公交车燃用生物柴油的排放性、经济性与可靠性

基于国Ⅴ柴油公交车,试验研究并分析了燃用5%体积分数的餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油混合燃料B5的实际道路排放性,燃油经济性及可靠性.结果表明:所跟踪进行的11万km道路排放检测过程中,相较于国Ⅴ纯柴油(D100),B5的CO排放因子平均下降13.28%,THC排放因子平均下降7.86%,CO_2和NO_x排放因子平均上升11.50%和11.84%,颗粒数量PN排放因子平均上升13.15%,颗粒质量PM排放因子平均下降14.74%;油耗的跟踪监测结果显示:B5的燃油经济性与D100相当,按热值换算后,B5的年平均百km油耗较D100小幅上升约1.54%;内窥镜跟踪检查结果显示:燃用B5后,在活塞顶面,燃烧室顶面,气门与气门座间隙以及喷油嘴等发动机的关键部位均无明显的积碳产生,燃用B5的可靠性较好.     

不同品质燃油对公交车道路颗粒排放特征的影响

以国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车为样车,研究了3种燃油公交车的颗粒数量排放特性. 3种燃油分别为纯柴油、B20燃油〔V(生物柴油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕和G20燃油〔V(天然气制油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕. 结果表明:公交车燃用3种燃油的排气颗粒数量随粒径变化均呈双峰对数分布,其中核态颗粒数量峰值粒径均为10.8 nm;聚集态颗粒数量峰值粒径则因燃料差异而不同,其中纯柴油、B20燃油和G20燃油分别为80.6、69.8和60.4 nm. 对于不同类型道路,在公交车燃用纯柴油时,其快速路下的排气颗粒数量(7.35×1015 km-1)最低,分别比主干道和次干道低47.7%和55.1%. 对于不同品质燃油而言,在全程测试线路内,燃用G20燃油的公交车排气颗粒总数量(6.92×1015 km-1)最低,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了42.5%和32.4%. 其中,G20燃油排气中核态颗粒数量为1.81×1015 km-1,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了3.1%和15.4%,而聚集态颗粒数量则分别降低了49.7%和37.0%. 表明公交车燃用天然气制油可有效降低颗粒排放.      

公交车使用废食用油制生物柴油的污染物排放及VOCs成分谱

以国三、国五柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,分析了国三、国五柴油公交车使用柴油、废食用油制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料(B10)的污染物排放及VOCs成分谱.结果表明:国五公交车的THC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放比国三公交车分别降低39.3%、19.9%、77.4%和28.4%,NO_x升高31.7%;国三、国五公交车排放的VOCs主要为烷烃、烯烃和含氧化合物,国五公交车的烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧化合物等VOCs排放较低,其VOCs大气反应活性降低,二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势较弱.与使用柴油比较,国三(国五)公交车使用B10的THC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放降低;国三公交车的NO_x排放增加,国五公交车的NOx排放降低;国三(国五)公交车使用B10的VOCs成分谱中含氧化合物降低,烯烃增加,VOCs大气反应活性增强.     

柴油轿车颗粒多环芳烃的排放特性

以一辆柴油轿车为研究样车,分别使用纯柴油、生物柴油掺混比例为10%的B10燃油,进行了NEDC整车循环工况试验,测取了该车HC、CO、NOx、颗粒等法规限制的排放,利用气相色谱-质谱法对采集的排气颗粒样品进行了分析,重点研究了颗粒中多环芳烃的排放特性.结果表明,与柴油相比,燃用B10燃油的HC、CO、NOx和颗粒等常规排放均有所降低;两种燃料产生的颗粒多环芳烃排放中均以荧蒽和芘最多,与纯柴油相比,燃用B10燃油产生的低环数PAHs排放略有增加,中高环数的PAHs排放降幅明显.苯并[a]芘等效毒性分析结果显示燃用B10燃油的BEQs值比纯柴油降低了21.6%,表明柴油轿车燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的多环芳烃毒性有所下降.     

不同排放标准公交车燃用生物柴油颗粒物排放特性

基于重型底盘测功机,对比研究了满足国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油公交车分别燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料B0/B5/B10在中国典型城市公交车循环下的颗粒物排放特性.结果表明燃用B0/B5/B10时,国Ⅴ车相对国Ⅲ车总颗粒数量和质量排放分别降低约68.1%、56.2%、57.5%和52.7%、64.8%、88.5%,相对国Ⅳ车,总颗粒质量排放分别降低了约43.0%、47.3%和42.1%,但数量排放分别上升了约4.0%、7.6%和14.7%.国Ⅲ车核态颗粒排放主要来自高速行驶工况,而国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车主要来自中低速行驶工况;国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车聚集态颗粒排放主要都来自中低速行驶工况.其中在车速较低时,国Ⅴ、国Ⅳ车相对国Ⅲ车核态颗粒数量和质量排放明显降低,聚积态颗粒也有降低,但国Ⅴ车相对国Ⅳ车改善不明显,核态颗粒数量和质量排放反而增加,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的上升,增幅越明显.在高速时,国Ⅲ车核态颗粒数量和质量排放急剧增加,国Ⅴ、国Ⅳ车略有增加,且国Ⅳ车聚集态颗粒数量和质量排放明显大于国Ⅴ车和国Ⅲ车.燃用生物柴油掺混比例较大的B10时,国Ⅲ车较大粒径颗粒排放急剧恶化,聚集态颗粒数量和质量排放大幅增加,不适合推广应用较大生物柴油掺混比燃油.     

船舶燃用B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油排放测试与分析

利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）,对一艘内河船舶燃用B10餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油（生物柴油:柴油为1:9,体积比）进行实际工况排放测试。出港和进港工况下,CO、THC、NO_x和PM瞬态排放速率波动明显,巡航工况下,CO、THC和PM瞬态排放速率较稳定,NO_x排放随空气流量变化而在一定范围内波动;同燃用纯柴油时气态物和颗粒物排放相比,船舶燃用B10生物柴油时,在出港、巡航和进港工况,CO排放速率下降了20.37%、24.39%和6.05%,THC下降了8.2%、8.13%和25.23%,PM下降了53.11%、22.38%和36.55%,PN下降了14.17%、18.75%和46.47%;在出港和进港工况,NO_x排放速率下降了54.28%和40.39%,在巡航工况,NO_x上升了10.45%;燃用2种燃油排放颗粒物均随粒径呈双峰分布,峰值粒径大致相同,燃用B10生物柴油时核态颗粒物数量下降明显。试验表明,船舶燃用B10生物柴油能有效降低气态物和颗粒物排放。     

BED含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机PM和NOx排放的影响

为研究生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(简称为BED)含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机微粒(PM)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的影响,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料,在两种大气压力(81和100 k Pa)下进行了排放试验研究.结果表明,燃用纯柴油和B15E5(15%生物柴油+5%乙醇+80%柴油,体积比)燃料后,在中、低负荷时的PM排放在高气压下基本高于低气压下,最高增幅分别达到26.2%和19.0%;在全负荷时的PM排放在高气压下降低,最高降幅分别达到6.1%和17.0%.燃用B25E5(25%生物柴油+5%乙醇+70%柴油,体积比)燃料后,PM排放在高气压下降低.燃用纯柴油后,柴油机在高气压下的NO_x排放低于低气压下;燃用B15E5和B25E5含氧燃料后,在中、低负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下降低,在全负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下升高.在中、低负荷下NO_x排放最高降幅分别达到12.1%和15.3%;在全负荷下,NO_x排放最高增幅分别达到6.5%和5.8%.在不同大气压力下,柴油机燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料后,PM与NO_x排放均呈现明显的trade-off关系.相比于在低气压下,随负荷增加引起的PM排放降幅和NO_x排放增幅在高气压下增加.     

十六烷值对甲醇/生物柴油排放污染物影响的试验研究

在186F柴油机上进行了台架试验,测定了柴油机燃用十六烷值分别为46、50、55的甲醇/生物柴油的排放污染物及燃油消耗.考察了十六烷值对柴油机燃烧甲醇/生物柴油的排放污染物、经济性的影响.结果表明:在标定工况时,当甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值为46、50、55时,NOx浓度分别为155×10-6、142×10-6、135×10-6;烟度分别为3.4、2.3、3.0;HC浓度分别为89×10-6、193×10-6、284×10-6;CO浓度分别为0.5%、0.8%、1.2%.随着甲醇/生物柴油十六烷值的增加,柴油机排放污染物中的NOx浓度和烟度降低,但HC和CO浓度增加.甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值不能过高,否则会使柴油机排放污染物急剧增加.     

基于DOC+CDPF技术的公交车燃用生物柴油气态物道路排放特性

基于OBS-2200车载排放检测系统,试验研究并分析了催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)及生物柴油混合燃料B20(生物柴油体积占比20%)对国Ⅲ柴油公交车瞬态工况和稳态工况下气态物道路排放特性的影响.结果表明相较于B0(纯柴油),B20的一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢化合物(THC)平均排放率偏低,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别为26.43%、10.44%,瞬态工况下降幅分别为22.78%、4.95%;二氧化碳(CO_2)和氮氧化物(NO_x)平均排放率偏高,其中,稳态工况下分别上升8.41%和8.26%,瞬态工况下分别上升7.15%、9.13%.相较于B0,DOC+CDPF对B20的CO和THC净化效果更为显著,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别达60.58%和79.92%,瞬态工况下,降幅分别达63.67%和82.57%.DOC+CDPF使用后,CO_2和NO_x的排放率略微下降.     

公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性

采用美国TSI公司的EEPS颗粒数量及粒径分析仪,对国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车燃用纯国Ⅳ柴油BD0,纯餐饮废油制生物柴油BD100及国Ⅳ柴油和生物柴油掺混体积比分别为5%、10%、20%、50%的混合燃料(BD5、BD10、BD20、BD50)的颗粒物排放特性进行了试验研究.结果表明,颗粒物数量及质量排放随车速加速度的增加均呈逐渐增加趋势,而随生物柴油掺混比例的增加而降低;不同车速区间下,颗粒物数量排放的粒径分布均呈双峰分布;不同加速度区间下,颗粒物数量排放的粒径分布由减速时的双峰分布逐渐过渡到加速时的单峰分布;随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,聚集态颗粒物数量下降显著,且峰值向小粒径方向移动,核态颗粒物数量变化不大,颗粒物几何平均粒径Dg变小.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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