论火灾社会防控体系的建设

当前，频繁发生的火灾事故已经成为影响中国经济发展和人民群众生命财产安全的重要因素，如何通过火灾社会防控体系建设，有效起到预防和减少火灾事故发生的作用，已成为一项迫在眉睫的任务。本主要从依法治理、科学管理、安全教育培训三个方面论述了加强火灾防控体系建设。     

我国酒店业火灾事故特征及其防控管理体系构建

酒店游客接待量大,人口密集,一旦发生火灾,危害巨大。识别酒店业火灾事故的发生特征以及影响因素将有助于有效构建防控管理体系。以2004—2013年我国发生的283起酒店业火灾事故案例为研究样本,通过对案例信息的分解、编码与统计,利用聚类分析、交叉性列联表等方法对我国酒店业火灾事故的时空分布特征和后果特征进行了多元统计分析,归纳出我国酒店业火灾事故发生的9大原因,并根据我国酒店业火灾事故总体发生特征构建了顾客管理、全员防火管理、时间管理、场所管理、应急管理和智能系统管理六个方面的火灾防控管理体系。     

安全防护对原油罐区多米诺火灾事故发生概率的影响

目前原油罐区的多米诺效应火灾风险分析中,未考虑罐区配备的各类安全防护。为在火灾风险分析的事故发生概率计算中考虑安全防护的性能,提出可用性和有效性两个概念对原油罐区的安全防护性能进行量化,采用事件树分析法确定考虑安全防护时的原油罐区多米诺火灾事故扩展概率。以2储罐罐区为例,浮顶全表面池火灾发生后,计算出考虑安全防护时罐区各储罐单元的池火灾事故扩展概率3.89×10~(-2)与未考虑安全防护时罐区各储罐单元的池火灾事故扩展概率7.46×10~(-1)相比,两者相差一个数量级;对于6储罐罐区,考虑安全防护与未考虑安全防护时罐区各储罐单元的池火灾事故发生概率相差将近4倍,表明安全防护在预防原油罐区多米诺火灾事故中起着重要作用。     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

油浸式变压器火灾事故的特点与灭火对策研究

大型油浸式变压器作为核心电力设备已广泛应用于电厂和变电站,但近年来国内外油浸变压器火灾事故频发,造成了严重的后果。基于近年来国内外发生的油浸式变压器火灾事故案例,从火灾模式和燃烧形式方面划分了油浸式变压器火灾事故的类型,总结出油浸式变压器火灾具有爆炸性、快速性、破坏性、多变性和火灾形式多样性等特点,归纳了油浸式变压器火灾事故的发生机理,指出可燃的变压器绝缘油是油浸式变压器火灾的重要事故因素,并提出了防止和控制油浸式变压器火灾事故的灭火对策与防火技术措施。     

国务院办公厅发出紧急通知 坚决防止重大特大火灾事故

国务院办公厅就防止发生重大、特大火灾事故发出紧急通知。通知指出，入冬以来，吉林、辽宁、新疆等地连续发生重大、特大火灾事故，伤亡数百人，给国家和人民的生命财产造成了严重损失。党中央、国务院对此非常重视，要求各级政府、各有关部门和单位立即采取有力措施，坚决防止火灾特别是重大、特大火灾事故的发生。一、各级政府要充分认识火灾的严重危害，以对国家和人民高度负责的态度，重视并抓好安全防火工作，要针对存在的问题和薄弱环节，采取切实有效措施加以解决，一项一项地督促落实。二、各地要立即认真组织一次安全防火大检查。…     

关于造纸厂火灾事故的思考

在当前经济高速发展的时期，火灾事故日趋突出，它直接危害着国家、集体和人民的生命财产安全，影响着我国改革开放的顺利进行。据公安部门统计，1996年全国共发生火灾事故36856起，死亡2225人，伤3428人，直接损失高达10亿元之多，给国家和人民造成了无法挽回的巨大损失。尤其是近年来火灾事故的起数相对减少，但特大火灾越来越多，损失越来越大，不得不引起人们的高度重视和深思。在这些火灾中，损失严重，原因惊人相似的以造纸厂火灾特别突出。近十年来，湖北省的武汉红旗造纸厂、黄冈造纸厂、汉阳造纸厂、郧阳造纸厂、黄石第一造纸厂都…     

城市人口密集区加油站池火灾热辐射后果的模拟研究

城市人口密集区加油站一旦发生油品泄漏,若遇到点火源将引发池火灾,火灾热辐射对液池周围人员和设备设施的安全将造成严重危害。根据城市人口密集区加油站的实际运营状态,将定性分析和定量模拟相结合,识别出存在泄漏风险的直接作业环节,并建立加油站卸车点泄漏和加油点泄漏两种事故场景下的池火灾事故热辐射后果计算模型,模拟计算加油站设备设施泄漏引发池火灾事故热辐射的影响范围,并与国家标准规范要求的安全间距进行对比分析,以期为城市人口密集区加油站风险管控和安全管理提供参考依据。     

浅谈商场存在的火灾隐患及预防对策

为了预防商场火灾事故的发生,本文结合作者自身多年消防监督工作的经验,深入分析了商场火灾的特点,从防火分区、安全疏散、内部装修、消防设施、消防用电、日常管理六个方面出发,详细阐述了商场存在的火灾隐患,并有针对性地提出了科学的预防对策.     

加油站消防安全管理及火灾扑救措施

随着世界石油和化学工业的迅猛发展,由此而引起的重大火灾事故相继发生,其中汽车加油站火灾爆炸事故已经成为石油化工行业的重大危险因素.因此,搞好汽车加油站消防安全管理是一项非常重要的工作.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.