Influence of diesel fuel on seed germination

The use of plant-based systems to remediate contaminated soils has become an area of intense scientific study in recent years and it is apparent that plants which grow well in contaminated soils need to be identified and screened for use in phytoremediation technologies. This study investigated the effect of diesel fuel on germination of selected plant species. Germination response varied greatly with plant species and was species specific, as members of the same plant family showed differential sensitivity to diesel fuel contamination. Differences were also seen within plant subspecies. At relatively low levels of diesel fuel contamination, delayed seed emergence and reduced percentage germination was observed for the majority of plant species investigated. Results suggest the volatile fraction of diesel fuel played an influential role in delaying seed emergence and reducing percentage germination. In addition, the remaining diesel fuel in the soil added to this inhibitory effect on germination by physically impeding water and oxygen transfer between the seed and the surrounding soil environment, thus hindering the germination response.     

Influence of modified soils on the removal of diesel fuel oil from water and the growth of oil degradation micro-organism

Three soils were modified with two kinds of cationic surfactants in order to increase their sorptive capabilities for organic contaminants. Sorption of diesel fuel oil in water by these modified soils had been investigated. Modified soils can effectively sorb diesel fuel oil from water. The sorption capability of modified soils is: HDTMA-black soil > HDTMA-yellow brown soil > HDTMA-red soil > TMA-black soil > TMA-yellow brown soil > TMA-red soil. Sorption of diesel fuel oil by natural soils and HDTMA modified soils is via partition, the sorption isotherms can be expressed by Henry equation, and logK(SOM) is 2.42-2.80, logK(HDTMA) is 3.37-3.60. Sorption isotherms of TMA modified soils can be expressed by Langmuir equation, the saturation sorption capacities are 1150 (TMA-black soil), 750 (TMA-yellow-brown soil), 171 mg/kg (TMA-red soil), respectively. A diesel fuel oil degradation micro-organism (Pseudomonas sp.) was isolated in the lab. To test the influence of the modified soils on the micro-organism, various growth curves of Pseudomonas in different conditions were drawn. Pseudomonas can grow very well with natural soils and TMA modified soils. The acclimation period of Pseudomonas is reduced. As to HDTMA modified soils, HDTMA loading amount is very important. When HDTMA loading amount is no higher than 0.5 CEC, the micro-organism can grow very well after a long acclimation period.     

双室微生物燃料电池重金属毒性传感器的研制

构建了双室微生物燃料电池（double microbial fuel cells,DMFC）型毒性传感器分别对Cr（Ⅵ）、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+进行在线检测研究。通过对反应器进行优化,确定DMFC在外电阻为1 000 Ω时达到最大功率密度;外循环速率为0.933 4 mL·min-1时反应器运行较稳定。在最优条件下,通过监测铜离子来确定检测时间为60 min,清洗时间为10 min。在以上条件下进行重金属检测,结果表明4种重金属的检测范围分别为0.3~10、0.4~10、40~160、15~80 mg·L-1。抑制率可以用来验证反应器的可行性,检测范围内抑制率与重金属浓度呈现一定的线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.959 7、0.979 5、0.944 1、0.936 6。并可得到相应的线性方程,这些方程可用于验证DMFC-传感器的稳定性。选取检测范围内的浓度进行验证,结果表明4种重金属的相对误差均小于11%,传感器相对稳定并可长期运行。     

木质素磺酸盐在微生物燃料电池中的降解及产电性能研究

以厌氧活性污泥为接种体构建铁氰化钾阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),对木质素磺酸盐的降解及产电效果进行了研究。结果表明,经过6个周期逐渐添加木质素磺酸盐的驯化后,以木质素磺酸盐为单一底物的MFC成功运行,最大功率密度为120.3 mW/m2。经过94 h的运行,阳极液COD和木质素磺酸盐去除率分别达到39.8％和49.3％...     

Influence of special surfactants on the microbial degradation of mineral oils

Various surfactants belonging to the group of fatty acid-acylated amino acids were tested for their ability to accelerate the microbial degradation of mineral oil. Of the lauric acid-acylated amino acids, aliphatic acids and histidine were found to be the most suitable. By the aid of these compounds additional 20-60% of a residual oil fraction could be degraded. The longer the chain of the fatty acid moiety, the more effective the surfactants are. Natural L-amino acids were more effective than their D-configuration. Since the special surfactants are easily biologically degradable, multiple replenishment is required in long-term experiments. The faster, more complete degradation of mineral oil is caused solely by interfacial activity; the growth of biomass due to the function of surfactants as substrate had no effect.     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品,参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验,分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明,在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As,Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变,分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L,Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时,浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低,在L∶S>6时,浸出浓度较稳定,为35.7～41.5 μg/L;浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时,块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大,当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

Influence of organic acids on the transport of heavy metals in soil

Vegetation historically has been an important part of reclamation of sites contaminated with metals, whether the objective was to stabilize the metals or remove them through phytoremediation. Understanding the impact of organic acids typically found in the rhizosphere would contribute to our knowledge of the impact of plants in contaminated environments. Heavy metal transport in soils in the presence of simple organic acids was assessed in two laboratory studies. In the first study, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to investigate Zn, Cd, and Pb movement in a sandy loam soil as affected by soluble organic acids in the rhizosphere. Many of these organic acids enhanced heavy metal movement. For organic acid concentrations of 10mM, citric acid had the highest R(f) values (frontal distance moved by metal divided by frontal distance moved by the solution) for Zn, followed by malic, tartaric, fumaric, and glutaric acids. Citric acid also has the highest R(f) value for Cd movement followed by fumaric acid. Citric acid and tartaric acid enhanced Pb transport to the greatest degree. For most organic acids studied, R(f) values followed the trend Zn>Cd>Pb. Citric acid (10mM) increased R(f) values of Zn and Cd by approximately three times relative to water. In the second study, small soil columns were used to test the impact of simple organic acids on Zn, Cd, and Pb leaching in soils. Citric acid greatly enhanced Zn and Cd movement in soils but had little influence on Pb movement. The Zn and Cd in the effluents from columns treated with 10mM citric acid attained influent metal concentrations by the end of the experiment, but effluent metal concentrations were much less than influent concentrations for citrate <10mM. Exchangeable Zn in the soil columns was about 40% of total Zn, and approximately 80% total Cd was in exchangeable form. Nearly all of the Pb retained by the soil columns was exchangeable.     

温度、pH对微生物燃料电池产电的影响研究

采用SPSS分析软件,考察了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)、单室MFC运行过程中,温度、pH与产电性能的相关关系。结果表明,碳纸双室MFC的日均电压与温度、阳极pH均未呈现显著相关关系,而与阴极pH呈极显著相关关系,产电的决定性因素为阴极反应;石墨毡/碳纸双室MFC日均电压与温度未呈现显著相关关系,而与阳极pH、阴极pH均呈极显著相关关系,产电的决定性因素为pH;单室MFC的产电性能受温度的影响较大,而pH对其影响不显著,对于单室MFC的运行调控应主要从温度入手。     

柴油机颗粒物及重金属比排放特征研究

测定了国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ3种排放水平道路柴油机及一种非道路国Ⅱ柴油机的颗粒物与重金属比排放。结果表明,国Ⅴ排放水平的道路柴油机在颗粒物及重金属比排放方面均远低于国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ道路柴油机,重金属比排放仅为国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ道路柴油机的约75%。国Ⅳ道路柴油机瞬态工况(ETC)试验的颗粒物及重金属比排放均显著高于稳态工况(ESC)试验,且大排量柴油机在ETC试验中重金属比排放比小排量柴油机高出20%以上。道路与非道路柴油机7种重金属比排放顺序基本为As>Zn、Cu、Cr>Ni、Pb>Cd。非道路国Ⅱ柴油机重金属总比排放是道路柴油机重金属比排放的近16倍,表明非道路柴油机在颗粒物和重金属比排放方面对环境的污染风险均显著高于道路柴油机。     

微生物燃料电池降解邻苯二甲酸酯及同步产电特性

构建双室微生物燃料电池（MFC）装置,研究了分别以乙酸钠（NaAc）作单一燃料和乙酸钠+邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）作混合燃料条件下,MFC的产电性能及其对邻苯二甲酸酯的去除效果。结果显示,微生物燃料电池对邻苯二甲酸酯类废水的化学需氧量（COD）的总去除率可达89%~94%,对邻苯二甲酸酯的去除率均在70%以上。以2 g·L-1 NaAc+10 mg·L-1 PAEs作混合燃料时,MFC获得最大（面积）功率密度58.78 mW·m-2,电池内阻213.50 Ω。实验结果表明,MFC能够利用高浓度邻苯二甲酸酯作燃料,在实现高效降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能,这为环境激素类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了一种新的研究思路。     

Short-term effects of diesel fuel on rhizosphere microbial community structure of native plants in Yangtze estuarine wetland

Purpose

In this work, short-term effects of diesel fuel on Huangpu?CYangtze estuarine wetland soil microbial community structure were studied under simulated conditions through phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Four native plant species, bulrush (Scirpus tripueter), galingale (Cyperus rotundus), wildrice (Zizania latifolia), and reed (Phragmites australis) were tested in the experiments.

Method

In the pot experiment, 20?g rhizosphere soils were mixed with 20?g diesel-blended soils. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon was 16,000?mg/kg. All pots were incubated for 14?days in dark at 28°C and watered with 12?mL sterile distilled water to keep a liquid level. Microbial activity of the samples was assessed by hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. Measurements of soil PLFAs and analysis on gas chromatography were performed.

Results

The microbial activity in the samples of reed was highest after the exposure. In all samples, the common PLFA was straight-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). After the exposure the relative abundance of MUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased by 20%, and the relative abundance of straight-chain SFA increased by 20%. The results of diversity and PCA indicated that the effect of diesel pollutant on the microbial community was far stronger than the root effect and the reed roots enhanced the tolerance of soil microorganisms to diesel significantly.

Conclusions

All results showed that the soil microbial community structure differed significantly with the exposure to diesel. In reed rhizosphere, the soil microorganisms exhibited a strong resistance to diesel fuel. It confirmed that the root of reed improved the biodegradation ability of soil microorganisms for diesel pollutants and they could be reasonably matched to cure and restore the ecological environment of oil-contaminated wetlands.     

Influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan

The influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan from simulated industrial wastewater is evaluated. Chitosan–clay blend with ratio of (1:1), (1:2), and (2:1) have been prepared, and these were used as membranes to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. The chemical parameters for quantities of adsorption of heavy metal contamination have been done, and the kinetics of adsorption has also been carried out. Clay provides enough absorbable sites to overcome mass transfer limitations. The number of absorbable sites for cadmium is more compared to copper, and thus the rate of recovery of cadmium is faster than copper, and the percentage removal of cadmium is more than copper at all times on clay over nylon 6. This difference indicates the influence of clay in the adsorption of heavy metals in comparison to synthetic polymer nylon 6. Rate constant for first-order kinetics of adsorption, k ₁, for copper and cadmium is less than that of clay, which clearly indicates that clay, which is a natural polymer, is more kinetically favored compared to synthetic polymer. The difference in the intraparticle diffusion in both the natural and synthetic polymer is not much, and it suggests that the particle diffusion mechanism is the same in both cases. Copper and cadmium recovery is parallel at all times. The percentage of removal of copper increased with an increase in pH from 3 to 5. In the case of cadmium containing wastewater, the maximum removal of metal occurred at pH 5. The uptake amount of Cu²⁺ ions on chitosan increased rapidly with increasing the contact time from 0 to 360 min and then reaches equilibrium after 360 min, and the equilibrium constant for copper and cadmium ions are more or less the same for the adsorption reaction. There are more adsorption sites for cadmium in the presence of clay and mass transfer limitation is avoided without resorting to rotation, which is the highlight of the present work. And more so, this is pronounced in the case of natural polymer compared to synthetic polymer.     

非道路柴油机排放颗粒物中的重金属形态及其风险评价

采集6种典型非道路柴油机排放的颗粒物样品,利用BCR连续提取法分析了颗粒物中重金属的形态。结果表明,6种典型非道路柴油机的颗粒物比排放达154~343mg/(kW·h),小功率的非道路柴油机颗粒物比排放较高;各重金属平均质量浓度排序为ZnCrAsMnPbNi≈Cu≈Cd,重金属总量约占颗粒物质量的2.22%;Ni和Cu以有机物结合态为主,其他重金属均以残渣态为主,约占总提取形态的71.83%~96.74%;所有非道路柴油机颗粒物中均存在有机物结合态重金属且比例较高,说明排放颗粒物中有机污染物和重金属结合紧密。基于风险评价法和污染系数法对重金属的生态风险进行评价,结果表明,非道路柴油机排放颗粒物中Cd的生态风险最高,Pb、Cr和Mn的风险次之。     

Characteristics in oxidative degradation by ozone for saturated hydrocarbons in soil contaminated with diesel fuel

Although alkanes are relatively less reactive to chemical oxidation compared to alkenes, the chemical oxidation of alkanes has not been adequately explored in the context of environmental remediation efforts. Laboratory-scale column experiments were therefore conducted with soil artificially contaminated by diesel fuel as a surrogate for alkanes of environmental relevance. Particular attention was paid to saturated hydrocarbons refractory to volatilization. Reaction conditions involve 1485mgkg(-1) of the initial concentration of diesel range organics (DRO) and a constant ozone concentration of 119+/-6mgl(-1) at the flow rate of 50mlmin(-1). The observed removal of DRO reached 94% over 14h of continuous ozone injection. Ozone oxidation demonstrated effective removal of non-volatile DRO in the range of C(12)-C(24). Each alkane compound displayed comparable degradation kinetics, suggesting virtually no selectivity of ozone reactions with alkanes in soil. A pseudo-first order kinetic model closely simulated the removal kinetics, yielding a reaction rate constant of 0.213 (+/-0.021)h(-1) and a half-life of 3.3 (+/-0.3)h under the experimental conditions used in this study. An estimate of ozone demand was 32mg of O(3) (mgDRO)(-1).     

热解吸工艺放置顺序对土壤重金属稳定化效果的影响

为了研究热解吸工艺放置顺序对土壤重金属稳定化效果的影响,通过小试模拟的方式,对不同种类的土壤样品进行实验,对比分析了土壤的关键指标在加热前后的变化。结果表明,当热解吸工艺放置在添加稳定化药剂前时,会提高土壤的pH,也会使土壤的重金属有效态质量分数和酸浸出质量浓度增加,但仅有较低的可能性使2者超标。并且,根据不同的土壤酸碱性质,热解吸工艺对重金属形态转化产生的影响不同。当热解吸工艺放置在添加稳定化药剂后,不影响土壤重金属有效态含量和浸出浓度,并对重金属的形态转化没有影响。2种技术联用时的顺序对重金属稳定化效果的影响较小。本研究可为工程项目实施时的工艺设计提供参考。     

微生物发酵对MFC产电的影响

采用2瓶型微生物燃料电池（MFC）,以葡萄糖为基质,对MFC内发酵产物和参与的细菌进行了分析,探讨了微生物发酵与产电之间的关系。结果表明,以葡萄糖为基质产电的过程中,葡萄糖被发酵成乙酸、丙酸、乳酸3种主要产物。乙酸和丙酸都可以直接被微生物利用产电,乙酸更易被产电微生物利用,且能产出较高电压的电;乳酸需经过进一步发酵转化为丁酸、丙酸和乙酸,丁酸经进一步代谢为乙酸和丙酸后才能被用于产电。在MFC发酵产电中后期,阳极表面生物膜里紧密聚集着大量杆菌,主要有Klebsiella sp.、Citrobacter sp.、Lactococcus sp.、Pantoea sp.以及Proteobacterium近缘菌,而在阳极室污泥中出现的优势菌为Citrobacter sp.、Clostridiales目的细菌、Eubacterium limosum近缘菌。因此,认为MFC产电是由发酵菌联合产电菌通过梯次降解基质、分步利用、协同代谢的结果。     

六氯苯微生物降解研究进展

微生物降解已经成为当前六氯苯环境污染治理研究的重点和前沿。介绍了六氯苯的结构、物理化学性质、来源及其危害,分析了其微生物降解的可行性,从降解菌群的来源、降解途径及降解的影响因素等方面,对六氯苯的微生物好氧降解和厌氧降解进行了系统地归纳和总结,同时对今后六氯苯微生物降解的研究方向进行了展望。     

The effect of heavy metals on the activated sludgeprocess and its microbial community analysis using16S ribosomal DNA

The effect of heavy metal shock loading on biological treatment systems was studied by traditional methods and molecular biological techniques. Two kinds of SBR (sequence batch reactor) operation units, unacclimated and acclimated activated sludge systems, were studied. The addition of special nutrients and powdered activated carbon (PAC) to stimulate heavy metal uptake and recovery were studied. The kinetic constants could be used to describe the effect of the inhibition of substance utilisation. The results showed that heavy metal shock loading had a greater effect on the unacclimated activated sludge system than on the acclimated one. The special nutrients greatly enhanced the uptake of copper, and the PAC improved sludge settling and decreased the turbidity of the effluent. The variation of dominant species and the diversity of the bacterial community were analysed using 16S ribosomal DNA. Compared with the slight change of dominant species during acclimation by copper, there was a great change in the acclimated system shocked by a high concentration of copper. The results confirmed that the acclimation could improve the resistance of microorganisms to heavy metal toxicity.     

Response of microbial activities to heavy metals in a neutral loamy soil treated with biosolid

Application of biosolid on land has been widespread in numerous countries for last several decades. This study performed incubation experiments by mixing a neutral loamy soil and biosolid enriched in Cu, Pb and Zn to explore how heavy metal affects soil mineralization and microbial biomass. The experimental results indicated that large nutrient, microorganism and C sources from biosolid were beneficial to microbial respiration. However, compared to the biosolid alone treatment, the supplemented Cu, Pb and Zn in biosolid reduced the mineralized C by roughly 36%. This phenomenon was probably caused by a portion of the Cu, Pb and Zn being complexed with organic matter to prevent decomposition of organic carbon by microorganisms. Equally, soil treated with biosolid increased the quantity of mineralized N by approximately five-fold and accelerated the rate of N mineralization by about one-fold compared to untreated soil. Notably, addition of heavy metals impaired the mineralization process, particularly when Pb reached about 64%. The reduced N mineralization occurred for similar reasons to the microbial respiration. The addition of biosolid in soil considerably increased the amount of mineralizable N; however, the increase was lower in biosolid-treated soil spiked by heavy metals. The addition of heavy metals in the soil-biosolid mixture clearly reduced the microbial biomasses C (MBC) and N (MBN), indicating that the microbial activities had been disrupted by the heavy metals. The microbial biomass C/N ratio had changed initially from 8 to 13 at the end of incubation period, owing to various groups of microbes expressing different mechanisms of metabolism, indicating that the microbial population had changed from bacteria to fungi, which had higher metal tolerance.     

重金属对活性污泥微生物毒性的比较研究

采用发光细菌毒性、活性污泥脱氢酶毒性、硝化抑制毒性3种方法测定Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb 4种重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性,并对测定结果进行了比较.结果表明,发光细菌毒性测定方法的灵敏度最高,测得的重金属半数有效浓度(ECSO)最低,4种重金属对发光细菌发光强度的抑制程度由大到小顺序依次为Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb;活性污泥脱氢酶毒性和硝化抑制毒性的测定结果与发光细菌毒性测定结果相比,灵敏度相对较低,测得的重金属ECSO相对较高,测得的活性污泥脱氢酶活性的抑制程度由大到小顺序依次为Cd>Hg>Zn>Pb,与测得的活性污泥硝化速率抑制程度大小顺序一致.但2者测得的EC50有所差别.为了更准确的判定重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性影响.至少应取不同的重金属毒性终点指示指标做一组毒性实验,而不能以发光细菌毒性测定结果作为唯一的判定依据,这可能会过分夸大重金属对污水处理工艺的冲击能力,导致污水处理成本无谓增加.