高速公路路面雨水径流下渗系统性能研究

为了分析径流下渗系统在径流削减和污染控制方面的性能,本文对一个高速公路路面雨水径流下渗系统性进行了监测.结果表明,降雨量、径流量、径流削减量和径流排放量之间存在明显的正相关性(r=0.82～0.97,p0.05).该系统表现出高效的径流削减能力,当降雨量小于20 mm时,可以削减70%以上的径流量.与径流削减相比,该系统在污染物负荷控制方面更为有效.当降雨量在0～10 mm之间时,污染负荷的削减率几乎为100%;而当降雨在10～20 mm之间时,污染负荷的削减率仍然可以超过60%.相对总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)而言,下渗系统对悬浮物(SS)和化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))的去除能力要更高、更稳定.研究表明,径流下渗系统作为雨水管理的工具,在径流削减和改善水质方面具有良好的性能.     

雨水花园土壤重金属的累积效应与污染风险研究

土壤中重金属累积可污染土壤和地下水,危害人类身体健康.雨水花园作为海绵城市建设过程中雨水径流集中入渗的重要措施之一,长期雨水径流集中入渗导致雨水花园土壤发生重金属累积和污染风险.本文以陕西省西安市某高校内雨水花园为研究对象,该雨水花园建成于2011年,运行至今（2020年）,汇流面积为604.7 m²,汇流比为20：1,主要收集屋面雨水.雨水花园土壤重金属监测时间为2017年4月—2019年4月,采用富集系数法、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法对雨水花园重金属累积和污染风险进行评价.结果表明：雨水花园各土层均有3种元素（Cu、Zn、Cd）累积,Cu在土壤中小幅累积,Zn在土壤表层轻微富集,其它各层基本未富集;Cd在不同土层中富集程度不同,且易受人为活动影响.经单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法分析评价,Cu、Zn元素虽有累积,但未达到污染标准;各层土壤均受到Cd的污染,污染等级均为轻污染.     

基于SWMM模型的南宁市海绵城市建设优化模拟

为推进南宁市从"工程治水"向"系统治水"的海绵城市建设改造,借助SWMM雨水管理模型和Arc GIS地理信息系统,将研究区划分为若干个150 m×150 m的子汇水面积作为模拟单元,构建南宁市区地表径流及非点源污染精细化雨水径流模型。2009年、2015年南宁市雨水年径流总量分别为1. 86亿,3. 37亿m3,增长率为44. 81%,径流中心和高径流区在空间上均向市区东北方向偏移。利用构建的南宁市精细化雨水径流模型,借助SWMM中的低影响开发(LID)模块,结合不同改造目标对南宁某高强度海绵城市模式示范区进行情景改造模拟。结果表明:最大径流量/悬浮颗粒物(SS)去除模式(情景1)下,径流量削减率为21. 04%,SS削减率为66. 37%。成本最优模式(情景2)下,径流量的削减率为13. 74%,SS削减率为46. 71%。引入单位投资回报作为改造效益评估指标时,情景2下,单位成本径流量和SS削减率分别增加了0. 17%和0. 89%,说明情景2比情景1更贴合实际工程评估。因此,将单位成本投资作为工程效益评估指标能更客观真实地指导海绵城市建设规划。     

基于SUSTAIN模拟技术的低影响开发雨水设施规划应用研究

模拟技术是城市低影响开发雨水设施规划设计和研究的重要方法,采用城市暴雨处理及分析集成模型系统(SUSTAIN)对某市A地块的低影响开发雨水设施规划进行研究,分析了低影响开发雨水设施在不同降雨重现期条件下的峰值径流量、径流总量及径流系数的削减效果。结果表明,按照一定比例设置的绿色屋顶、透水铺装、下凹绿地、雨水花园、干草沟等低影响开发雨水设施可以通过下渗和滞蓄作用削减降雨峰值径流量和径流总量,降低了地面径流系数,其中1~5年一遇降雨的径流量和峰值流量基本达到100%削减,10~100年一遇的降雨则有不同程度削减,可显著减少下游渠道和市政管网的外排水量,缓解城市排水系统和河道泄洪的负荷,为城市低影响开发雨水设施的有效利用提供参考。     

2种生态植草沟对路面径流净化效果的对比

将铝污泥生物填料与台阶型植草沟相结合,构建台阶型生态植草沟系统,现场比较台阶型生态植草沟和常规生态植草沟对路面径流的净化效果。结果表明:在2次降雨(大雨、中雨)事件中,台阶型生态植草沟径流量削减效果优于常规植草沟,径流总量削减率分别为63.04%和55.21%,峰值流量显著降低,峰值时间至少延迟24~30 min;台阶型生态植草沟具有较好的水质控制及污染负荷削减效果,对径流中SS、COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TN和TP浓度削减率分别可达79.54%、67.08%、34.75%、63.61%和78.36%,对总量削减率分别可达92.44%、87.83%、74.29%、84.45%和90.31%,出流水质均优于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质标准。台阶型生态植草沟对路面径流可取得较好的水质控制及污染负荷削减效果,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

基于降水等级分异方法的低影响开发小区雨水径流污染负荷削减率的评估

为定量评估低影响开发(LID)技术对雨水径流污染负荷的削减率,选取嘉兴市柳岸禾丰小区作为LID小区,与其临近且下垫面类型相似的浅水湾小区作为传统小区,同步监测小区的外排水量和TP浓度,根据降水等级分异计算2个小区同等降水情景下单位面积污染负荷量,再以传统小区的单位面积污染负荷量为基准核算LID小区的雨水径流污染负荷削减率。结果表明：小雨时,LID设施可消纳其服务范围内的所有径流及所携带的污染物,污染负荷削减率达100%;当降水量增至超过LID设施功能阈值时,污染物削减率开始降低,中雨时降至67%,大雨时降至46%,年均雨水径流污染负荷削减率约为66%。整体来看,LID设施雨水径流污染负荷削减率表现出明显的降水等级差异。采用降水等级分异的方法能够减少降水等级所造成的误差,确保评估结果的精准程度,为小区LID设施建设提供可靠的决策依据。

     

雨水花园设计要点及其在上海市的应用探讨

雨水花园可以有效地控制径流污染、削减径流流量和峰值流量,是低影响开发技术体系中的重要措施。结合不同应用条件,从设施面积、组成构造2个方面分析了雨水花园设计中的关键参数;根据上海市地下水位高、初期径流污染负荷高、土壤粘粒含量高的特点,探讨了雨水花园在上海市的应用,为国内雨水花园的设计提供参考。     

绿色、蓝色和蓝-绿屋顶径流水质特征

屋顶占据大量城市不透水面,实施生态屋顶建设,有利于缓解城市化造成的生态和环境问题.在北京市区搭建不同类型生态屋顶(绿色屋顶、蓝色屋顶和蓝-绿屋顶),基于对2019年雨季降雨特征、各类生态屋顶径流量以及径流中营养盐和重金属浓度的监测,计算不同生态屋顶径流污染负荷和径流水质指数(RQI),定量对比分析不同类型生态屋顶径流的综合水质差异.结果表明,在2019年雨季,各生态屋顶均表现出良好的雨水滞留能力,平均径流削减率在75.7%～78.9%之间,且不同生态屋顶的径流削减率无显著差异(P>0.05);相较雨水,各生态屋顶均为NH⁺₄-N、 DZn和DCd的汇,累积负荷削减率分别在63.8%～96.4%、68.6%～90.7%和39.8%～54.5%之间,但均为NO^-₃-N、 DCr、 DFe和DNi的释放源;蓝色屋顶是DCu的汇(累积负荷削减率为21.9%),但对雨水径流中PO^3-₄-P的累积负荷无明显影响,而绿色和蓝-绿屋顶均为PO^3-     

探讨低影响开发技术在沣西新城的应用

以沣西新城为例,介绍了沣西新城为建设海绵城市采取的综合举措,分析了沣西新城暴雨管理和雨水综合利用的LID设施,得出雨水花园、生态滤沟、植生滞留槽、下凹式绿地、集料蓄水沟、中心绿廊等形成的四级雨水利用系统可有效削减雨水径流量、净化污染物、充分利用雨水。在满足绿地生态、景观、游憩和其他基本功能的前提下,建设沣西新城成为西北首个国家海绵城市建设试点示范城市。     

低影响开发建筑小区雨水控制效果监测与评估

以某新建建筑小区为研究对象,通过构建低影响开发雨水排水系统,实现了雨水径流总量减排和峰值削减的多目标控制。采用同场次降雨对比分析的方法,在该小区6个排口（A~F）分别设置监测点,并选择下垫面类型组成相似的传统建筑小区排口（G）作为对比监测点。通过7场典型降雨监测数据的分析表明:与传统建筑小区相比,低影响开发建筑小区场次雨水径流外排总量削减率为12.1%~100%,场次雨水径流污染物（以SS计）总量削减率为69.6%~100%,峰值削减率为12.3%~100%。通过建立数学模型对典型年降雨数据进行了连续模拟,结果表明:低影响开发建筑小区平均径流外排总量削减率为77.3%,污染物总量削减率为66.4%。因此,监测和模拟结果均表明低影响开发雨水系统可有效控制雨水径流的外排总量和污染负荷。研究结果可为我国今后海绵型建筑小区建设提供技术支撑。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.