内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观尺度土壤保持功能的空间分布

景观作为理解和塑造人类社会与环境最具操作性的尺度,其土壤保持功能是实现景观可持续性的重要条件。在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,采用改进的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观土壤保持功能的空间分布进行研究。研究表明,研究区土壤保持总量为1.699×10~9 t?a~(-1),单位面积土壤保持量为85.39 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1);土壤中N、P、K元素保持量分别为9.25×10~6 t?a~(-1)、6.14×10~6 t?a~(-1)、3.41×10~7 t?a~(-1)。按一级景观估算,土壤保持能力从强到弱依次为林地耕地草地住宅用地未利用地水域;按二级景观估算,土壤保持能力以灌木林地为最高,其次分别为有林地、疏林地、丘陵旱地、平原旱地、高盖度草原、山地旱地、中盖度草原,最差的是盐碱地和裸岩石质地。不同景观的土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长趋势,当植被覆盖度小于50%时,单位面积土壤保持量随植被覆盖度增大而缓慢增加;当植被覆盖度大于50%时,土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度增大而显著增加。因地制宜地提高研究区的植被覆盖度,合理配置景观空间分布格局,有助于景观服务功能的发展,从而对区域生态安全和人类福祉做出更大贡献。     

流域磷素面源污染产生与输移空间分异特征

甶于面源污染物从坡面产生后至向流域出口输出过程会发生一系列变化,如在河道迁移过程发生的沉降衰减,基于污染物产生与输出空间分布识别关键区会存在一定的差异.因此,本研究选取面源污染较为严重的高原湖泊洱海典型小流域,以子流域为空间分析单元,采用经实测数据验证后的定量模拟工具-SWAT模型和数学统计方法,分析流域面源磷产生与输出的空间分布及差异,评估河道迁移过程对两者空间分布差异的影响.结果表明:流域面源流失磷产生强度存在明显的空间分异特征,不同子流域流失磷的产生强度在1.52~1.82kg/hm~2之间变化,高强度区主要集中在有坡耕地分布的水文敏感区和植被覆盖度差的土壤侵蚀敏感区;不同子流域流失的磷经河道迁移后发生了-25.6%~21.6%的变化,导致流失磷的输出与产生空间分布出现差异,较高产生强度区,磷流失高输出强度区缩小为土壤侵蚀敏感区;不同子流域流失磷经河道迁移后发生的不同变化受流失磷产生强度与径流迁移时间的综合影响.     

巢湖流域非点源磷流失关键源区识别

农业非点源磷污染是水体富营养化的重要原因.识别流域内各类景观中土壤磷向水体流失风险最大的关键源区并加以重点控制是流域非点源磷污染治理的重要手段.以巢湖流域为研究区,尝试采用改进的磷指数法在较大的流域尺度开展非点源磷流失风险评价及关键源区识别.在影响磷流失的污染源因子中增加了土壤磷吸持指数和磷饱和度指标.以反映土壤磷在水土界面迁移能力的差异;在迁移因子中又考虑了污染源与巢湖的距离.以反映污染源对最终受纳水体的影响;同时根据研究区特征及研究尺度对磷指数各指标分级与等级值进行了修改.结果表明,流域土壤磷吸持指数空间差异较小,总体上偏低,具有较高的流失风险;而土壤磷饱和度空间差异较显著,饱和度>25%的高风险区域超过流域面积的40%.巢湖流域非点源磷污染风险指数空间差异显著,风险等级最高(占流域面积5%)的区域分布在主要入湖河流下游的两岸平原地区,应作为磷污染重点控制的关键源区.磷指数法能够快速而方便地识别非点源磷污染的关键源区,应用于较大尺度流域可以从宏观上掌握非点源磷污染的空间差异并实施有效治理.     

土石山区小流域土壤磷素的空间分布特征与有效性

以汉江余姐河小流域为研究区域,运用经典统计学与地统计学方法,分析流域不同土地利用类型下表层(0~20 cm)土壤全磷和速效磷的空间分布特征及磷素有效性.结果表明:流域农地、林地和草地土壤全磷含量平均值分别为0.368 g·kg~(-1)、0.347 g·kg~(-1)和0.348 g·kg~(-1),土壤速效磷含量均值分别为17.52 mg·kg~(-1)、19.23 mg·kg~(-1)和17.90 mg·kg~(-1).土壤全磷和速效磷空间分布的最优模型均为高斯模型且均具有中等空间相关性.克里格插值表明研究区土壤全磷呈斑块状分布,速效磷含量的高值区沿河流呈网状分布,尤其是速效磷含量为10~20 mg·kg~(-1)和20~30 mg·kg~(-1)的区域从流域上游至下游以河流为主线依次连通.经ANOVA检验,土地利用类型对土壤全磷和速效磷的空间分布影响不显著(p0.05),不同土地利用下每平方米土壤全磷含量表现为草地农地林地,分别为0.092 kg·m~(-2)、0.089 kg·m~(-2)和0.087 kg·m~(-2),速效磷含量表现为草地林地农地,分别为4.67 g·m~(-2)、4.11 g·m~(-2)和3.89 g·m~(-2),流域土壤磷素的有效性呈现出林地草地农地的特征.     

基于LOADEST和数字滤波的水源地基流氮素输出定量方法应用实例

地表直接径流和基流均是流域非点源氮/磷养分输出的重要水文途径.科学认识和定量模拟基流氮/磷养分输出对于准确解析水源地水体非点源污染来源至关重要.基于Load Estimator模型和数字滤波算法,建立了定量水源地基流氮素输出的方法体系.以浙江省珊溪水源地的玉泉溪流域为例,利用玉泉溪2010-01—2013-12期间逐月总氮(TN)水质监测数据和逐日流量数据,展示了该方法的计算过程.结果表明,本文建立的水源地基流氮素输出定量方法结果合理,模拟精度高,决定系数和纳什系数分别为0.83和0.80;玉泉溪流域2010—2013年TN负荷量为141.21～274.68 t·a~(-1),平均208.63 t·a~(-1),年基流TN负荷量为84.39～168.68 t·a~(-1),平均127.69 t·a~(-1);基流对玉泉溪年均TN负荷量贡献率高达60%以上,流域基流养分输出对地表水体的污染应引起足够重视.     

北京市北沙河小流域非点源氮、磷负荷估算与源解析

选取北京市北沙河小流域为研究对象,将非点源污染物分为溶解态和吸附态2类,采用降水径流模型〔径流曲线数模型(SCS-CN)〕、土壤侵蚀模型〔修订的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)〕和污染物输出负荷模型,对北沙河小流域非点源氮、磷负荷进行估算,探讨不同土地利用类型产生的氮、磷负荷的空间分布特征。结果表明:北沙河小流域非点源总氮年均负荷为0.625 t/(km²·a),其中溶解态氮为0.190 t/(km²·a),吸附态氮为0.435 t/(km²·a);总磷年均负荷为0.118 t/(km²·a),其中溶解态磷为0.011 t/(km²·a),吸附态磷为0.107 t/(km²·a)。总氮年均负荷较高的3种土地利用类型为农村用地〔0.855 t/(km²·a)〕、林地〔0.713 t/(km²·a)〕和未利用地〔0.619 t/(km²·a)〕;总磷年均负荷较高的3种土地利用类型为草地〔0.238 t/(km²·a)〕、林地〔0.126 t/(km²·a)〕和未利用地〔0.115 t/(km²·a)〕。北沙河小流域氮、磷流失主要以吸附态为主,因此应重点控制流域的土壤侵蚀和水土流失,降低吸附态氮、磷负荷。     

博斯腾湖流域景观生态风险评价与时空变化

以博斯腾湖流域为研究区,利用eCognition软件对博斯腾湖流域1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年4期Landsat遥感影像分类。基于土地利用类型的生态脆弱度和景观干扰度指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,并利用空间自相关分析方法,开展博斯腾湖流域景观生态风险评价的时空变化研究。结果表明:(1)1990-2015年,博斯腾湖流域景观格局变化明显,主要特征为水域景观面积减少了64.33%,景观优势度降低;林地、耕地和城镇用地增幅显著,三者分别增加了47.96%、44.77%和85.15%;草地仍是流域主导景观类型。流域整体斑块数量减少,景观破碎化程度减弱。(2)低风险区和较低风险区主要分布在流域北部,土地利用以草地为主;高风险区主要分布在流域东南部,土地利用以未利用地为主;较高风险区主要围绕高风险区分布;中等风险区分布比较零散。(3)1990-2015年间,高风险区面积增加了386 263 hm2,低风险区面积减少了217 216 hm2,研究区总体生态风险等级增加,博斯腾湖流域生态质量存在进一步退化的趋势。     

西南高山峡谷区植被变化及影响因素分析

西南高山峡谷区是我国典型生态脆弱区,认识其植被变化特征及影响因素可以为西南高山峡谷区生态环境建设对策的制定提供理论依据,对实现区域经济、环境以及生态和谐统一发展,具有一定的现实意义.基于2000~2019年NDVI、社会经济因子和自然因子数据集,采用一元线性回归法、Hurst指数、地理探测器模型和变异系数等方法分析了西南高山峡谷区NDVI时空变化及稳定性特征,并探讨了NDVI空间分异影响因素.结果表明：①空间上看,植被呈现东南高,西北低的分布格局,中高和高植被覆盖的区域面积占比71.71%,植被覆盖总体处于较高水平.时间上看,植被呈现改善趋势的区域面积占比85.90%,恢复效果明显,且未来植被变化趋势还将以改善为主.②高程、植被类型和土壤类型是影响NDVI空间分异的主导因子,q值均不低于0.40;气温和降雨量为次要因子,q值分别为0.274和0.225.双因子交互作用增强了单因子的影响力,表现为双因子增强和非线性增强两种关系,其中高程∩植被类型组合q值最高为0.714,其次是高程∩土壤类型组合q值为0.688.③研究时段内NDVI整体稳定性较好,低波动变化和较低波动变化的区域面积占比为89.95%;而中等以上波动的区域面积占比为10.05%,集中在海拔高、气温低、降雨少、土壤贫瘠和植被较差等生态环境相对脆弱的区域.植被变化是多因素综合作用的结果,需因地制宜,有针对性地采取不同策略修复西南高山峡谷区生态环境.     

全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用

应用土壤流失方程(USLE),根据我国土壤水力侵蚀分类分级标准,建立了大尺度区域土壤侵蚀量的估算模型;基于GIS技术平台,利用土壤普查数据,构建了全国表层土壤氮磷含量数据库,完成了2000年全国境内水土流失影响下吸附态氮磷的流失量估算.经数据合理性分析验证后得出以下结论:(1)全国因水土流失引发的吸附态氮素和磷素的流失总量分别达到104.22×104t和34.65×104t;(2)长江、珠江和黄河三大流域的吸附态氮、磷流失量之和分别占全国总量的83%和89%,单位面积(1km2)吸附态氮、磷的流失量分别介于6.0×10-4～0.53t和2.1×10-4～0.13t之间;(3)吸附态氮的重点流失区主要分布在长江中上游水土易蚀区、黄河中游沟壑区、西辽河上游区、珠江流域红水河、西江等上游区以及怒江、澜沧江下游区.     

低山丘陵区土壤硒、镉空间分异对土地利用景观特征的响应

为明确低山丘陵区土地利用景观特征和景观格局对土壤硒(Se)、镉(Cd)含量空间分异的影响.以重庆市江津区为研究区,采集和测定了247件表层土壤样品,将研究区划分为3519个1 km×1 km网格单元,再基于30 m土地利用数据测算了每个网格单元土地利用景观特征指数和景观格局指数,并运用冗余分析(RDA)和双变量空间自相关(Moran’s I),定量探讨了景观格局对表土Se、Cd含量分异的影响.结果表明：(1)江津区表土Se(0.36 mg·kg^-1,算术均值,下同)、Cd(0.27 mg·kg^-1)含量高于渝西地区土壤背景值,但表土Cd含量略低于全国农用地风险筛选值.(2)林地表土Se含量(0.43 mg·kg^-1)显著高于耕地(0.34 mg·kg^-1),而水田(0.29 mg·kg^-1)、旱地(0.27 mg·kg^-1)土壤Cd含量高于林地(0.25 mg·kg^-1).(3)受成土母质影响,空间上林地景观聚集度与土壤Se含量呈负相...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.