城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程,建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型,采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究,获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真,对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测,为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰物理化学性质的实验研究

应用激光粒度粒形分析仪、灰熔融性测定仪、原子吸收光谱仪和XRD等仪器手段对国内2种垃圾焚烧飞灰的密度、颗粒特性、熔点、成分和晶相结构等物理化学性质进行了详细的研究。研究发现，2种灰样颗粒直径的数量积分分布非常接近，其中基本没有超过40 μm的颗粒。由于垃圾焚烧飞灰在化学成分上存在的差异导致了其熔点有很大的不同。此外，XRD结果显示不同来源的飞灰其晶相结构存在较大的差别，这可能与垃圾的来源和焚烧工艺以及烟气处理方法有关。实验结果为飞灰无害化低温烧结工艺的选择和运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

Influence of organic matter on municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash carbonation

The biodegradation of organic matter in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash was studied in order to investigate the interaction between the CO(2) produced by microbial respiration and bottom ash. Respiration tests were performed on bottom ash at different moisture contents in an incubator at 30 degrees C. O(2) consumption and CO(2) production were monitored and quantified. Leaching tests were carried out at the end of the experiments. Total organic carbon (TOC) leaching had decreased. Over a period of three weeks, pH decreased from 10.7 to 8.2 and bottom ash was considered to be fully carbonated. This showed that the organic matter found in bottom ash can provide a substrate for microbial activity. The CO(2) produced by microbial respiration was directly dissolved in bottom ash pore water in order to be mineralized in carbonate form. The origin of the carbon dioxide which induces maturation of bottom ash on weathering areas has never been really discussed and is often presumed to be atmospheric CO(2). However, biodegradation of organic matter could contribute for a large part to this phenomenon, depending on field-scale physico-chemical weathering conditions.     

城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术的实验研究

城市生活垃圾的焚烧发电和生物质能的利用是目前倍受关注的两个研究领域。以华北某垃圾发电厂为依托,对城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术进行了广泛的实验研究。结果表明：掺烧质量百分比为14％时,垃圾发电机组的效率达到最佳;混烧后烟气中的颗粒物浓度和二恶英浓度有很大的降低,SO2和NOx等酸性气体的浓度略有增加,但仍满足排放要求;单炉直接经济效益711.15元/h。该研究成果对今后垃圾发电厂的运营和生物质能的利用具有一定的工程参考价值。     

电化学氧化法深度处理垃圾焚烧发电厂沥滤液生化出水

垃圾焚烧发电厂的沥滤液经生化处理后,COD和色度等仍然较高,达不到排放标准,必须进一步进行深度处理。采用自制的箱式四通道电化学反应器对垃圾焚烧发电厂沥滤液生化出水进行深度处理,研究了主要工艺参数——电流密度、表观流速、初始Cl^-浓度、比电极面积等因素对COD和色度去除效果的影响。适宜处理条件为：电流密度20 mA/cm²,反应器内表观流速2.92 cm/s,初始Cl^-浓度4 732 mg/L、比电极面积43.4 m²/m³。在此条件下处理废水10 min,色度就能达到排放要求,处理2 h,COD也能达到排放要求。考察反应器的能耗发现,电化学处理的能耗随电化学处理时间的延长呈不断增大的趋势。     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液蒸发浓缩处理

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液因水质复杂,NH3-N、COD和电解质含量高等特点,成为一种难处理有机废水。采用负压蒸发浓缩法对渗滤液及电絮凝预处理渗滤液的处理进行了对比研究,并考查了浓缩比、pH等因素的影响。研究结果表明,电絮凝预处理不能改变渗滤液中COD、NH3-N的蒸发去除规律,即蒸发处理过程中,蒸发冷凝液中COD在蒸发前期和后期含量较高,蒸发中期较低;而NH3-N含量在蒸发处理前期较高,中后期含量较低。pH对蒸发处理影响较大,在酸性pH下COD去除率较低,但NH3-N去除率较高,可达95%以上,而在中碱性pH下,COD去除率增高,NH3-N去除率降低。渗滤液及电絮凝预处理渗滤液的一次蒸发冷凝液,经过二次蒸发处理后,冷凝液中COD和NH3-N含量均能达到一级排放标准,即分别低于100 mg/L和15 mg/L。     

Control of mercury emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator in Japan

The control of Hg emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is very important, because more than 78% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated. The Hg content of coal used in utility boilers is relatively low in Japan. In this study, recent trends in the Hg content of MSW in Japan and activated carbon (AC) injection as a control technology of Hg emission from an MSWI are discussed. The effect of AC injection on Hg removal from flue gas in an MSWI was investigated by pilot-scale experiments using a bag filter (BF). The injection of AC increases the Hg reduction ratio by 20-30% compared with cases without AC injection. The Hg reduction ratio increases as the flue gas temperature decreases. The Hg reduction ratio is closely related to the inlet Hg concentration and was expressed with a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.     

垃圾焚烧炉渣对电镀废水中Cu的吸附特性

以垃圾焚烧炉渣作吸附剂,对电镀废水中Cu的吸附特性进行了研究,包括吸附速率、解吸速率、吸附等温线和连续柱吸附实验等。结果表明,炉渣对电镀废水中Cu的吸附平衡时间和解吸平衡时间均为8 h。炉渣对Cu的吸附等温线为直线型,可用Henry型方程进行拟合。连续柱吸附实验结果表明,炉渣对电镀废水在连续吸附55 h后吸附能力逐渐丧失,累计最大吸附量为921 μg/g,而炉渣对人工配水在连续吸附80 h后吸附能力完全丧失,累计最大吸附量为2 687 μg/g。     

固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属萃取研究

固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属是造成自然环境空气污染的重要因素.通过对城市废物焚烧炉处理的调查研究,寻找到两种行之有效的固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属萃取络合剂.进一步分析研究,给出此类萃取剂的萃取最佳时间为飞灰溶解处理之后20 h;萃取液最佳酸度为pH 3～10;萃取液最佳浓度为1.5%,使固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属的萃取达到最佳效果.     

广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂9种重金属的迁移特征

采集广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂一期(WI-A)和二期(WI-B)的进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、底渣和烟气样品,分析了各样品中砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌共9种重金属含量,研究重金属的迁移特征。结果显示,9种重金属呈现4类不同的迁移特征,钴、铜、镍、铬主要迁移至底渣中,锌、砷、铅主要迁移至底渣和飞灰中,镉主要迁移至飞灰中,汞主要迁移至飞灰和烟气中。活性炭吸附和布袋除尘器的组合对除汞以外的重金属治理效果明显。WI-A和WI-B垃圾中的汞分别约有28%、37%随烟气排到环境中。     

Cytotoxicity of municipal solid waste incinerator ash wastes toward mammalian kidney cell lines

In this study, three municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash wastes-bottom ash, scrubber residue, and baghouse ash-were extracted using a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extractant. These so-called final TCLP extracts were applied to African green monkey kidney cells (Vero), baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21), and pig kidney cells (PK-15), multi-well absorption reader analysis was performed to test how the cytotoxicity of the incineration ashes would affect the digestive systems of animals. Ion-coupled plasma analyses indicated that the baghouse ash extract possessed the highest pH and heavy metal concentration, its cytotoxicity was also the highest. In contrast, the bottom ash and the scrubber residue exhibited very low cytotoxicities. The cytotoxicities of mixtures of baghouse ash and scrubber residue toward the three tested cell lines increased as the relative ratio of the baghouse ash increased, especially for the Vero cells. The slight cytotoxicity of the scrubber residue arose mainly from the presence of Cr species, whereas the high cytotoxicity of the baghouse ash resulted from its high content of heavy metals and alkali ions. In addition, it appears that the dissolved total organic carbon content of these ash wastes can reduce the cytotoxicity of ash wastes that collect in animal cells.     

水泥对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化研究

采用水泥固化法处理垃圾焚烧飞灰,研究了飞灰与水泥质量比、养护时间、添加剂和化学预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰固化块中重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr浸出的影响.结果表明,当飞灰与水泥质量比为3:4,养护时间为11d的条件下,以砂浆塑化剂为添加剂,固化块Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr的浸出浓度分别降低了72.4％、70.6％、60.0％...     

Dioxin mass balance in a municipal waste incinerator

A dioxin mass balance in an Spanish municipal waste incinerator (MWI) is presented. Input and output inventories from two sampling collection episodes including the analysis of PCDD/PCDF in urban solid waste (USW), stack gas emissions, fly ash and slag are reported. In one collection the levels of USW were around 8 pg I-TEQ/g and non-thermal destruction was observed overall. In the other collection the levels of USW were higher (around 64 pg I-TEQ/g) and the dioxin balance revealed a thermal destruction. Analysis of the different waste materials (textile, organic, plastic, wood and paper) was performed separately and the textile samples presented the highest levels.     

城市固体废弃物持水率的室内实验研究

垃圾土持水率是估算填埋场淋沥液高度和分析填埋体稳定性的重要参数。通过对高压固结仪的改造,研制垃圾土持水率的室内实验仪器,并在该仪器上对取自我国南方某填埋场3个不同深度的大直径垃圾土试样进行各级荷载下的持水率实验。研究结果表明,随填埋深度增大,垃圾年份增加,垃圾土可降解度降低,腐殖质含量增大,垃圾土的持水率减小;随上覆压力增大,干重和湿重持水率减小,当上覆压力增大到一定程度,减小趋势变缓;随上覆压力的增大,体积持水率一般呈减小的趋势,但对于疏松垃圾土,在较小的压力下,体积持水率有增大的趋势,当压力增大到一定程度,则随压力的增大而减小;随干密度的增大,垃圾土干重和湿重持水率均减小。提出的垃圾土持水率的室内实验方法和研制的仪器合理可行。     

市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧技术验证简

对市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧进行了验证研究。结果表明,与生活垃圾单独焚烧相比,污泥与生活垃圾混烧后烟气中NO_x、CO和HCl的浓度没有出现明显变化,而SO₂浓度出现了下降（从82~93 mg/m³下降至41~70 mg/m³）;Hg、Pb、Sn、Cr和Zn的浓度均表现为不同程度的上升,但仍然符合GB18485;二恶英从0.0087 ng TEQ/m³降至0.0047 ng TEQ/m³。掺烧半干污泥比例为10%、12%和15%时,吨物质的发电量分别为311.8 kWh/t、306.7 kWh/t和296.1 kWh/t。混烧污泥在一定程度上降低了系统的发电量,因此建议混烧污泥的比例不应大于15%。测算的污泥混烧成本约209元/t（80%含水率）。     

The effect of copper speciation on the formation of chlorinated aromatics on real municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

A limited amount of information exists regarding the relationship between the chemical form of copper and the formation of chlorinated aromatics in fly ash. To understand the effects of the various forms of copper on the formation of chlorinated aromatics in real fly ash, we determined the chemical forms of copper present in various types of real fly ash using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and evaluated the relationship between the chemical forms of copper and the formation of chlorinated aromatics. Copper chloride hydroxide (CuCl2 x 3Cu(OH)2) and cuprous chloride (CuCl) were the predominant copper species found in real fly ash. Although pure cupric chloride (CuCl2) is known to be the most active catalyst for the formation of chlorinated aromatics under experimental conditions with synthetic fly ash, CuCl2 was not found in every real fly ash sample. The amount of copper chloride hydroxide was positively correlated with the formation of chlorinated aromatics in real fly ash and is, consequently, considered to be one of the key species involved in the formation of chlorinated aromatics.     

市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧技术验证

对市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧进行了验证研究。结果表明,与生活垃圾单独焚烧相比,污泥与生活垃圾混烧后烟气中NOx、CO和HCl的浓度没有出现明显变化,而SO2浓度出现了下降（从82～93mg／m3下降至41～70mg／m3）;Hg、Pb、Sn、Cr和Zn的浓度均表现为不同程度的上升,但仍然符合GB[g485;二恶英从0．0087μgTEQ／m3降至O．0047μgTEQ／m3。掺烧半干污泥比例为10％、12％和15％时,吨物质的发电量分别为311．8kWh／t、306．7kWh／t和296．1kwh／t。混烧污泥在一定程度上降低了系统的发电量,因此建议混烧污泥的比例不应大于15％。测算的污泥混烧成本约209元／t（80％含水率）。     

Influence of a municipal solid waste incinerator on ambient air and soil PCDD/Fs levels

To examine the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) on the environment, we measured the levels of PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil samples collected near a MSWI in Bucheon, Korea. The PCDD/Fs concentrations in the ambient air samples ranged from 0.22 to 1.16 pg I-TEQm(-3) (13.39-75.16 pg m(-3)), with an average of 0.66 pg I-TEQ m(-3) (35.62 pg m(-3)). The soil samples contained between 1.25 and 74.98 pg I-TEQ g(-1) (38.15-3,303.33 pg g(-1)), with an average of 19.06 pg I-TEQ g(-1) (1,077.11 pg g(-1)). These levels were higher than those previously reported by other investigators in a number of surveys. The furan homologues predominated in the air samples and some soil samples, and the soil PCDD/Fs levels decreased with increasing distance from the MSWI. Comparison of the homologue patterns and a multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI directly affected the pattern of PCDD/Fs in air, while the PCDD/Fs patterns in soil differed according to the location relative to the MSWI, roads, and construction sites. These results collectively indicate that the MSWI was the major PCDD/Fs emission source in this area, but that unidentified combustion sources and vehicles might influence the environment to some extent.     

Desorption of PCDD/PCDF from municipal solid waste incinerator flyash under post-combustion plant conditions

The influence of temperature on the levels of PCDD and PCDF remaining in, and desorbed from, a municipal solid waste incinerator flyash was investigated by heating the ash to between 200 and 400 degrees C under a simulated flue gas for four days reaction time. Considerable desorption of PCDD/PCDF from the flyash was seen at 275 degrees C and above. Maximum desorption occurred at 350 degrees C, with the equivalent of nearly eight times the total PCDD/PCDF concentration of the original flyash being lost to the vapour phase per unit mass of initial flyash. The I-TEQ value of the desorbed PCDD/PCDF was considerable, being over fourteen times that of the original flyash at 325 degrees C. The results indicate that formation of PCDD/PCDF on flyash deposits in the post-combustion plant of incinerators can result in the release of significant amounts of PCDD/PCDF to the flue gas stream.     

垃圾焚烧厂恶臭污染物分布特征及健康风险评价

以北京某典型垃圾焚烧厂为研究对象,分析了其不同工艺流程中的恶臭污染物浓度,并进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)共有60种恶臭污染物检出,不同工艺流程中的恶臭污染物总质量浓度由大到小依次是垃圾料坑((128.20±3.63)mg/m3)渗滤液池((58.50±3.45)mg/m3)卸料区((45.70±1.34)mg/m3)炉渣堆放处((22.63±1.38)mg/m3)烟气净化系统((9.33±0.88)mg/m3)。(2)有13种恶臭污染物阈稀释倍数大于5,其在不同工艺流程中的理论臭气浓度排列顺序与恶臭污染物总浓度一致。(3)卸料区和渗滤液池的非致癌风险危害指数大于1,可能存在非致癌风险,主要非致癌风险物是苯和二甲苯。卸料区、炉渣堆放处和渗滤液池的终生致癌风险大于10-4,存在较大致癌风险,主要致癌风险物是苯和乙苯。建议该垃圾焚烧厂加强对恶臭污染的控制和处理,做好对职业暴露人群的健康防护。