土壤粗胡敏素对铜离子的吸附作用及其影响因素

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,应用批量平衡法,研究了不同pH、离子强度、温度、Cu2+浓度和反应时间条件下,粗胡敏素(CHM)对Cu2+的吸附作用,并与相应胡敏酸(HA)的吸附作用进行了比较.结果表明:pH为2～4时,CHM对Cu2+的吸附率较低;随着pH的提高,吸附率增大;pH=7时,吸附率接近100%.随离子强度(0.01～1.00mol·L-1)增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量下降,其对Cu2+的吸附包括电性和专性吸附2种作用.随温度(25～45℃)的升高和Cu2+浓度(0～1000mg·L-1)的增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量增加,并与Langmuir方程拟合程度最好,25℃和45℃时的最大吸附量分别为12.61mg·g-1和14.31mg·g-1.CHM对Cu2+的吸附动力学过程可划分为快速(0～120min)和慢速(120～1440min)反应阶段,抛物线扩散方程拟合效果最好,与HA相比,CHM对Cu2+的吸附规律与HA相似,但其吸附量低于HA;表观热力学参数(△G、△H、△S)表明,CHM对Cu2+的吸附是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程,Cu2+在CHM上的吸附力大、活动性小、不易解吸,而在HA上的吸附力小、活动性大、容易解吸;活化能(E)和活化热力学参数(△G#、△H#、△S#)表明,CHM对Cu2+吸附所需能量多、活化熵高、吸附速率小,而HA对Cu2+吸附所需能量少、活化熵低、吸附速率大.     

麦饭石对水溶液中铜离子的吸附作用研究

研究了麦饭石对水溶液中铜离子的吸附作用。其吸附率与粒度、用量、铜离子溶液、溶液的ｐＨ值和吸附时的温度等因素有关，比较了相同实验条件下麦饭石和活性炭的吸附能力，提出了工业应用的适宜条件。     

土壤矿质胶体对铜离子的专性吸附

研究了砖红壤、黄棕壤和火山灰土对铜的吸附特性,同时采用粘土矿物和合成氧化铁标本作对照,考察了铜离子浓度、pH等因素对铜的吸咐的影响。     

臭氧-活性炭处理高浓度制药废水作用机制研究

该研究采用臭氧(O_3)-颗粒活性炭(GAC)处理高浓度制药废水,研究结果表明:(1)投加适量的GAC能提高O_3对高浓度有机物的去除能力,当O_3气体流速为120 L/h和GAC剂量30 g时,COD去除率可达到92%;(2)GAC可以提高O_3利用率,当O_3气体流量为60 L/h和GAC剂量30 g时,O_3利用率为50%,相比于单独O_3氧化时分别提高了30%;(3)pH值对O_3/GAC体系有机物去除和协同因子都有重要影响。在酸性条件下,COD的去除主要靠GAC的吸附和O_3氧化作用;在碱性条件下,靠GAC吸附和羟基自由基(HO·)氧化作用去除。协同因子在酸、碱性条件下分别为1.0、1.4;(4)在酸性和碱性条件下,GAC表面峰强度变化分别与GAC吸附有机物、GAC表面官能团的增多相关。废水经过O_3氧化后,原有的多环类化合物的浓度降低,但苯系衍生物和简单有机酸等浓度等却增加,还生成了简单的酚类物质;经过O_3/GAC体系作用后多环化合物的浓度水平显著下降;(5)O_3/GAC体系动态实验中,GAC吸附15 min即出现泄漏,进行到50 min出水水质与进水水质相同;运行到100 min时开始通入O_3,O_3/GAC体系共运行约250 min,运行期间保持对COD的良好去除效果,极大地延长了活性炭的使用周期。     

甲醛修饰酿酒酵母对铀的吸附研究

采用批次实验方法探究了甲醛修饰酿酒酵母对铀的生物吸附过程.结果显示,甲醛修饰能显著提高酵母对铀的吸附能力,其吸附量是同等实验条件下活酵母的6倍,动力学研究表明,达到吸附平衡仅需90 min,并且能较好地符合准二级动力学吸附模型.实验的最佳吸附pH为5.8.Langmuir和Freundlich模型均能用于拟合实验数据且实验结果与Langmuir模型更加吻合.扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,甲醛修饰改变了细胞的表面形貌和蛋白结构,使氨基发生了甲基化,羟基形成配位共价键,在酵母吸附铀后,细胞表面不均匀地附着了一层鳞片状的铀沉淀.铀沉淀与络合物的形式多种多样,且与羧酸盐主要络合物为双齿配体结构,甲醛修饰酿酒酵母与铀酰离子相互作用存在着络合,沉淀以及静电吸附等多种机理.     

水田土壤对铜离子吸附性能的试验研究

采用恒温振荡平衡法研究了乐山市某一水田土壤和未种植过的土壤对铜离子的吸附特性。结果表明:溶液的pH值越大,土壤对铜离子的吸附量越大;铜标准溶液的初始浓度越大,土壤对铜离子的吸附量越大;土壤含腐殖酸越多,对铜离子的吸附能力越强;水田土壤比未种植过的土壤对铜离子的吸附能力更强;用Freundlish方程来描述各种土壤对铜离子的吸附特性均得到了较好的相关性。     

垂序商陆叶细胞壁结合锰机制研究

垂序商陆是一种典型的锰超积累植物,细胞壁在其累积解毒锰的过程中起了一定的作用.通过细胞壁吸附实验,研究不同p H和不同锰浓度对细胞壁吸附锰的影响,并采用傅立叶红外光谱及同步辐射X-射线吸收光谱技术探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明,垂序商陆叶细胞壁吸附锰的最适p H值为5~6;其吸附行为可用Langmuir模型较好地描述(R2=0.978 5),并计算得其最大吸附量为62.50μmol·g-1.细胞壁上的羟基(—OH)和羰基(—CO)是结合锰的主要位点;锰周围第一配层为氧原子,其配位数为6.3,Mn—O键长为0.216 nm,细胞壁与锰主要以内配层模式相结合.     

苯达松在单离子蒙脱石上的吸附机理研究

通过水相苯达松在Al3+、Fe3+、Cu2+、Ca2+、Na+、K+阳离子饱和蒙脱石上的分布系数测定，及非水相中单离子蒙脱石吸附苯达松后IR光谱变化研究，发现：蒙脱石对苯达松的吸附与蒙说石中可交换阳离子的极化力有关；苯达松通过分子中C=O基团与蒙脱石中可交换离子结合水形成氢键及叔酰胺N与可交换阳离子间的电荷吸引而吸附．另外，蒙脱石中可交换阳离子具有的催化性、络合性也可能是增加本达松吸附的因素     

典型土壤组分及其与丁草胺除草剂作用的红外光谱研究

运用红外光谱法对3种典型土壤(红壤、潮土和黑土)的矿物质、胡敏酸及其与丁草胺的吸附附着物进行了研究.结果表明,江西红壤为高岭石型矿物质,在3 703,3 628,1 089,1 035,914,696及471 cm-1处有特征吸收峰.北京潮土和黑龙江黑土为蒙脱土型矿物质,在1 432和872 cm-1处有特征吸收峰,而在3 703和3 628 cm-1处吸收较弱或微弱.不同土壤中胡敏酸的组成基本相同,均在3 420,2 935,2 847,1 724,1 660及1 035 cm-1处有明显吸收,表明其含有缔合羟基、芳烃、羰基、醇、酚及酸等.丁草胺与土壤胡敏酸的吸附机理主要是在胡敏酸的羰基及酚醇羟基上形成氢键.      

烟梗黄原酸酯吸附铜离子性能研究

以废烟梗为原料,通过制备烟梗黄原酸酯对废烟梗进行化学改性,并用其吸附Cu^2＋。考察了搅拌速度,吸附剂用量,pH,温度,粒度,Cu^2＋初始浓度和吸附时间对吸附量的影响,发现各种参数对Cu^2＋的吸附都有影响。对于50mg／L的Cu^2＋,吸附平衡时间为10min,吸附量为19．30mg／g,Cu^2＋去除率可达96％。室温下吸附Cu^2＋时,可以用拟二级动力学模型描述。结果表明,化学改性的废烟梗去除Cu^2＋具有良好的应用前景。     

响应面法优化胡敏素对Cu2+的吸附及机理研究

采用Box-Behnken响应面优化实验设计对胡敏素吸附去除水中Cu~(2+)的过程进行了优化,设定吸附时间、吸附剂用量、pH、温度和Cu~(2+)初始浓度为5个影响因素,Cu~(2+)吸附率为响应值,建立了吸附率与上述因素之间的二次多项式模型,确定最佳吸附条件,对吸附过程的等温模型及吸附机理进行了研究.响应面分析表明,吸附剂用量、pH和Cu~(2+)初始浓度是显著因素.胡敏素对Cu~(2+)吸附的最佳条件为:吸附时间110 min、吸附剂用量2.4 g·L~(-1)、pH=5.4、温度25.0℃、Cu~(2+)初始浓度208 mg·L~(-1).在该条件下,测得胡敏素对Cu~(2+)的吸附率可达到80.78%,吸附符合Langmuir等温线方程.胡敏素表面疏松多孔,有利于其通过物理吸附方式吸附Cu~(2+),同时,胡敏素表面的羟基、羧基和羰基等活性基团可以与Cu~(2+)发生配位络合作用,Na+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等与Cu~(2+)发生离子交换作用,从而发生化学吸附.研究结果表明,胡敏素作为一种绿色、高效、廉价的吸附剂,可应用于Cu~(2+)污染废水的治理.     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.     

砷在金属氧化物/水界面上的吸附机制Ⅰ.金属表面羟基的表征和作用

利用红外光谱对铁铈氧化物(Fe-Ce)吸附材料中的金属表面羟基(M-OH)进行了表征,并探讨了金属羟基在砷吸附中的作用.透射和原位温度漫反射-傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征结果表明,Fe-Ce表面存在丰富的M-OH,但M-OH含量随制备温度升高而逐渐减少;Fe-Ce上的M-OH与一般金属氧化物的表面羟基特性存在显著不同,可能是一种特殊类型的结构性羟基.对砷吸附前后的Fe-Ce材料进行透射FTIR表征,发现砷饱和吸附后M-OH的摇摆振动消失,同时生成了新的As-O振动峰,表明M-OH在砷的去除中起着重要的作用;初始吸附pH由9.0降至5 0只引起了吸附剂上As-O键的伸缩振动向高频略微偏移;综合FTIR结果可以推测,M-OH和砷阴离子发生了直接的表面络合,在不同的pH条件下均与砷形成了内层络和物.     

Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by hydrous manganese dioxide: Adsorption behavior and mechanism

Hydrous manganese dioxide (HMO) synthesized by redox of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide was used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) removal.The specific surface area,pore volume and BJH pore diameter of the HMO were 79.31m2/g,0.07cm3/g and 3.38 nm,respectively.The adsorption equilibrium at 298K could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm equation with q max value of 352.55mg/g.The negative values of G and the positive values of H and S indicated the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.The pseudo second-order equation could best fit the adsorption data.The value of the calculated activation energy for Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto the HMO was 38.23 kJ/mol.The uptake of Pb(Ⅱ) by HMO was correlated with increasing surface hydroxyl group content and the main adsorbed speciation was PbOH+.The final chemical state of Pb(Ⅱ) on the surface of HMO was similar to PbO.HMO was a promising candidate for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from aqueous solution.     

含Cu-EDTA废水吸附法处理研究

用活性炭吸附法对Cu-EDTA废水的处理进行了工艺条件研究。结果表明,对含Cu40mg/L的络合剂废水,利用络合铜在酸性条件下的不稳定和活性炭表面电荷作用,在pH=5—6,采用活性炭进行搅拌吸附0.5h,铜的吸附率可达98％,出水残铜稳定在1mg/L以下。同时采用0.5mol/L H_2SO_4洗脱回收铜,且做到活性炭再生使用,铜的回收率为98％。为Cu-EDTA废水的处理提供了一个经济有效的方法。     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

磷对降低土壤中铅的生物有效性的X-衍射及电镜分析

通过盆栽实验,对不同磷化合物处理的铅污染土壤和植物分别进行X-衍射(XRD)、能谱扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)及能谱透射电镜(TEM-EDS)分析.结果显示,不同磷化合物处理土样的X-衍射图在0.288 nm、0.296 nm及0.321 nm处有明显衍射峰生成,以SSP5、HA5及HASSP2处理土样的X-衍射谱图中生成的衍射峰比较明显,而PR5处理的衍射峰相对较弱,其原因可能与磷矿粉的弱溶解特性有关.这显示了土壤经不同磷化合物处理后,土壤中新生成了较多的磷酸铅及Ca-Pb磷酸铅盐的沉淀,不同程度地降低了土壤中铅的迁移和转化特性.对植株根系的SEM分析结果表明,土壤中加入不同的磷化合物处理后,磷酸铅类化合物在植株根表细胞有明显的晶体沉淀物.对植物根细胞的透射电镜分析结果发现,在不同磷处理土壤中,铅以不同的磷酸盐化合物的形式沉淀在植物的细胞壁及细胞间隙,从而有效地阻止了铅离子向原生质细胞及植物中柱内的迁移,不同程度地降低了污染土壤中铅的蓄积毒性.     

黄河表层沉积物与铜离子的交换吸附等温线的研究

研究了黄河水中表层沉积物对Cu2 + 的交换吸附等温线以及赖氨酸和天门冬氨酸对吸附作用的影响。实验结果得到一类具有一个“拐点”、两个“平台的新型河流等温线 ,用分级离子交换等温式求出平衡常数K1 和K2 ,并证实Cu2 + 在黄河水中与表层沉积物的交换作用是分两级进行的。当有低浓度氨基酸存在时 ,对铜与表层沉积物的交换吸附起促进作用。