受限透视角度下超声波CT温度场诊断技术

超声波CT一种热测量方法,具有不接触、对温度场不干扰的优点。本文发展一种新的超声波CT再现方法,用于解决受限透视角度所产生的信息量不足的问题。新的超声波CT再现算法建立在逆矩阵变换的基础上,它不同于通常的采用SL过滤器的所谓FBPCT再现方式。论文中描述了三种CT迭代再现算法,用计算机模拟结果和三维温度场测量实验数据验证了再现算法的可靠性。同时根据计算和实验结果,建议在受限的透视角度情况下,迭代方法采用修正的正则最小二乘法CGM是合适的。     

投影角度受限制的超声波CT温度测量

本研究在投影角度受限制的情况下利用超声波CT完成三维温度测量。新CT再构成算法的主要特征如下：在考虑到投影数据之间的相关性的同时、在傅里叶变换基础之上利用外插手法来补全不完整的投影数据。我们运用计算机模拟计算以及建立实验系统对上述算地的可靠性进行检验。根据计算机模拟计算和实验的结果,我们认为本研究所提出的CT算法可以有效地处理受投影角度限制的投影数据。     

煤矿瓦斯涌出时序预测的自组织数据挖掘方法

为分析煤矿瓦斯涌出复杂系统时间序列预测方法,提出自组织数据挖掘(SODM)与相空间重构(PSR)相结合的预测建模方法。首先应用C-C方法计算时间序列的最佳嵌入维数和延迟时间后进行PSR;然后以二元二次方程为传递函数,以嵌入维数变量为自变量,以延迟时间后的时间序列为因变量,通过内准则确定传递函数系数和外准则选择最优传递函数,并以最优传递函数的输出为下层迭代传递函数的输入,最后获得最优复杂度预测模型。算例结果表明:该方法对煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测的相对误差为-5.751 7% ~6.049 3%,平均相对误差2.145 7%,预测结果能满足煤矿安全生产实际工程应用要求。     

城市地铁岩溶隐患多孔电阻率联合成像技术研究*

为有效解决二维电法在探测异常体空间形态上的不足,基于有限差分算法,建立溶洞与跨孔电阻率组合模型,探讨溶洞剖面投影位置及偏移距与电阻率响应变化特征,将跨孔电阻率数据体进行跨孔三维联合反演成像。结果表明:溶洞模型距跨孔探测剖面较近时,实际投影至剖面上位置不同,导致探测效果差异较大;随溶洞模型偏移距增大,溶洞投影中心位置电阻率整体表现为前期缓慢、中期迅速、后期减缓并最终趋于稳定的非线性变化趋势,溶洞模型旁侧效应影响范围约8 m。三维联合反演结果能立体可视化展示溶洞空间发育形态,在城市地铁超前地质灾害精准探测方面具有一定应用价值。     

面向危化品仓储堆垛三维几何重建的单目视觉标定算法研究

为了解决安全生产部门对危化品仓存储缺乏有效技术手段的问题,构建了五元组参数单目视觉成像模型并提出一种相机标定方法。该方法无需已知相机内参数信息,仅通过2个标识点成像关系就可实现参数标定,避免了传统算法实现过程复杂、运算量大等问题。标定得到的参数作为堆垛三维几何重建运算的基本条件,重建的效果则客观评价了标定参数的精确性。试验结果表明:提出的标定算法易于实现,其结果在堆垛几何重建过程中有较强的鲁棒性,重建结果与实际情况比较误差很小,适用于危化品仓储五距的监管。     

用投影寻踪分类模型进行环境监测优化布点

为处理各单项环境监测指标优选结果的不相容问题,提出用投影寻踪分类模型(PPC-RAGA)进行环境监测优化布点的新方法.利用该模型可把监测点多维环境指标值综合成一维投影值,投影值越大表示该监测点的环境综合质量越差,根据投影值的大小就可对环境监测点样本集进行合理分类.采用实码加速遗传算法进行PPC-RAGA建模,简化了投影寻踪技术的实现过程,克服了目前投影寻踪技术计算复杂、编程实现困难的缺点,为投影寻踪技术在各种系统工程中的广泛应用提供了新的工具.应用实例表明,直接由样本数据驱动的PPC-RAGA模型用于环境监测优化布点,简便可行,计算结果稳健,适用性和可操作性强,在非线性、非正态高维数据分类中具有广泛的应用价值.     

基于改进PPC模型的铁路弃渣场综合风险评价系统

为了客观准确地评估铁路弃渣场的综合风险,建立基于改进投影寻踪聚类（PPC）模型的风险评价模型。首先建立了6个维度共19个因素的指标体系,并制定相应评价标准;然后借鉴K均值聚类思想来确定PPC模型关键系数-密度窗宽R,以解决传统方法造成的聚类效果差等问题;同时将遗传算法（GA）作为模型优化算法得到最优投影方向和样本投影值等关键数据;最后以贵昆线铁路的10座弃渣场作为案例研究,研究结果表明:“弃渣场边坡条件”和“地形与地基条件”2个维度对弃渣场的综合风险影响最大;验证了所建模型的科学性,评价结果能够规避人为主观因素的干扰,更加与实际情况相贴合。     

基于迭代退火算法的高压变频器功率单元频繁故障诊断方法研究

现有的变压器故障诊断方法较为复杂且计算冗余度较高,在高压变频器的功率单元频繁发生故障时难以高效地检测故障。为此,提出基于迭代退火算法的高压变频器功率单元频繁故障诊断方法。采用小波包分解方法提取高压变频器功率单元的电压信号特征熵,将该特征熵输入到支持向量机模型。使用迭代退火算法优化支持向量机的训练参数,并输出诊断结果。研究结果表明：该方法提取的高压变频器单元故障的平均冗余度最低至3.2%,平均诊断时间为15.1 ms,可实现高压变频器功率单元频繁故障的高效诊断。     

鲸鱼优化算法下气体泄漏源波达方向估计法

为减小压力容器气体泄漏实时位置估算误差,准确监测容器工况,首先,从声学监测角度提出一种引入鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)的泄漏源估计方法,采用波达方向(DOA)估计法预测气体泄漏位置方向,获得泄漏源角坐标;然后,引入WOA自适应选择方法分解DOA的特征值,多次迭代得到最精确的泄漏位置;最后,以某化工厂中压力容器数据为实际算例,...     

焊肉位置对连续管冲蚀磨损规律研究

针对连续管在压裂作业时连续管内壁易受冲蚀磨损甚至导致失效的问题,基于液固两相流和冲蚀理论,利用FLUENT软件对比研究了带焊肉的直连续管、360°弯曲连续管、正弦弯曲连续管等连续管的内壁冲蚀磨损以及焊肉位置对360°弯曲连续管的冲蚀磨损规律。研究表明:360°弯曲连续管的最大冲蚀速率较直连续管增加了近22倍,正弦弯曲连续管的最大冲蚀速率较直连续管增加了近264倍;在360°弯曲连续管中,焊肉分布在外侧时连续管所受的最大冲蚀速率较无焊肉增加了约57%,焊肉在连续管内的扭转角度由90°增加到360°时,连续管最大冲蚀速率增加了约277%,建议控制焊肉位置以及焊肉扭转程度以减小冲蚀磨损。     

地下储库掘进爆破地表震动角度效应分析

为确定地下工程爆破掘进对地表建筑震动影响,采用TC-4850型爆破测振仪对地表周围建筑物进行实时监测。通过对振动速度监测数据与爆源距以及装药量之间的关系进行分析,研究地表振动特性及变化规律。研究结果表明:掌子面掘进前方地表振速监测数据进行拟合,相关性较好,而掘进后方则相关性较差;爆源距与掌子面在水平面投影夹角越小,监测数据相关性较强,而该夹角越大监测数据相关性较差;在掌子面后方,爆源距在水平面投影越是接近于垂直掌子面,地表振速越高,具有放大效应。     

基于Pc-Crash的车辆侧滑事故再现方法

为准确再现车辆侧滑事故,基于Pc-Crash软件,提出一种分步再现事故的方法。该方法首先仿真事故车辆侧滑运动,获得侧滑车辆碰撞前瞬间运动状态参数;然后定义新仿真以再现侧滑车辆与事故其他参与者的碰撞;重复此2步骤,以确保仿真中痕迹与事故中痕迹最相符合。最后就一例车辆侧滑后与过往车辆发生碰撞的事故,演示该分步再现方法各步骤的实现途径。结果显示,利用Pc-Crash软件分步再现车辆侧滑事故,能较为容易地控制再现过程,保证仿真中痕迹与现实情况的一致性。     

Visual Costs of the Inhomogeneity of Luminance and Contrast by Viewing LCD-TFT Screens Off-Axis

In this study the anisotropic characteristics of TFT-LCD (Thin-Film-Transistor- Liquid Crystal Display) screens were examined. Anisotropy occurs as the distribution of luminance and contrast changes over the screen surface due to different viewing angles. On the basis of detailed photometric measurements the detection performance in a visual reaction task was measured in different viewing conditions. Viewing angle (0°, frontal view; 30°, off-axis; 50°, off-axis) as well as ambient lighting (a dark or illuminated room) were varied. Reaction times and accuracy of detection performance were recorded. Results showed TFT’s anisotropy to be a crucial factor deteriorating performance. With an increasing viewing angle performance decreased. It is concluded that TFT’s anisotropy is a limiting factor for overall suitability and usefulness of this new display technology.     

基于前景理论的地铁施工灾后重建方案决策研究

为解决地铁施工灾后有限重建方案的多属性决策问题,以技术先进性、工程造价、工期、对周围居民的生活的影响及环境保护措施可靠性作为决策属性指标,采用考虑决策者参照依赖、损失规避和敏感性递减等心理行为特征的多属性决策分析方法—前景理论,以综合前景值的大小作为评价指标,进行重建方案的选择,计算结果与工程实际较吻合。该研究方法可用于灾后重建方案的决策问题,为决策者提供了理论参考和决策依据。     

火灾后既有结构混凝土损伤评估的突变模型

为了充分考虑火灾后混凝土损伤的多种控制因素,简便而可靠的混凝土损伤综合评估方法,选取抗压强度、耐久性、爆裂和裂纹等4个损失系数为评价指标,采用突变理论的归一化公式和突变原则,构建火灾后混凝土损伤综合评估的突变模型,并予以工程实例分析。结果表明:该方法与模糊综合法、投影寻踪法、分形插值法、属性识别法、可拓物元法的评价结果具有较好的一致性,评价结果客观准确,是一种简单实用的火灾后混凝土损伤综合评估新方法。     

基于博弈赋权和灰色关联投影的电网综合风险评估方法

为了对风险形式多样化的电网进行全面客观的评估,提出了一种基于博弈赋权和灰色关联投影的电网综合风险评估方法。首先,通过分析现代电网面临的风险因素,从网架结构、运行状态、能源供给3个方面重新构建了风险评估指标体系;其次,基于博弈赋权模型融合指标主观权值与客观权值,最大化消除了单一赋权法造成的权值偏差;然后,通过灰色关联投影模型计算风险指标样本在理想解上的投影,并以风险指标样本对负理想解的优属度来表征电网综合风险大小;最后,通过案例分析验证了所提方法的有效性和正确性。研究所得电网综合风险评估结果具有合理性和可靠性,对电网调度规划决策的形成具有一定的指导作用。     

Driver Injury Risk Variability in Finite Element Reconstructions of Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) Frontal Motor Vehicle Crashes

Objective: A 3-phase real-world motor vehicle crash (MVC) reconstruction method was developed to analyze injury variability as a function of precrash occupant position for 2 full-frontal Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) cases.

Method: Phase I: A finite element (FE) simplified vehicle model (SVM) was developed and tuned to mimic the frontal crash characteristics of the CIREN case vehicle (Camry or Cobalt) using frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) crash test data. Phase II: The Toyota HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) v4.01 was positioned in 120 precrash configurations per case within the SVM. Five occupant positioning variables were varied using a Latin hypercube design of experiments: seat track position, seat back angle, D-ring height, steering column angle, and steering column telescoping position. An additional baseline simulation was performed that aimed to match the precrash occupant position documented in CIREN for each case. Phase III: FE simulations were then performed using kinematic boundary conditions from each vehicle's event data recorder (EDR). HIC15, combined thoracic index (CTI), femur forces, and strain-based injury metrics in the lung and lumbar vertebrae were evaluated to predict injury.

Results: Tuning the SVM to specific vehicle models resulted in close matches between simulated and test injury metric data, allowing the tuned SVM to be used in each case reconstruction with EDR-derived boundary conditions. Simulations with the most rearward seats and reclined seat backs had the greatest HIC15, head injury risk, CTI, and chest injury risk. Calculated injury risks for the head, chest, and femur closely correlated to the CIREN occupant injury patterns. CTI in the Camry case yielded a 54% probability of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ chest injury in the baseline case simulation and ranged from 34 to 88% (mean = 61%) risk in the least and most dangerous occupant positions. The greater than 50% probability was consistent with the case occupant's AIS 2 hemomediastinum. Stress-based metrics were used to predict injury to the lower leg of the Camry case occupant. The regional-level injury metrics evaluated for the Cobalt case occupant indicated a low risk of injury; however, strain-based injury metrics better predicted pulmonary contusion. Approximately 49% of the Cobalt occupant's left lung was contused, though the baseline simulation predicted 40.5% of the lung to be injured.

Conclusions: A method to compute injury metrics and risks as functions of precrash occupant position was developed and applied to 2 CIREN MVC FE reconstructions. The reconstruction process allows for quantification of the sensitivity and uncertainty of the injury risk predictions based on occupant position to further understand important factors that lead to more severe MVC injuries.     

基于投影寻踪和阶梯型曲线的水质恢复能力评价模型

利用投影寻踪、遗传算法、阶梯型曲线和水体水质恢复能力评价标准,为水体水质恢复能力综合评价提出了一种新的方法--遗传投影寻踪方法(GPPM).GPPM可把水体水质恢复能力多维评价样本指标综合成一维投影指标值.根据该投影指标值的大小就可以对该样本集进行统一评价,从而解决了各单项水体水质恢复能力评价指标评价结果的不相容问题,提高了水体水质恢复能力综合评价问题各层次的分辩力.文中给出了GPPM实施的详细步骤,并在各等级中分别产生建模样本50个、100个、500个、1 000个、1 500个和2 000个,对评价模型参数的稳定性进行了检验,结果表明所建模型是稳定的.根据黄河干流三类主要污染物BOD、氨氮和挥发酚的浓度对黄河干流的水质恢复能力进行了评价,发现整体上黄河干流的水质恢复能力较弱.GPPM不仅可以对水体水质恢复能力进行综合评价,还可以确定评价指标的权重.GPPM可广泛应用于各种水质综合评价问题中.     

基于改进型萤火虫群优化算法泄漏源源强及位置反算研究*

针对标准萤火虫群优化算法（GSO）在危化品泄漏源源强及位置反算中存在精度不高,容易陷入局部最优等局限,提出混合萤火虫-Nelder Mead单纯形算法（GSO-NM）,并与基于步长的改进萤火虫群优化算法（MGSO）以及单纯形搜索混合协同进化萤火虫群优化算法（HCGSOSSM）进行比较分析,将3种改进型萤火虫群优化算法应用于泄漏源源强及位置反算中进行比较分析。研究结果表明:GSO-NM算法可以有效提高定位精度和稳定性,能较为精确地反算出泄漏源源强及位置,为泄漏源源强及位置反算研究提供1种新思路。     

Lumbar Bone Mineral Density Phantomless Computed Tomography Measurements and Correlation with Age and Fracture Incidence

Objective: Low bone quality is a contributing factor to motor vehicle crash (MVC) injury. Quantification of occupant bone mineral density (BMD) is important from an injury causation standpoint. The first aim of this study was to validate a technique for measuring lumbar volumetric BMD (vBMD) from phantomless computed tomography (CT) scans. The second aim was to apply the validated phantomless technique to quantify lumbar vBMD in Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) occupants for correlation with age, fracture incidence, and osteopenia/osteoporosis diagnoses.

Methods: Quantitative CT (qCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were collected prospectively for 50 subjects and used to validate a technique to measure vBMD from 281 phantomless CT scans of CIREN occupants. Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements were collected from the L1–L5 vertebrae, right psoas major muscle, and anterior subcutaneous fat for all subjects and from 3 phantom ports with known mg/cc calcium hydroxyapatite values for the validation group. qCT calibration was accomplished using regressions between the phantom HU and mg/cc values to convert L1–L5 HU values to mg/cc. A phantomless calibration technique was developed where the fat and muscle HU values were linearly regressed against fat (?69 mg/cc) and muscle (77 mg/cc) to establish a conversion for L1–L5 HU measurements to mg/cc. vBMD calculated from qCT versus the phantomless method was compared for the 50 subjects to assess agreement and a mg/cc osteopenia threshold was established using DXA T-scores. CIREN HU measurements were converted to mg/cc using the phantomless technique and the mg/cc osteopenia threshold was used to compare vBMD to age, fracture incidence, and osteopenia comorbidity classifications in CIREN.

Results: Linear regression of lumbar vBMD derived from the qCT versus phantomless calibrations showed excellent agreement (R² = 0.87, P <.0001). A 145 mg/cc threshold for osteopenia was established (sensitivity = 1, specificity = 0.57) and 44 CIREN occupants had vBMD below this threshold. Of these 44 occupants, 64% were not classified as osteopenic in CIREN, but vBMD suggested undiagnosed osteopenia. Age was negatively correlated with vBMD in both sexes (P <.0001) and CIREN occupants with less than 145 mg/cc vBMD sustained an average 1.7 additional rib/sternum fractures (P =.036).

Conclusions: Because lumbar vBMD was estimated from phantomless CT scans with accuracy similar to qCT, the phantomless technique can be broadly applied to both prospectively and retrospectively assess patient bone quality for research and clinical studies related to MVCs, falls, and aging.