稳定化/固化废物中重金属的渗漏行为

采用穿透渗漏和常见的环绕流动渗漏（动态渗漏）实验方法,研究和比较了经水泥固化的稳定化／固化有毒有害废物的渗漏行为,所用的合成重废物样吕由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）等５种重金属组成,结果表明,在同种渗漏方式中,重金属的渗漏行为不同。发生穿透渗漏时,重金属的渗漏速率较环绕流动渗漏时高。由于穿透渗漏加束渗漏过程,因此用它研究废物渗漏行为可节省实验时间。     

The physico-chemical properties and leaching behaviors of phosphatic clay for immobilizing heavy metals

In this study, phosphatic clay was used as a phosphate containing material. The fractionation of phosphorus was carried out using the CRM BCR-684 protocol, and the inorganic phosphorus, especially all the apatite phosphorus, was found as the major form. The elemental compositions of the phosphatic clay were identified using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and was found to be mainly composed of CaO and P2O5. The specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter were measured also. Results of experiment show that the phosphatic clay may provide a cost-effective way to remediate heavy metal contaminated aqueous and slurry phase.     

Recovery of heavy metals from waste printed circuit boards: statistical optimization of leaching and residue characterization

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Despite attempts to enhance the recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), the simultaneous recovery of major metals of WPCBs using an...     

High level leaching of heavy metals from colorful ceramic foodwares: a potential risk to human

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Ceramic foodwares are among the products used by people on daily basis without being cautious of exposures to heavy metals through possible leaching...     

Major factors influencing bacterial leaching of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) from anaerobic sludge

Anaerobically digested sewage sludges were treated for heavy metal removal through a biological solubilization process called bacterial leaching (bioleaching). The solubilization of copper and zinc from these sludges is described in this study: using continuously stirred tank reactors with and without sludge recycling at different mean hydraulic residence times (1, 2, 3 and 4 days). Significant linear equations were established for the solubilization of zinc and copper according to relevant parameters: oxygen reduction potential (ORP), pH and residence time (t). Zinc solubilization was related to the residence time with a r2 (explained variance) of 0.82. Considering only t=2 and 3 days explained variance of 0.31 and 0.24 were found between zinc solubilization as a function of ORP and pH indicating a minor importance of those two factors for this metal in the range of pH and ORP experimented. Cu solubilization was weakly correlated to mean hydraulic residence time (r2=0.48), while it was highly correlated to ORP (r2=0.80) and pH (r2=0.62) considering only t of 2 and 3 days in the case of pH and ORP. The ORP dependence of Cu solubilization has been clearly demonstrated in this study. In addition to this, the importance of the substrate concentration for Cu solubilization has been confirmed. The hypothesis of a biological solubilization of Cu by the indirect mechanism has been supported. The results permit, under optimum conditions, the drawing of linear equations which will allow prediction of metal solubilization efficiencies from the parameters pH (Cu), ORP (Cu) and residence time (Cu and Zn), during the treatment. The linear regressions will be a useful tool for routine operation of the process.     

乙二胺二琥珀酸和柠檬酸对黑土中外源重金属的活化效应

通过解吸实验和小麦盆栽实验,研究了生物可降解有机配体乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)、柠檬酸(CIT)对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的活化效应.不同浓度EDDS﹑CIT对黑土中外源重金属解吸实验表明,EDDS对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的解吸远高于CIT.重金属/EDDS摩尔比为1∶1时,4种重金属的解吸率在50.8%～69.2%.小麦盆栽实验表明,EDDS为5 mmol/kg时,对小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中重金属含量影响较大,明显导致小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的富集量增加.EDDS处理组Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的茎叶富集系数远高于对照组和CIT处理组.随时间的增加,EDDS处理组和CIT处理组重金属的根系富集量均增加,但对照组和CIT处理组大部分重金属14 d茎叶富集量略低于7 d茎叶富集量.因此,EDDS对黑土中外源重金属有较强的解吸和活化能力,可以较大程度地强化小麦幼苗根系对黑土中外源Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的吸收并诱导这些重金属由根系向茎叶迁移.     

Bioavailability and plant accumulation of heavy metals and phosphorus in agricultural soils amended by long-term application of sewage sludge

Amendment of agricultural soils with municipal sewage sludges provides a valuable source of plant nutrients and organic matter. Nevertheless, addition of heavy metals and risks of eutrophication continue to be of concern. Metal behaviour in soils and plant uptake are dependent on the nature of the metal, sludge/soil physico-chemical properties and plant species. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate plant production and heavy metal uptake, soil heavy metal pools and bioavailability, and soil P pools and possible leaching losses, in agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge for at least 10 years (F20) compared to non-amended soils (control). Sewage sludge application increased soil pH, N, Olsen-extractable-P, DOC and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K concentrations. Total and EDTA-extractable soil concentrations of Cu and Zn were also significantly greater in F20, and soil metal (Cu, Mn and Zn) and P fractionation altered. Compared to the control, in F20 relative amounts of acid-extractable (Mn, Zn), reducible (Mn, Zn) and oxidisable (Cu, Zn) metal fractions were greater, and a dominance of inorganic P forms was observed. Analyses of F20 soil solutions highlighted risks of PO4 and Cu leaching. However, despite the observed increases in metal bioavailability sewage sludge applications did not lead to an increase in plant shoot concentrations (in wild plants or crop species). On the contrary, depending on the plant species, Mn and Zn tissue concentrations were within the deficiency level for most plants.     

Changes in speciation and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in dredged sediment solidified/stabilized with various materials

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) of sediments is frequently used to treat contaminants in dredged sediments. In this study, sediment collected from the Pearl River Delta (China) was solidified/stabilized with three different kinds of functional materials: cement, lime and bentonite. Lime primarily acted via induced increases in pH, while cements stabilization occurred through their silicate-based systems and the main function of bentonite was adsorption. The speciation and leaching behaviors of specific heavy metals before and after S/S were analyzed and the results showed that the residual speciation of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn increased in all treatments except for Cu, as the exchangeable speciation, carbonate-bound speciation and Fe-Mn-oxide-bound speciation of Cu (all of which could be stabilized) were less than 2 % of the total amount. Pb leaching only decreased when pH increased, while the mobility of Cr and Ni only decreased in response to the silicate-based systems. The leached portion of the Fe-Mn-oxide-bound speciation followed the order Zn?>?Cu?>?Ni/Cd?>?Pb?>?Cr. The leached portion of organic-matter-bound species was less than 4 % for Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb, but 35.1 % and 20.6 % for Cu and Zn, respectively.     

Effects of soil amendments at a heavy loading rate associated with cover crops as green manures on the leaching of nutrients and heavy metals from a calcareous soil

The potential risk of groundwater contamination by the excessive leaching of N, P and heavy metals from soils amended at heavy loading rates of biosolids, coal ash, N-viro soil (1:1 mixture of coal ash and biosolids), yard waste compost and co-compost (3:7 mixture of biosolids to yard wastes), and by soil incorporation of green manures of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense) was studied by collecting and analyzing leachates from pots of Krome very gravelly loam soil subjected to these treatments. The control consisted of Krome soil without any amendment. The loading rate was 205 g pot(-1) for each amendment (equivalent to 50 t ha(-1) of the dry weight), and the amounts of the cover crops incorporated into the soil in the pot were those that had been grown in it. A subtropical vegetable crop, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), was grown after the soil amendments or cover crops had been incorporated into the soil. The results showed that the concentration of NO3-N in leachate from biosolids was significantly higher than in leachate from other treatments. The levels of heavy metals found in the leachates from all amended soils were so low, as to suggest these amendments may be used without risk of leaching dangerous amounts of these toxic elements. Nevertheless the level of heavy metals in leachate from coal ash amended soil was substantially greater than in leachates from the other treatments. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, returned into the soil, increased the leachate NO3-N and inorganic P concentration significantly compared with the non-legume, sorghum sudangrass. The results suggest that at heavy loading rates of soil amendments, leaching of NO3- could be a significant concern by application of biosolids. Leaching of inorganic P can be increased significantly by both co-compost and biosolids, but decreased by coal ash and N-viro soil by virtue of improved adsorption. The leguminous cover crop, sunn hemp, when incorporated into the soil, can cause the concentration of NO3-N to increase by about 7 fold, and that of inorganic P by about 23% over the non-legume. Regarding the metals, biosolids, N-viro soil and coal ash significantly increased Ca and Mg concentrations in leachates. Copper concentration in leachate was increased by application of biosolids, while Fe concentration in leachates was increased by biosolids, coal ash and co-compost. The concentrations of Zn, Mo and Co in leachate were increased by application of coal ash. The concentrations of heavy metals in leachates were very low and unlikely to be harmful, although they were increased significantly by coal ash application.     

Application of coupled thermostatted columns in civil engineering and for leaching heavy metals of wastes from foundry sands and mining industry

For many years, the mining industry at Pachuca Hidalgo, Mexico, has produced silver and gold through a cyanide process. Solid wastes (tailings) of this process have been deposited close to centres of population. Many of the metals in these wastes are dispersed via wind and rain, and can be toxic to flora and fauna. Foundry sands are wastes, produced by the automotive industry, the metallurgy industry and others, which are contaminated with many metals such as Fe, Cr, Zn, Pb, Au Ag, Ti, Ge, Co, As, Al, etc. We have previously patented a process for the extraction of toxic and valuable metals from foundry sands using a thermostatted column. The results of this study indicate that the process and the device could be used for removing heavy metals from tailings. In this research both types of waste (foundry sands and tailings) were leached using four coupled thermostatted columns. The presence of heavy metals in the solid wastes was studied using the ICP-AS technique and scanning electron microscopy, and to study the structure we used X-ray diffraction. After leaching we used the solid wastes (without toxic metals) to produce bricks. The mechanical properties of the bricks were assessed against international standards.     

Effects of long-term cattle manure application on soil properties and soil heavy metals in corn seed production in Northwest China

To evaluate the effects of manure application on continuous maize seed production, 10-year cattle manure on soil properties, heavy metal in soil and plant were evaluated and investigated in calcareous soil. Results showed that manure application increased soil organic matter, total and available nutrients, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC), and the most massive rate caused the highest increase. Manure application led to an increase in exchangeable fraction and an increase of availability of heavy metal. Residual fraction was dominant among all metals, followed by the fraction bound to Fe and Mn oxides. Manure application involved accumulation of heavy metal on corn, but the accumulation in the stem is higher than that in the seed. Manure application led to a high deficiency of total Zn and high accumulation of total Cd in the soil of corn seed production, which should be a risk for safety seed production in calcareous soil in Northwest China.     

Bio-accessibility and health risk assessment of some selected heavy metals in indoor dust from higher institutions in Ondo State,Nigeria

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Risks of heavy metal exposure from contaminated indoor dust constitute a major threat to human health. In this paper, heavy metals in deposited indoor...     

Monitoring and evaluating the control effect of dust suppressant on heavy metals based on ecological and health risks: a case study of Beijing

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dust suppressant is widely applied to control the road dust pollution, while the unified statement on its control effect has not been obtained. To...     

Characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from farmland irrigated with sewage

The farmland irrigation with the sewage is a common and better pathway to save the resource of groundwater in Northern China. The investigation was conducted in the farmland along the Fuhe River to explore characteristics of heavy metals in soils and grains of wheat and maize from a long-term sewage-irrigated area of Baoding region. The results showed that the topsoil with long-term sewage irrigation accumulated more Cd, Pb, and Hg compared with that of soil irrigated with groundwater and their corresponding natural background values. Cd concentrations in 48% of sewage-irrigated soil samples exceeded the Chinese safety limitation at 0.6 mg/kg, but less Cd accumulated in crop grains and did not pose the potential health risk. On the contrary, Pb levels in soils irrigated with sewage were lower than the safety limitation but Pb concentrations in 24% of wheat grain samples exceeded the Chinese national safety limit. Long-term sewage irrigation did not increase As, Cr, and Ni concentrations in soils or crop grains. The target hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals in edible grains of crops was selected to assess their risk to human health. Total THQ values were higher than 1.0 for the wheat samples from sewage-irrigated area and both sewage-irrigated and smelter-impacted areas, and As is the main contributor to the total THQ and posed the potential risk to human health. Therefore, the accumulation of Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in soils and crops in sewage-irrigated area should be monitored continuously to ensure food safety and security.

     

Interaction of plastic particles with heavy metals and the resulting toxicological impacts: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Interactions of plastic particles with different organic/inorganic pollutants including heavy metals impact their ecotoxicological potential, and...     

Simultaneous removal of organic compounds and heavy metals from soils by electrokinetic remediation with a modified cyclodextrin

Thousands of sites are contaminated with both heavy metals and organic compounds and these sites pose a major threat to public health and the environment. Previous studies have shown that electrokinetic remediation has potential to remove heavy metals and organic compounds when they exist individually in low permeability soils. This paper presents the feasibility of using cyclodextrins in electrokinetic remediation for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from low permeability soils. Kaolin was selected as a model low permeability soil and it was spiked with phenanthrene as well as nickel at concentrations of 500 mg kg-1 each to simulate typical mixed field contamination. Bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were conducted using hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) at low (1%) and high (10%) concentrations and using deionized water in control test. A periodic voltage gradient of 2VDC cm-1 (with 5 d on and 2 d off) was applied to all the tests, and 0.01 M NaOH was added during the experiments to maintain neutral pH conditions at anode. In all tests, nickel migrated as Ni2+ ions towards the cathode and most of it was precipitated as Ni(OH)2 within the soil close to the cathode due to high pH condition generated by electrolysis reaction. The solubility of phenanthrene in the flushing solution and the amount of electroosmotic flow controlled the migration and removal of phenanthrene in all the tests. Even though high flow was generated in tests using deionized water and 1% HPCD, migration and removal of phenanthrene was low due to low solubility of phenanthrene in these solutions. The test with 10% HPCD solution showed higher solubility of phenanthrene which caused it migrate towards the cathode, but further migration and removal was retarded due to reduced electric current and electroosmotic flow. Approximately one pore volume of flushing resulted in approximately 50% removal of phenanthrene from the soil near the anode. Sustained higher electroosmotic flow with higher concentration cyclodextrin and maintaining low soil pH near cathode should be investigated to increase removal efficiency of both phenanthrene and nickel.     

Effect of ageing on the availability of heavy metals in soils amended with compost and biochar: evaluation of changes in soil and amendment properties

Remediation strategies using soil amendments should consider the time dependence of metal availability to identify amendments that can sustainably reduce available pollutant concentrations over time. Drying-wetting cycles were applied on amendments, soils and soil + amendment mixtures, to mimic ageing at field level and investigate its effect on extractable Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations from three contaminated soils. The amendments investigated were municipal waste organic compost and biochars. The amendments, soils and mixtures were characterised by their physicochemical properties at different ageing times. The amendments were also characterised in terms of sorption capacity for Cd and Cu. The sorption capacity and the physicochemical properties of the amendments remained constant over the period examined. When mixed with the soils, amendments, especially the compost, immediately reduced the extractable metals in the soils with low pH and acid neutralisation capacity, due to the increase in pH and buffering capacity of the mixtures. The amendments had a relatively minor impact on the metal availability concentrations for the soil with substantially high acid neutralisation capacity. The most important changes in extractable metal concentrations were observed at the beginning of the experiments, ageing having a minor effect on metal concentrations when compared with the initial effect of amendments.

     

EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: remediation efficiency and soil impact

The environmental risk of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in soil can be diminished by their removal. Among the available remediation techniques, soil leaching with various solutions is one of the most effective but data about the impact on soil chemical and biological properties are still scarce. We studied the effect of two common leaching agents, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a chelating agent (EDTA) on Pb, Zn, Cd removal and accessibility and on physico-chemical and biological properties in one calcareous, pH neutral soil and one non-calcareous acidic soil. EDTA was a more efficient leachant compared to HCl: up to 133-times lower chelant concentration was needed for the same percentage (35%) of Pb removal. EDTA and HCl concentrations with similar PTM removal efficiency decreased PTM accessibility in both soils but had different impacts on soil properties. As expected, HCl significantly dissolved carbonates from calcareous soil, while EDTA leaching increased the pH of the acidic soil. Enzyme activity assays showed that leaching with HCl had a distinctly negative impact on soil microbial and enzyme activity, while leaching with EDTA had less impact. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the ecological impact of remediation processes on soil in addition to the capacity for PTM removal.     

Toxicity testing of heavy metals with theRhizobium-legume symbiosis: High sensitivity to cadmium and arsenic compounds

Legume root nodules are the site of biological nitrogen fixation in theRhizobium-legame symbiosis. Nodules are structures unique to this symbiosis and they are morphologically as well as physiologically distinct from other plant organs. Organic substances affecting the macro- or microsymbionts vitality, such as PAHs (Wetzel et al., 1991), reduce nodulation even before visible damage to the plant can be detected. We present data that the formation of nodules (nodulation) may also serve for ecotoxicological evaluation of heavy metals in different binding states. Tests were performed in petri dishes with alfalfa (lucerne) seedlings inoculated withRhizobium meliloti. Cultivation took place in growth cabinets with carefully standardized and documented growth conditions. Data from stressed plants was recorded after 14 days of cultivation on contaminated substrate. A dose responsive decrease in nodulation was found after application of cadmium acetate, cadmium iodide, cadmium chloride, sodium salts of arsenate and arsenite, arsenic pentoxide, and lead nitrate, whereas lead acetate showed no effect up to a concentration of 3 μM. The dose response curves were used to calculate EC10, EC50 and EC90 values. EC50 values for cadmium compounds range from 1.5 to9.5 pM. Testing different arsenic compounds results in EC50 from 2.6 to 20.1 μM. EC50 of lead nitrate is 2.2 μM. The sensitivity, reproducibility and reliability of this test system is discussed compared to established biotests.