2003~2014年东北三省气溶胶光学厚度变化分析

利用2003~2014年MODIS-Aqua气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品、DMSP卫星夜间灯光时间资料和基本气象资料,分析我国东北三省（辽宁、吉林、黑龙江）大气气溶胶光学厚度年际变化及季节变化的空间分布特征.结果表明,东北三省多年平均AOD空间分布存在由大连、沈阳、长春和哈尔滨等城市构成的一个高值带,呈东北-西南走向,多年平均AOD值为0.4~0.8;东北三省植被覆盖率较高的东部和北部是AOD的低值区,多年平均AOD小于0.3;东北三省AOD季节变化为AOD春季到夏季升高,秋季下降,冬季再次升高.东北三省AOD年际变化特征为大部分低值地区呈减小趋势,但以沈阳、长春和哈尔滨为轴线的东北-西南走向的高值区域呈增大趋势,反映了近10多年出现的空气质量两极分化趋势.此外研究了东北三省年均AOD在强、弱西北太平洋夏季风年时的空间分布差异,受地面风场影响,AOD在强季风年时较弱季风年偏低.     

近十年中国陆地AOD时空分布及与城市化的关系研究

选取2008—2017年MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Aqua C006气溶胶产品数据,分析近10年中国陆地气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol optical depth,AOD)时间序列变化规律、空间格局分布特征,同时比较了"三区十群"区域内外的AOD变化差异.同时,通过DMSP/OLS(Defense Meteorological Satellite System/Operational Linescan System)夜间灯光产品与AOD关系研究分析,以反映城市化进程中人类活动对AOD时空分布的影响.结果表明:①中国陆地AOD多年平均、季节分布特征符合"胡焕庸线".在时间尺度上,2008—2017年中国陆地AOD年际变化范围是0.279～0.368,整体呈现下降趋势且变化幅度较小;在空间分布上,2008—2017年高值区为京津冀地区、华中地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区及塔里木盆地,低值区为青藏高原、云贵高原、内蒙古高原等;AOD时空分布呈较强的季节性,春季AOD最高,秋季最低.②中国区域的夜间灯光图与AOD时空分布具有较好的一致性,也符合"胡焕庸线".人口稠密、城市化较快的东部地区出现大片光带,快速发展的城市光斑覆盖明显.2008—2013年间,城市亮度范围有一定程度的扩大,说明人类经济生产活动增加明显.③2010—2013年省级行政区的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光与其AOD表现为显著正相关,二者幂函数拟合度R~2分别为0.8036、0.8263、0.7701、0.8277、0.8331.DMSP/OLS夜间灯光与AOD呈显著正相关,说明城市化发展水平对气溶胶分布的影响作用显著.     

中国PM2.5人口暴露风险时空格局

采用PM_2.5和人口格网数据，计算了2000~2016年中国PM_2.5人口暴露风险值，并利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、标准偏差和Hurst指数等，分析了17a间中国PM_2.5人口暴露风险的时空变化特征.结果表明：①17a间PM_2.5人口暴露风险在胡焕庸线两侧差异巨大，东部高、西部低，东部多年风险均值为2.787，西部为0.065；②17a间PM_2.5人口暴露风险在胡焕庸线两侧的变化幅度具有较显著差异，西部整体呈下降趋势，而在2011年和2015年有明显回升，东部自2001年迅速增加且保持平稳状态，直至2015年出现大幅度回落.③PM_2.5人口暴露风险的稳定性与持续性差异显著，东部以不稳定与弱反持续性为主，西部则以稳定与强反持续性为主要特征.④暴露等级为危险与极危险水平下的人口总量与人口密度在空间上呈现出东部高西部低的分布状态.     

京津冀晋鲁区域气溶胶光学厚度的时空特征

利用2000年3月至2013年12月MODIS Level 3遥感反演大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品数据,分析近年来京津冀晋鲁区域AOD的时空分布和变化特征.结果表明:1从时变特征来看,近14年来全区年平均AOD值在0.428~0.550之间变化,年际间变化浮动大,因此多年平均增长率并不高,仅呈微弱增长趋势;以2008年为界可将近14年的AOD变化分为呈明显上升趋势的第一阶段(2000—2007年,增长率为1.349%)以及呈明显下降趋势的第二阶段(2008—2013年,增长率为-1.483%);全区四季AOD多年变化除夏季呈微弱下降趋势,其它3季均为上升趋势,冬季增长率最大;夏季AOD最高,但有回落的趋势,冬季AOD最低,但有上升的趋势.2从空间分布特征来看,全区多年AOD空间分布大体上呈南高北低的格局,河北和山东的西南部为高值区(AOD为0.72),河北和山西的北边为低值区(AOD为0.23),北京和天津则处于中上水平(AOD为0.58);全区四季AOD空间分布呈现出强烈的季节变化,春季较高,夏季最高,进入秋季显著降低,冬季则最低,冬季到来年春季呈跳跃性增高.这些结果有助于京津冀晋鲁区域的气候变化和环境研究.     

利用MODISC6数据分析中国西北地区气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征

通过与AERONET太阳光度计站点数据进行对比验证,确认了MODIS C6 AOD融合产品在西北地区的适用性.利用2006~2015年MODIS/AQUA C6 MYD08-M3产品分析中国西北地区气溶胶光学厚度的时空变化特征和形成原因.结果表明:(1)从空间分布特征来看,塔里木盆地和关中盆地是高值区,青海南部、甘肃西南部是低值区;准噶尔盆地是前后5年年均AOD对比增量区,柴达木盆地和河套地区是对比减量区.(2)从时间变化特征来看,近10年西北地区年均AOD变化范围为0.18~0.22,2011年起呈缓慢下降趋势,平均年降幅约为0.32%;南疆地区呈现较为明显的年际变化特征,与沙尘天气强弱、频次的年份分布直接相关;东部地区在2011~2015年,下降趋势显著,平均年降幅达到1.1%;北疆和青藏地区年均AOD整体保持平稳;西北地区不同区域AOD季节变化均呈现从春季至秋季逐步下降,冬季再次回升的相同关系.     

基于MODIS数据的山东省近十年AOD时空变化特征

利用2010~2019年的MOD04_3K气溶胶光学厚度产品数据,从时间和空间角度分析山东省气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）变化特征.结果表明：2010~2019年山东AOD年均值在0.545~0.851波动,平均值为0.706,10年间山东AOD年均值整体呈现下降趋势,至2019年下降了0.269,下降幅度高达33%;山东AOD有明显的季节变化特征,呈夏季高峰,冬季最低,采暖期AOD均值整体上低于非采暖期;山东AOD高值区集中在北部环渤海、鲁西地区及济宁市,而山东中部及东北部沿海地区为低值区.AOD高值区总体分布在低海拔地区,而AOD较低的区域主要位于高海拔地区,且AOD时序变化趋势率与年均AOD空间分布特征基本保持一致.     

艾比湖流域气溶胶光学厚度时空演变及影响因素

气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)描述了气溶胶对光的衰减作用,并在一定程度上反映区域大气污染程度.本研究以2000年～2015年长时间序列MOD09A1数据为本底,在生成查找表的基础上,采用深蓝算法(DB)对艾比湖流域2000年～2015年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI数据进行AOD遥感估算,分析艾比湖流域AOD时空变化特征,结合环境变量选用随机森林模型(RF)对AOD进行预测及因子贡献度排序.结果表明:①艾比湖流域AOD呈现显著的季节性变化特征,AOD值春季(0. 414)夏季(0. 390)秋季(0. 287),其中春季变化幅度最大.②艾比湖流域平均AOD为0. 374,年际变化整体表现为上升趋势,但在2010～2015年间AOD增加较快,年际增幅达到32. 32%,表明该流域近15年间的大气污染不断加剧,近5年尤甚.③艾比湖流域AOD空间分布从艾比湖北部到南部呈阶梯式上升变化,其中,精河县污染最为突显,AOD值达到0. 483.④RF模型对AOD的预测效果较好,R~2=0. 866,RMSE=0. 042,其中蒸散发对艾比湖流域AOD影响最为显著.     

2000~2016年中国PM2.5时空格局

本文在检验PM_2.5遥感数据可靠性的基础上,使用标准偏差分析、Hurst指数、Theil-Sen median趋势分析与Mann-Kendall检验和局部空间自相关等方法,在像元尺度上研究了2000~2016年中国PM_2.5浓度的分布格局和演变过程.结果表明：①在空间分布上,PM_2.5的浓度东部高,多年平均值为30.21μg/m³,西部低,多年平均值为4.37μg/m³,东西两侧差异巨大.西部地区和东北地区PM_2.5的浓度整体呈现增长的态势,但西部地区变化较为平缓.PM_2.5污染严重的区域分布在人口多且密集,经济较为发达的区域,如华北平原,东北平原,长江中下游平原,四川盆地等地区.②在时间序列上,以2007年为界,PM_2.5的年变化趋势可分为两个阶段,从2000~2007期间我国的PM_2.5浓度总体呈现上升趋势,年均增长0.95μg/m³,2007~2016年PM_2.5浓度呈波动下降趋势,年均下降0.15 μg/m³;③稳定性：PM_2.5浓度的稳定性在空间上差异显著,整体呈现出西部较稳定、东部不稳定的分布状态.东部极不稳定区域主要分布在四川盆地,华北平原,东北平原中部,长江中下游平原;④持续性：中国PM_2.5持续性特征以弱反持续为主,主要分布在中国东部地区,预测未来PM_2.5的变化规律与目前相反.其次弱持续性分布的区域较广,主要分布在山地、高原及高寒地区,说明这一区域未来PM_2.5变化趋势与过去的变化趋势相同,但又具有复杂性和反复性.⑤人口暴露分析：分析不同PM_2.5浓度级别上的人口百分比,发现2016年中国有52%的人口生活在PM_2.5浓度年平均值为35 μg/m³以上的环境中,还有14.38%的人暴露在PM_2.5年均浓度值为60 μg/m³以上的环境中.     

天山北坡城市群气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征

为探究天山北坡城市群大气气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征,本文利用卫星遥感MCD19-A2气溶胶产品分析了2000~2019年研究区气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）时空分布特征及变化趋势,针对AOD较为稳定的2016~2019年,利用多波段太阳光度计地基遥感技术,对AOD及Angström波长指数（α）等参数进行特征分析.结果表明：①空间上,研究区AOD空间分布与地形呈现较好的一致性,高值现象主要分布在低海拔地区;AOD空间分布表现出较强烈季节变化,春季（0.15±0.03） > 秋季（0.14±0.03） > 夏季（0.14±0.02）;②时间上,2000~2019年间研究区AOD年均值为0.12,年增幅1.03%,整体呈现增加趋势;AOD月均值的年际变化表现为双峰型,5月和11月为第一峰值和第二峰值,自然尘源粉尘的释放和传输以及人类社会燃煤供暖是造成AOD增加的主要原因;③受沙尘天气的影响,春季AOD的变化幅度较为剧烈,气溶胶主控粒子粒径及变化幅度均大于夏季;研究区AOD高值主要受粗模态粒子气溶胶的影响,细模态粒子吸湿增长会引起AOD的波动,但不易导致AOD高值.     

2001～2017年全国气溶胶光学厚度时空分布及变化趋势

为探究全国大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的分布及变化特征,利用最新的MODIS/Terra C6.1 550 nm AOD月数据分析了2001~2017年全国AOD的时空分布及变化趋势.结果表明,空间特征：年均AOD空间分布呈现两个显著的高值中心和低值中心,第一高值中心位于以人为气溶胶为主的华北平原、华中地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区和四川盆地,第二高值中心位于以尘埃气溶胶为主的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,两个低值中心分别位于内蒙古地区东部至东北地区北部以及青藏高原.时间特征：各区域AOD峰值主要出现在春、夏季,塔克拉玛干沙漠地区、四川盆地和珠三角地区AOD在3~4月达到峰值,华北平原、华中地区和长三角地区AOD在5~7月达到峰值.趋势特征：2001~2006年,我国西北地区和内蒙古地区AOD呈现减少趋势,我国中东部地区和西南地区东部AOD呈现增长趋势.2007~2012年,青藏高原和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区AOD变化趋势由减少转为增长,华北平原和四川盆地AOD的增幅减弱,长三角地区AOD呈现弱的下降趋势.2013~2017年,我国大部地区AOD呈显著地下降趋势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.