旅游目的地网络空间结构及其复杂性研究——野三坡旅游地案例实证

复杂性是旅游目的地网络化发展的必然趋势,是认识旅游地网络空间结构与组织特征的重要研究手段。论文以河北省野三坡旅游地为例,通过构建旅游联系强度模型,建立旅游地空间网络,并运用TOP网络空间分析以及复杂网络理论,揭示旅游地网络空间结构与组织的复杂性特征。研究发现：1）旅游地网络具有空间集聚性,形成了以核心景区为中心,由中心城镇、乡村社区和特色园区共同构成的空间集聚单元,并体现出“邻近连接”与“择优连接”的双重特性;2）旅游地网络服从幂律分布,具有无标度网络特性;3）每个节点的前三名和前五名旅游联系强度网络（Top3和Top5网络）具有较小的平均路径长度、较大的集聚系数,呈现出典型的“小世界网络”特征;4）旅游地网络是典型的异配型网络,度-度呈负相关,而网络节点的集聚系数与其度值之间存在近似的倒数关系,因此具有层次性。     

Gold mining in Australia: linking historical trends and environmental and resource sustainability

The mining of gold has been and continues to be an important aspect of Australian industry. Gold mining moved quickly from fossicking and alluvial sources in the 1850's to hard rock mining. This paper presents, arguably for the first time, a detailed historical compilation of Australian gold mining production data. This data is then analysed in the context of sustainability, focussing particularly on mineral resource sustainability and the broader aspects of environmental impacts now commonly reported by some mining companies in annual sustainability performance reports. The key trends which are demonstrated by the data include a long-term decline in ore grade, increased open cut mining, substantive increases in tailings and waste rock production, as well as showing the impact of new technologies and economics on available gold resources. The available environmental data on material and energy inputs to and pollutant emissions from gold production is also presented, showing a clear sensitivity to ore grade. In terms of sustainability, these relationships raise significant issues such as increasing greenhouse footprint per unit gold produced, potential impacts on energy and water consumption, as well as overall gold resource sustainability. The paper presents a unique case study of the resource and environmental sustainability of the Australian gold mining sector with major implications for sustainability policy and reporting.     

A supply chain management approach for investigating the role of tour operators on sustainable tourism: the case of TUI

Increasing awareness and demands in sustainable tourism require firms to implement sustainable Supply Chain Management policies (SCM). Tour operators can significantly influence and promote sustainable tourism development due to their central distribution role and capability to direct tourists to destinations and suppliers. Despite the emerging role of SCM and sustainability, the applicability of SCM practices in tourism is not studied yet. This paper adapts and illustrates the value of using SCM concepts within tour operators' business for integrating sustainability into tourism supply chains. After reviewing the literature in SC management and collaboration, a model for implementing sustainable SCM is proposed and its applicability is shown by analysing the case of TUI. The implications of the model and the case study are discussed.     

国外旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力研究进展与启示

恢复力思想和方法运用于社会-生态系统,是全球可持续发展研究的一个新视角。可持续旅游是全球可持续发展的重要内容,旅游地是重要的社会-生态系统类型,从恢复力视角研究旅游地复杂性、动态性及综合性,成为旅游可持续发展研究的重要途径。论文综览国外旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力研究的大量相关文献,从研究尺度与对象、研究方法及研究内容三个方面展开综述,重点就旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力的认识、与相关概念联系、阈值、驱动因素、概念性与定量评估、适应性管理等研究内容进行了详细梳理和评述,并得出相应研究启示,提出有待于进一步研究的问题。以期为国内旅游地社会-生态系统恢复力研究和旅游地社会-生态系统建设提供借鉴和指导作用。     

线型旅游体验空间：风景道的体验性逻理嬗变

在体验视角下,风景道不仅只是旅游系统中的旅游过境地或旅游通道,旅游者逐渐将体验特色风景道作为出游动机,同时也折射出旅游产业要素在沿线空间范围上的流向扩散。在将“在路上”这一旅游体验作为旅游者出游的主要动机,使传统意义上仅以交通功能承载旅游流的风景道转向为旅游者体验最直接的表现形式,并将其整体视为一种特殊类型的旅游目的地衍生形态,不仅可以串联各自区隔的旅游空间,还是我国建立国家公园体系的有效支撑,同时也符合全域旅游发展的内在需求。通过对风景道作为新型线性体验空间的合理性进行分析,阐述这种旅游目的地衍生形态的理论解析,并结合国内外相关案例对其特点特征进行总结。以安徽南部京台高速铜黄段为例,探讨打造该区域的必然性与重要性,提出线型旅游体验空间构建内容,并总结发展内涵上的差异性。线型旅游体验空间的提出,在理论上深化拓展了现有关于风景道的旅游研究,为现实中旅游目的地发展提供一个新的发展方向。     

湖泊旅游研究进展及启示

湖泊旅游理论研究滞后于发展实践,系统性、针对性的研究不足,概念体系尚有待完善,研究框架尚未形成。论文采用文献分析法和系统归纳法,分析对比国内外湖泊旅游研究内容,展望未来研究趋势。结果表明：湖泊旅游资源评价与开发、湖泊旅游感知、湖泊旅游规划与管理、旅游者空间行为与旅游市场、湖泊旅游地演化、湖泊旅游影响是国内外湖泊旅游研究的主要内容,但研究时间、研究内容和研究方法存在较大差异,均未出现较明显的理论性和阶段性特征。从中国湖泊旅游发展及研究现状看,未来应加强新发展要素在湖泊旅游发展中的作用过程和机制研究、湖泊旅游地人地关系地域系统研究、流域尺度条件下湖泊旅游地管理研究,同时注重借鉴、吸收国际湖泊旅游发展和研究的有益经验。     

漠河县北极镇总体规划旅游资源环境承载能力分析研究

漠河县北极镇总体规划范围为26.31 km2,规划为北极洲、北极新村、北极村、农业观光区、十里长湖公务接待区、龙岛和圣诞村7个部分,规划的总体目标为通过高起点规划,高标准建设,高水平经营,把北极镇建设成为具有找北寻源、养生度假、冰雪体验、会议科研等多功能于一体的旅游地,成为黑龙江省西北部地区乃至东北地区的核心景区,根据北极镇的性质、规模及建设内容,分析预测了漠河县北极镇的旅游环境容量,确保在环境承载能力允许的条件下合理地开发旅游资源。     

Improving agricultural sustainability: the case of Swedish greenhouse tomatoes

Of major concern to agriculturists and society are issues of sustainability and land and resource requirements for food and fiber. Sustainability of Swedish domestic agriculture is explored using the production of tomatoes in greenhouses as a case study. Issues of sustainability are related to net yields, environmental loading, greenhouse gases, employment and land use. A model for evaluation of sustainability is developed and illustrated using the concepts and theories of analysis. The intensive tomato production system investigated was shown to be highly dependent on non-renewable resources and human service fed back from society. Substituting wood powder from logging residues for the oil used for heating reduced the environmental load and improved the sustainability of the system significantly.     

国内外重大事件旅游影响研究进展与启示

事件及重大事件是旅游目的地旅游资源的重要组成部分,重大事件是推动城市与城市旅游经济发展的重要手段。北京奥运会、 上海世博会等一系列重大事件的成功举办使事件旅游研究成为国内研究的热点。论文在对事件及事件旅游相关概念与内涵进行梳理的基础上,侧重于重大事件研究视角,从社会影响、 经济影响、 政治影响、 文化影响、 环境影响、 旅游影响等方面,对国内外重大事件影响的研究成果进行了分析,并从研究对象、 研究视角、 研究内容、 研究方法、 研究技术手段、 研究设计等方面进行了述评,提出今后重大事件影响研究的重点,即完善研究内容体系、 丰富研究技术方法、 加强实证与比较研究等。     

Transitioning to sustainable production – Part I: application on machining technologies

This two part paper presents general issues, methods and a case study for achieving production sustainability on a machining technology level. In order to tackle these issues, the paper promotes sustainable production via the alternative machining technologies, namely cryogenic and high pressure jet assisted machining that have a high potential to cut costs and improve competitiveness by reducing resource consumption and thus creating less waste. The general issues of sustainable technologies pointed out with a comparative case study life cycle assessment performed for alternative machining processes are covered in part I of the work, concluding that future of sustainable production is going to entail the use of alternative machining technologies to reduce consumption rates, environmental burdens, and health risks simultaneously, while increasing performances and profitability. As an upgrade to this part, overall cost evaluation is covered by a case study in part II of this work.     

Environmental supply chain management in tourism: The case of large tour operators

Extensive tourism developments and signals of the negative effects on destinations have put sustainability at the core of the business agenda. However, the fragmented structure of the tourism sector remains a key challenge for achieving consensus and developing coherent sustainable tourism strategies. Although supply chain strategies seem logically suitable for the interconnected nature of the tourism industry, there is limited discussion in tourism research about their adoption. In order to advance the knowledge of how sustainable tourism can become more of common practice, this article explores the adoption of environmental supply chain management (ESCM) by eight large tour operators. The results of the investigations show that in the absence of regulatory pressures and cost saving benefits, the adoption of ESCM is triggered by public pressures and its implementation is limited by organizational factors and strategic myopia.     

九寨沟国内旅游者行为特征初步研究及其意义

九寨沟国内旅游流表现为九寨沟与几个地域结点间的线状季节性流动。旅游者的行为属性特征（如年龄、文化程度、职业、收入和偏好等）对其所获取的感知映象、行为动机与决策、实际行为在目的地的时空分布格局有决定性意义，而旅游地高质量的风景资源、文化特征、设施水平及居民态度会促使潜在旅游者产生由感知-动机-决策-旅游的良性循环，并影响旅游流的发展（壮大或分散）。本文通过实际问卷调查分析，揭示了九寨沟旅游流的结点特征与现状以及国内旅游者的行为特征，提出开拓客流市场的建议性措施，并强调了形象与定位对山区旅游开发的理论与实践意义。     

红色旅游地资源的网络空间多维生产模式研究——基于沙家浜的数字田野实证

研究以苏州沙家浜红色旅游风景区为案例地,以数字田野调查为基础,剖析了红色旅游地资源的网络空间生产中“人—地”关系转变为“人—网—地”关系的过程,探索了红色旅游地资源的网络空间的多维生产模式特征。结论指出：（1）红色旅游资源网络空间打破了传统时空界限,单向的红色价值观传递转变为主客价值共创,体现了红色精神民主化生产过程;（2）红色网络流动性空间需面对红色教育、娱乐和审美等价值的多元性,空间多维主体以“遥在场”的方式产生了新的主客网络地缘争夺,即网络话语权的争夺;（3）传统游客转变为红色资源网络空间的消费者、参与者与生产者,去中心化特征明显,红色网络空间通过超文本表征和非计划互动得以建构,要求红色目的地官方在网络供给侧掌握更高水平的治理能力;（4）红色旅游官方主体尝试使用流行元素融入网络实践,但也展示出泛娱乐化的趋向,需在红色网络空间的多维精神建构中合理整合多元价值,促进集体情感的深度内化。     

Using qualitative models to define sustainable management for the commons in data poor conditions

Nearly 50 years after Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” we have not yet found predictive tools to guide us towards sustainable management of common-pool resources (CPR). We often have a good understanding of the qualitative relationships between the principal actors in socioecological systems (SESs), but classical quantitative approaches require a tremendous amount of data to understand the drivers of SESs sustainability. Here we show that qualitative modelling approaches can provide important governance insights for SESs that are understood but not quantified.We used Loop Analysis to test the outcomes of different management regimes on a simple nature-based tourism SES described by economic, social and environmental variables. We tested the sustainability of different management scenarios on this system and we identified the necessary conditions to achieve it.We found that management regimes where property rights and responsibilities are shared between different stakeholders are more likely to be successful. However, the system is generally highly unstable and it is important to tune each strategy to each particular situation.The conditions for sustainability found across the different systems tested were: a low reinvestment rate of tourist revenues into new infrastructures and a low growth rate of the environment. Management strategies based on maximum sustainable yield, which keep the environment far from its carrying capacity, have less chance to be sustainable.Qualitative models of SESs are powerful diagnostic tools; they can help identifying variables that play an important role in determining socioecological sustainability in data-poor circumstances and guide the design of efficient data collection programmes. Our results highlight the importance of careful planning when designing management strategies for nature-based tourism. The application of one-size-fits-all solutions to every situation is likely to lead to the failure of the commons; however tourism-based SESs can be sustainable if management strategies are tuned to each particular case.     

旅游资源及其评价过程与机制:技术性评价到社会建构视角

合理评价旅游资源,发掘具有价值的潜在旅游资源,是促进旅游产业发展的重要基础。采用文献分析法,结合理论与实践,系统梳理回顾我国旅游资源评价的发展历程,分析旅游资源评价变迁所经历的三个不同阶段及其基本特征,并尝试探索转变的关键驱动力和影响机制。研究发现:我国的旅游资源评价经历了“要素评价—综合评价—社会评价”的过程,与旅游资源相对应的旅游吸引物等概念也被广泛接受和使用,在此过程中,政策、资本、社会经济、客源市场结构和信息传播媒介等是不同阶段转变的主要影响因素。未来的旅游资源评价将更注重实用性和可持续性及游客的需求和体验,并关注其经济、政治、文化、社会和生态综合价值;而新技术如5G的应用,会提高旅游资源（吸引物）的可视化和提高评价效率。     

Transitioning to sustainable production – part II: evaluation of sustainable machining technologies

This paper presents a case-study that highlights the importance of sustainable machining technologies in achieving sustainable development objectives. A technology evaluation was undertaken to understand the likely impacts of the use of technology on sustainability performance measures. The evaluation is more than an experimental method for supporting the design of technology and an instrument for supporting decision-making. It is also a tool for supporting technology policy and for encouraging its adoption and application in industry. More specifically, a sustainability evaluation of cryogenic and high pressure jet-assisted machining in comparison to conventional machining is examined. Sustainability performance measures refer to environmental impact, energy consumption, safety, personal health, waste management, and cost. The case-study refers to the machining of high-temperature Ni-alloy (Inconel 718). It is shown that tooling costs represent the major contribution to the overall production cost, which contradicts previous analyses, and that sustainable machining alternatives offer a cost-effective route to improving economic, environmental, and social performance in comparison to conventional machining.     

区域生态旅游可持续发展对环境保护的促进作用研究

介绍了相关国际组织和研究人员对生态旅游的定义,依据定义内容确定生态旅游注重的几个方面.分析了区域生态旅游可持续发展的思想和目的.给出生态旅游可持续发展的管理方式,主要包括按照生态平衡原理,确保资源利用的可持续性;按照区域生态旅游环境容量对旅游地开发强度和频度进行管理;开发逆境生态旅游,促进生态建设.介绍了生态旅游的产生和发展过程,分析了区域生态旅游可持续发展对环境保护的促进作用,得出以下结论:区域生态旅游可持续发展能够促进对生物、水资源、大气环境、地质地貌的保护,促进绿化面积增长和生物多样性发展以及垃圾有效处理.     

中国典型冰雪旅游地开发模式及优化路径

北京冬奥会的筹办为中国冰雪旅游发展带来巨大契机,促进了冰雪旅游地的蓬勃发展。基于冰雪旅游地系统理论,构建了冰雪旅游地发展水平评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法、熵权法及加权Topsis法,对崇礼、亚布力、神农架、西岭雪山四个中国典型冰雪旅游地发展水平进行了测度。结果表明：崇礼冰雪旅游发展水平最高,亚布力次之,神农架及西岭雪山仍有待提升。基于此,提炼出四种典型冰雪旅游地开发模式,包括资源主导内驱模式、市场主导外驱模式、资源市场双核共驱模式以及资源市场政策综合齐驱模式。同时,从冰雪旅游地系统视角,提出了中国冰雪旅游地开发优化路径。研究有助于丰富冰雪旅游开发相关理论,为中国冰雪旅游地高质量发展提供智力支撑和案例借鉴。     

旅游者环境质量感知的时空偏差

环境质量评价研究多为客观、专业化评价,较少从常人角度测量居民或游客对环境质量的评价或感知。而常人的评价可能影响其环境行为,进而促进环境保护。通过调查北京、上海、海南三地游客对居住地、旅游目的地、全国三个空间尺度以及当前、未来两个时间尺度的环境质量感知,分析旅游者环境质量感知的时空偏差。研究发现：（1）受访旅游者当前环境质量感知与全国相比存在乐观偏差,即“空间乐观”;与旅游目的地相比却是悲观倾向,即认为居住地环境质量不如旅游目的地;未来环境质量感知存在明显的乐观倾向,即“时间乐观”。（2）各省市旅游者对当前环境质量感知存在差异,与客观环境质量评价（EQI值）对比,安徽等8个省份的旅游者相对乐观,北京等7个省市旅游者则相对悲观;各省市旅游者未来环境质量感知的乐观偏差程度也存在差异。     

旅游体验对旅游者环境态度和环境行为影响的纵向追踪研究

目前国内关于旅游体验对环境态度和行为影响的纵向追踪研究较为缺乏。论文以自然旅游地黄山为案例地,通过纵向调查,采用配对样本t检验比较同一批次旅游者游前、游后以及3个月后的环境态度和环境行为。研究发现：1）旅游体验对旅游者环境态度基本没有影响。2）旅游体验对旅游者环境行为存在显著影响。短期影响表现为：特定地点环境责任行为中的教育、身体和法律行动显著改善,一般环境责任行为中教育、消费、说服、身体和法律行动显著改善;长期影响表现为：特定地点环境责任行为中的教育、消费、身体行动和一般环境责任行为中的消费、身体、法律行动显著改善。环境行为的改变主要是通过旅游体验中的认知和情感刺激引起的,包括预期愧疚、集体自豪感、环境知识、负面后果认知、自我效能、环境解说等因素。文章最后讨论了管理意义和研究不足。