0%;与溶剂使用和石化化工相关的芳香烃和卤代烃贡献率下降明显,芳香烃贡献率由17.7%下降至11.1%,卤代烃贡献率由13.7%下降至8.8%;臭氧生成潜势显著下降,关键活性组分为乙烯、甲苯、丙烯、间/对-二甲苯和正丁烷。VOCs来源分析结果显示,春节前,观测点位主要受附近石化园区和精细化工园区人为源排放和机动车尾气的共同影响;春节期间,观测点位主要受石化排放、机动车尾气排放、溶剂使用以及燃烧过程等多源的综合影响,但溶剂使用企业排放的影响明显减弱;逐步复工阶段,精细化工园区排放的影响开始逐步增加,但尚未完全恢复至春节前的活动水平。对比分析了石化园区的管控措施对VOCs浓度变化及光化学活性的影响,以期为后续VOCs减排与控制措施的制定提供科学支撑。     

2013—2018年海口市区臭氧浓度变化特征

利用海口市区4个站点2013—2018年臭氧(O₃)逐时观测资料,分析了O₃不同时间尺度变化特征、超标情况及其与前体物NO₂和气象因子的关系。结果表明:海口市区O₃浓度总体偏低,但2013—2018年各站点均有明显的上升趋势,海大站、海师站、龙华站和秀英站的气候倾向率分别为1.26、3.84、3.02、2.93μg/(m³·a),其中海师站、龙华站和秀英站分别通过了95%、98%、90%的信度检验。秋、冬季海口市O₃浓度最高,其中10月O₃浓度月平均最大值出现的概率最大,最小值主要出现在8月。O₃浓度日变化表现为单峰型,早晨08:00前后O₃浓度最低,午后15:00最高。海大站超标率最高(2.82%),海师站和龙华站次之,秀英站最小。4个站点的超标日O₃浓度均逐年上升,表明海口市O₃超标现象在恶化。O₃浓度与日照时间成正相关关...     

福州地区冬春典型污染过程PM2.5特征及成因分析

综合使用HYSPLIT、PSCF与CWT、PMF等分析方法,针对福建省福州地区冬春季节发生的多次污染过程(P1～P4),深入研究PM_2.5典型污染特征、成因及其潜在源区等。初步分析认为PM_2.5为影响P1～P4过程中福州地区环境空气质量的首要污染物。PM_2.5组分特征分析表明,移动源对PM_2.5污染有较大贡献,每次污染过程中的二次反应明显。HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析表明,P1、P2以本地污染源贡献为主,P3、P4存在较强的污染气团输送。PMF源解析分析P1、P2结果认为,福州地区冬春PM_2.5主要来源均为机动车源,分别为35.86%和42.75%,二次源分别为24.55%和30.52%,而冬季P1过程中工业/燃煤源(29.06%)的来源贡献明显高于春季P2过程(19.92%)。P3、P4作为受到外来污染传输叠加影响的典型案例,颗粒物激光雷达监测发现P3的PM_2.5污染主要受北方污染传输影响;PSCF与CWT联合分析结果表明,P4中的PM_2.5     

中国和美国地面臭氧污染对比分析

利用中国和美国地面臭氧(O₃)监测数据,从国家、区域、城市、站点多个层面对两国O₃污染的时间变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:从全年角度,中国O₃污染集中在4—9月,2018年延长至3—10月;美国集中在4—8月。1980年以来,美国O₃浓度呈下降趋势;中国O₃浓度在2015—2018年呈上升趋势,与同时期美国O₃平均浓度水平相当,但O₃极值处于美国20世纪80年代污染水平,且中国站点年均O₃超标天数(22～36 d)约为美国站点(2～3 d)的9.2～12.9倍。中国O₃浓度高值区主要分布在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和四川盆地等地区,美国集中在加利福尼亚州(California)。京津冀和长三角地区2017—2018年O₃平均浓度水平高于加利福尼亚州,北京、上海和广州3个城市2015—2018年O₃平均浓度水平低于同时期的圣贝纳蒂诺(San...     

G20峰会期间长三角区域臭氧变化及管控效果评估

为了研究2016年二十国集团领导人峰会(G20峰会)期间长三角区域臭氧(O₃)变化特征,评估管控措施对O₃浓度的影响,利用2016年8月10日至9月20日杭州及周边地区的空气质量监测数据、气象数据以及排放清单数据,分析了O₃和NO₂浓度及气象条件的时空分布特征,研究了不同管控区域不同保障时期O₃浓度的时空变化和O₃敏感控制区的改变。结果表明:峰会保障期间对于一次排放污染物和细颗粒物的管控措施效果明显,但核心区的O₃质量浓度高于严控区和管控区,分别高出11. 2、9. 2μg/m³。日间的NO_x管控导致O₃日变化幅度增高接近50μg/m³。在峰会保障期间,卫星数据和站点观测结果显示核心区O₃由VOCs控制区转为NO_x-VOCs协同控制区,整个长三角区域的O₃生成对于NO_x     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations in homes in residential areas in Greater Cairo

Indoor and outdoor measurements of formaldehyde were conducted at seven flats located in residential areas in Greater Cairo, during spring and summer seasons 1999. The mean daytime formaldehyde concentrations in kitchens, bedrooms and living rooms were 89, 100 and 100 ppb, respectively, in the seven flats. Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of formaldehyde found in these three rooms. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between the mean formaldehyde concentrations in these three rooms. The maximum mean concentration of formaldehyde (147 ppb) was recorded in a new flat, while the minimum concentration (43 ppb) was observed in an old flat. The maximum hourly and daytime concentrations were 350 and 225 ppb, respectively. Air temperature, relative humidity and the age of the flat are factors affecting the emission and concentration of formaldehyde. The maximum indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations were recorded during the summer season. During the spring, 38% of the samples indicated that the concentration of formaldehyde in the seven flats exceeded 0.1 ppm, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers' (ASHRAE) standard; in the summer, this figure increased to 53%.