城市污水污泥焚烧处理环境影响分析

以城市污水污泥为研究对象,应用生命周期评价方法分别对干化焚烧、污泥与煤混燃发电、污泥与生活垃圾掺烧发电3种焚烧处理方式的生命过程进行清单分析,以获得各处理方式的能耗及其对环境的影响.结果表明,处理1.0 t湿污泥,填埋处理的能耗和总环境负荷均最低,分别为2.24kg （以标准煤计）和46.55×10-3标准人当量(PET).污泥直接干化处理能源消耗最大,达到了111.12 kg（以标准煤计）.污泥与垃圾或者与煤掺烧发电由于利用固体废弃物化学内能,降低了化石燃料消耗.这两种掺烧处理方式的环境排放都以酸化和富营养化为主,对局地性的影响占据首位,因此,污泥焚烧处理仍需加强尾气净化设备的投入,以减少酸性气体及二噁英的排放.     

Solid waste treatment within the framework of life-cycle assessment

Traditionally, treatment of solid waste has been given limited attention in connection with life-cycle assessments (LCAs). Often, only the amounts of solid wastes have been noted. This is unsatisfactory since treatment of solid waste, e.g. by landfilling or incineration, is an operation, requiring inputs and producing outputs, which should be described in the inventory of an LCA, in parallel to other operations. However, there are difficulties in describing emissions from solid waste treatments and there is a need for development of such methods. In this paper an approach for describing emissions from incineration and landfilling is outlined. Methodological questions concerning the time-frame and allocation principles are discussed. Methods for estimating potential emissions from landfilling of municipal solid waste and industrial wastes are suggested. The methods are used for calculating potential emissions from landfilling of some typical wastes. These emissions are compared with the emissions from other stages in the life cycle for some materials and wastes. it is shown that the potential emissions from landfilling are, for some products, of importance for the final results. Hence, if emissions from landfilling are neglected, or underestimated, results and conclusions in an LCA may be misleading.     

Uncertainty assessment by a Monte Carlo simulation in a life cycle inventory of electricity produced by a waste incinerator

The existence of uncertainties is often mentioned as a crucial limitation for a clear interpretation of LCA results. Due to this problem, slowly the uncertainty analysis is gaining importance in the realisation of LCAs, but its use is not common practise. As an example of application for a typical process chain of many LCAs, the uncertainties in the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of a life cycle study on waste incineration in Tarragona/Spain has been analysed. The procedure applied consists of selection of essential parameters, determination of probability distributions, Monte Carlo simulation, significance analysis and interpretation of the results. By the use of the obtained probability distributions for the essential factors in a Monte Carlo Simulation, the inventory results were transformed from a concrete value into a probability distribution around a mean value. The probability distributions obtained correspond to a better understanding of the magnitude of the uncertainties in LCA results.     

餐饮废弃油脂的生物柴油生命周期能耗与CO_2排放分析

对以餐饮废弃油脂为原料,利用化学催化法生产的生物柴油进行了生命周期能耗与CO2排放分析,以具有1 MJ能量的生物柴油产品为功能单位.结果表明:生物柴油生命周期总能耗为1.648 9 MJ,化石能耗为0.616 9 MJ,化石能效比为1.62,生命周期净能量产出为0.383 1 MJ,生命周期CO2净排放量为-10.34 g.与生产和使用1 MJ能量的石化柴油相比,生物柴油生命周期总能耗升高37%,化石能耗降低49%,可减少CO2排放90.99 g.     

Life cycle assessment for municipal solid waste treatment and utilization

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苏州市生活垃圾处理碳足迹核查

根据《PAS2050规范》的指导,结合生命周期评价技术方法和LandGEM模型,对苏州市生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理的生命周期过程进行了碳足迹核查. 详细列出了垃圾处理过程中可能的温室气体排放源,计算各排放源的电耗或能耗,并通过与温室气体排放系数相乘最终转化为苏州市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放量. 结果表明:苏州市填埋处理1 t生活垃圾整个生命周期过程中温室气体的排放量(以CO₂当量计)为1 942.47 kg,焚烧处理为-180.87 kg. 按照目前苏州市生活垃圾处理权重进行分配,可得苏州市处理1 t生活垃圾整个生命周期过程中温室气体的排放量(以CO₂当量计)为880.80 kg. 在整个核查过程中,考虑了在填埋和焚烧处理时发电对温室气体带来的减量效应.      

垃圾分类对碳减排的影响分析：以青岛市为例

城市生活垃圾(MSW)处理单元是重要的温室气体排放源,垃圾分类可以实现垃圾减量化和提高资源化利用率,但对于温室气体减排的影响还鲜见报道.以青岛市内4区为研究对象,基于生命周期评价方法,研究了垃圾分类前后不同生活垃圾处置模式下的温室气体排放情况.结果表明,垃圾分类可以显著降低处置全过程中的温室气体排放,模式1(混合收集+填埋)、模式2(混合收集+焚烧)、模式3(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化和其他焚烧)和模式4(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化、可回收垃圾资源化和其他焚烧)垃圾处理全过程净碳排放量(以CO₂/MSW计)分别为686.39、-130.12、-61.88和-230.17 kg·t^-1.提高厨余垃圾回收效率并不能显著降低碳排放.随着垃圾回收效率的提高,碳减排量呈线性增加,可回收垃圾回收效率每提高10%,其净碳排放量降低26.6%(16.5 kg·t^-1).适度分离餐厨垃圾、提高可回收垃圾回收效率和降低厨余垃圾厌氧消化沼气泄漏率是目前减少生活垃圾温室气体排放和社会成本的可行策略.     

日本食品废物不同资源化技术下的碳排放比较研究

应用生命周期评价法(LCA),采用日本农林水产省和环境省的调查数据和统计数据,对不同资源化技术处理食品废物碳排放进行评价.10种资源化技术相比于3种非资源化(主要是焚烧)技术的结果表明,食品废物生命周期各阶段碳排放最多的是预处理+处理阶段,约占85％;最少的是回收阶段,可抵消部分排放.此外,全生命周期总排放,甲烷化(循...     

Uncertainties related to the identification of the marginal energy technology in consequential life cycle assessments

When performing life cycle assessment (LCA) assumptions regarding the energy use are often decisive for the outcome. In this paper, current approaches of identifying marginal electricity and heat technologies for consequential LCAs are challenged. The identification of marginal energy technologies is examined from three angles: The marginal electricity technology is identified in Danish historical and potential future energy systems. The methods of identifying and using marginal electricity and heat technologies in key LCA studies are analysed. Finally, the differences in applying energy system analysis and assuming one marginal technology are illustrated, using waste incineration with energy substitution as a case. The main problem with the current approach is the use of one single marginal technology. It is recommended to use fundamentally different affected technologies and identify these in several possible and fundamentally different future scenarios. If possible, the affected technologies should also be identified based on energy system analyses considering the technical characteristics of the technologies involved. Some results in this paper may be applicable to other affected technologies than energy.     

全工业固废原料制备水泥工艺的生命周期评价研究

运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对以电石渣等工业固废为全部原料的水泥制造工艺产生的环境影响进行评价.通过对生产工艺进行分解及建模,基于实际数据建立生命周期清单,利用ReCiPe2016方法,在全球变暖、化石资源消耗、土地占用等17个小类及人体健康影响、生态系统影响及资源消耗3个大类中对工艺产生的环境影响进行评价.评价过程包括特征化、标准化和敏感性分析.结果表明,在以1 t成品水泥为功能单位的生产过程中,造成的环境影响总值为-0.0045 pt,其中,在人体健康影响和生态系统影响分类下最为显著,分别为-0.0027 pt和-0.0020 pt.与传统水泥生产相比,本工艺具有更低的资源能源消耗与碳排放量.固废作为原料来源带来的正面环境效益最为显著,而熟料煅烧与水泥粉磨则显示出最大的环境损害,也说明由于消纳了大量工业固废,本工艺对环境总体上是有益的.     

Life-cycle inventory for hydroelectric generation: a Brazilian case study

Representative Life-Cycle Inventories (LCIs) are essential for Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) quality and readiness. Because energy is such an important element of LCAs, appropriate LCIs on energy are crucial, and due to the prevalence of hydropower on Brazilian electricity mix, the frequently used LCIs are not representative of the Brazilian conditions. The present study developed a LCI of the Itaipu Hydropower Plant, the major hydropower plant in the world, responsible for producing 23.8% of Brazil's electricity consumption. Focused on the capital investments to construct and operate the dam, the LCI was designed to serve as a database for the LCAs of Brazilian hydroelectricity production. The life-cycle boundaries encompass the construction and operation of the dam, as well as the life-cycles of the most important material and energy consumptions (cement, steel, copper, diesel oil, lubricant oil), as well as construction site operation, emissions from reservoir flooding, material and workers transportation, and earthworks. As a result, besides the presented inventory, it was possible to determine the following processes, and respective environmental burdens as the most important life-cycle hotspots: reservoir filling (CO₂ and CH₄ emission; land use); steel life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO, particulates, SO_x and NO_x emissions); cement life-cycle (water and energy consumption; CO₂ and particulate emissions); and operation of civil construction machines (diesel consumption; NO_x emissions). Compared with another hydropower studies, the LCI showed magnitude adequacy, with better results than small hydropower, which reveals a scale economy for material and energy exchanges in the case of Itaipu Power Plant.     

硫酸铵和尿素对废物焚烧过程中多种途径生成氯苯类的抑制作用

氯苯类(CBz)是废弃物焚烧等过程中产生二英的前驱物,也被认为是实现二英在线检测的良好指示物,同时五氯苯(PeCBz)和六氯苯(HxCBz)也是持久性有机污染物(POPs).但氯苯在废物焚烧过程中的排放和控制尚没有受到足够重视,为此开展了模拟焚烧过程中硫酸铵和尿素对3种氯苯合成途径的抑制作用研究,包括飞灰合成,1,2-二氯代苯(1,2-DiCBz)转化高氯代苯等过程.结果表明,硫酸铵和尿素对氯苯的3种合成途径均有抑制作用,如1%尿素与废物混合焚烧对四氯苯、五氯苯和六氯苯的抑制效率分别达到了66.8%、57.4%和50.4%.比较硫酸铵和尿素对3种过程的抑制作用,认为尿素对氯苯具有更稳定的抑制能力.     

纸塑铝复合包装处置方式的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)法研究了纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响,并在处置阶段对不同处置方式的环境影响进行评价. 通过现场和资料调研的方式,获得所有生命周期阶段能量物质的输入/输出和环境外排数据. 结果表明:纸塑铝复合包装生命周期阶段中环境影响比重最大的是原料获取阶段,占75%以上. 纸塑铝复合包装的全生命周期环境影响主要集中在化石燃料、土地占用和无机物对人体损害3个方面,在矿产资源、气候变化、酸化富营养化和生态毒性方面影响稍小. 3种处置方式对环境影响由大到小依次为填埋＞焚烧＞再生,其中填埋和焚烧处置分别比纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段前的环境影响增加11%和7%,再生可降低23%,而进一步降低环境影响的方式为发展铝塑分离技术.      

废手机面板焚烧产物研究

以废手机面板为试验材料,利用热重分析仪(TGA)研究热处理失重特征,同时利用气相色谱仪-质谱仪联用(GC-MS)对管式炉试验系统焚烧产物进行分析. 结果表明:废手机面板焚烧失重温度为128.3～558.1 ℃,最大失重温度为357.4 ℃;焚烧废手机面板导致面板组成材料液晶、偏光片和取向剂等发生化学反应,焚烧产物除CO₂外,还含有醛、酮、联苯酚、苯胺等芳香族化合物和少量的苯并吡喃、萘、菲、吡啶等多环芳烃(PAHs). 由于焚烧产物中绝大多数是有毒有害物质,部分可致癌,故废手机面板不宜焚烧处理,如与其他固体废物混合焚烧,必须采取相应的污染控制措施.      

The role and implementation of LCA within life cycle management at Alcan

Life cycle management (LCM) aims at expanding the scope of the environmental management system of a company to address the up- and downstream impacts associated with the activities of its suppliers and customers. It is based on a perspective that focuses on products and the corresponding processes in addition to facilities and production sites. Therefore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology plays a central role in implementing LCM. At Alcan, one of the world's leading producers of aluminum materials and products, as well as composite components and packaging solutions, LCA as a core element of LCM is being used for a variety of applications. In order to achieve the objectives of LCM and to ensure efficient decision support, the LCAs are performed in a simplified mode. Simplifications predominantly concern up- and downstream processes outside of Alcan's direct control as well as impact assessment procedures, the reuse of internal life cycle inventory analysis modules, and the aggregation and presentation of the results for top-management and other internal decision-makers. A recently completed LCA from the automotive sector demonstrates the ongoing implementation of LCA at Alcan.     

半城市化地区家庭生活垃圾特征及低碳对策：以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区已成为城市化研究的热点,但其生活垃圾管理问题常被忽视.以典型半城市化地区——厦门市集美区为例,通过问卷调查与实地采样两种方法,分析不同住区家庭生活垃圾产生的特征,并通过生命周期分析法,对比混合填埋、混合堆肥、混合焚烧以及分类处理4种垃圾处理方案的温室气体排放,提出相应的垃圾管理对策.结果表明：半城市化地区可...     

Side effects of categorized environmental measures and their implications for impact analysis

Environmental measures have sometimes unintended side effects. The paper focuses on side effects that are the result of relations and feedback mechanisms between economic activities and industries in production–consumption chains. The theoretical framework of the chain analysis tools, life cycle assessment and substance flow analysis is used to define five different types of environmental measures: volume measures (1), efficiency measures (2), end-of-pipe emission reduction measures (3), re-use and recycling (4) and useful application of waste products (5). Each of these types of measures can re-direct substance flow in a different process, thus causing pollutant emissions to the environment to shift to similar or other emissions upstream or downstream in the economic chain. Using this categorization, the occurrence of a number of different processes that can lead to side effects can be predicted.     

焦炉烟气中二（口恶）英类物质排放水平研究

二噁英和类二噁英多氯联苯属于《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》规定的非故意产生的持久性有机物,统称为二噁英类物质.焦化生产过程中具备二噁英类物质生成所需的前体物、温度、催化剂等条件,但目前国内外对焦化行业焦炉烟气二噁英类物质排放研究仍属空白,为进一步明确焦化行业排放水平和影响因素,针对性地提出行业减排和控制措施,利用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法对4个不同规模的典型焦化企业焦炉烟气中二噁英类物质排放情况进行现场采样和实验室分析.结果表明,二噁英类物质毒性当量(以WHO-TEQ计)范围为3.9~30.0 pg·m-3,处于较低水平,检出较多的PCDD/Fs同系物主要是高氯代的.另外,烟气中此类物质的排放量与焦化生产工艺关系密切,捣鼓炼焦、较高的炭化室高度有利于减少二噁英类物质的排放.     

固体废物焚烧处置及其清洁发展机制

包含化石碳(如塑料等)在内的废物焚烧处置和露天燃烧是废物部门中最重要的CO₂排放来源之一. 在全国节能减排大背景下,废物焚烧发电成为温室气体减排的有效途径. 对我国固体废物焚烧处置现状及趋势进行了分析,同时研究了国内城市固体废物和危险废物焚烧的区域特征. 结果表明:随着经济发展和废物产生量的急剧增长,废物焚烧处置技术必将成为我国未来固体废物处置的主要方式;伴随着废物焚烧行业的发展,有大量项目可以注册CDM (清洁发展机制)项目,可为温室气体减排做出较大的贡献.      

密闭化填埋作业条件下的场内恶臭污染分布情况与分析

随着城市化进程的加剧,填埋场恶臭逐渐成为影响城市生活的重要污染.对于场界范围内的恶臭发生源通常要依靠经验确定,难以对填埋场界范围内的恶臭污染强度分布及变化规律进行科学的描述.利用电子鼻与GPS定位仪对生活垃圾填埋场内的恶臭污染情况进行检测,通过GIS软件作图绘制恶臭污染等强度曲线,对场内强污染源释放点进行确定,发现覆盖膜破损及焚烧火炬尾气排放是造成场内恶臭污染的主要原因.对填埋气产量估算分析表明提高填埋气处理能力是控制恶臭污染的关键.