基于生态系统服务功能的穿越水源保护区公路设置开口的生态系统影响评估

生态系统服务功能在研究道路交通工程的生态影响方面有着重要的作用,尤其是对于存在交通穿越的饮用水水源保护区的生态系统影响评价。以深圳东部某高速公路设置开口为研究对象,计算公路开口带来的生态系统服务功能(包括调节气候、固碳释氧、土壤保持、涵养水源、净化环境、减弱噪声、农业生产直接经济价值、物种保育8个方面)损失。在此基础上,结合环境污染损失、经济社会效益和工程建设费用进行了损益综合分析,以全面评估饮用水水源保护区公路开口的生态系统影响。结果表明,该穿越水水源保护区的高速公路开口设置方案对于生态系统的影响很大,效益损失比为17.51%,方案的生态环境可行性不足,应予以修改完善。     

快速城镇化背景下环渤海地区生态系统服务价值变化

在快速城镇化背景下,研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值(ESV)的影响具有重要意义。以环渤海地区为研究对象,对该地区1980、2000、2005、2013年的土地利用变化、ESV变化和流向损益进行了分析测算。结果表明:(1)1980—2013年,城镇化进程促使环渤海地区的土地利用结构发生明显变化,农田、森林、草地、湿地、荒漠的面积持续减少,建设用地一直增加,水域面积先增后降。(2)土地利用变化使环渤海地区ESV先略微增长后下降,2013年ESV为6 005亿元,相比1980年水平(6 504亿元)降低7.7%,其中建设用地转入造成ESV损失最大,1980—2013年建设用地转入造成损失585亿元,占ESV损失总量的45.9%;(3)调节服务是环渤海区域生态系统的主导性生态系统服务功能,其对ESV的贡献从1980年起一直超过65%。(4)环渤海地区ESV排名前3位的城市为丹东、天津和大连,除营口、东营、日照和潍坊外,其余城市的ESV一直处于下降趋势。(5)未来应通过避免"摊大饼式"发展和建立城镇化建设中生态补偿机制等方式推动环渤海地区城镇化建设和生态保护协调发展。     

矿区景观格局演变及生态系统服务价值响应

以铜锣山南段矿区为研究目标,借助高分辨率遥感数据获取景观覆被信息,测算景观格局指数和修正后的生态系统服务价值(ESV,万元)。结果表明:(1)ESV总计增加76.34万元。林地和水域的ESV上涨幅度最高,分别增加61.47万、22.34万元。山脊的峰丛及边缘、319国道沿线和采矿区中心地的ESV增长明显,植被恢复、水环境修复工程等有效改善了矿区生态环境。(2)各类景观的敏感性指数(CS)都小于1,其中2018年林地CS为0.83、未利用地CS接近于0。ESV对生态系统服务价值系数的变化缺乏弹性,说明核算结果可靠,可为生态修复提供参考。     

基于渔网法的长丰县生态系统服务价值时空演变及驱动力研究

基于生态系统服务理论,乡村振兴的实质是增长乡村景观生态系统服务价值(ESV)。以安徽省长丰县为例,利用2000—2020年3期土地利用数据,采用渔网法与景观类型动态度、单位面积价值当量法、地理探测器模型等方法结合,分析景观结构变化特征、ESV特征及其空间分布和ESV空间分异驱动力,对长丰县景观ESV提升提供建议。结果显示,近20年,长丰县以耕地景观为主,占比均在0.8以上,水体、林地景观大幅增长,增长量分别为3.669×10³、1.258×10³ hm²。总ESV呈增加趋势,从1.098×10⁹元增长至1.756×10⁹元,主要是退耕还林、还湖对生态系统服务功能提升具有积极作用;ESV高的区域分布与水体、湿地和林地分布一致;各景观类型敏感性系数均小于1,评估结果可信;归一化植被指数(NDVI)的驱动力度最高,为0.349,是长丰县ESV空间分异的主要驱动因子,且多因子交互作用的影响比单因子更为显著。     

环保催化剂在环境保护中的应用研究进展

环境问题是人类不能回避的现实问题，以环境保护为目的的催化化学在解决环境保护问题中起着核心作用，本文从狭义上综合了除去SO2，NOX，CO2及N2O等污染物质用的环保催化剂的种类和应用研究进展以来未来环保催化剂研究发展，重点介绍了环保催化剂在脱硫，脱氮及净化汽车尾气方面的应用情况。     

水生生态系统在污水处理中的应用

利用水生生态系统治理水体污染是污水处理领域的研究热点之一.综述了水生生态系统在处理污水中的应用现状,分析了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了水生生态系统处理废水的运行机理,展望了水生生态系统的发展前景.     

Development of a Concept for Non-monetary Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services at the Site Level

Determining the performance of ecosystem services at the city or regional level cannot accurately take into account the fine differences between green or gray structures. The supply of regulating ecosystem services in, for instance, parks can differ as parks vary in their land cover composition. A comprehensive ecosystem service assessment approach also needs to reflect land use to consider the demands placed on ecosystem services, which are mostly neglected by current research yet important for urban planning. For instance, if a sealed surface is no longer used, it could be unsealed to improve ecosystem service supply. Because of these scientific shortcomings, this article argues for a conceptual framework for the non-monetary assessment of urban ecosystem services at the site scale. This paper introduces a standardized method for selecting representative sites and evaluating their supply of and demand on ecosystem services. The conceptual design is supplemented by examples of Salzburg, Austria.     

Ecosystem Services in Urban Landscapes: Practical Applications and Governance Implications

Urban landscapes are the everyday environment for the majority of the global population, and almost 80 % of the Europeans live in urban areas. The continuous growth in the number and size of urban areas along with an increasing demand on resources and energy poses great challenges for ensuring human welfare in cities while preventing an increasing loss of biodiversity. The understanding of how urban ecosystems function, provide goods and services for urban dwellers; and how they change and what allows and limits their performance can add to the understanding of ecosystem change and governance in general in an ever more human-dominated world. This Special Issue aims at bridging the knowledge gap among urbanization, demand creation, and provisioning of ecosystem services in urban regions on the one hand and schemes of urban governance and planning on the other.     

Urban Ecosystem Services for Resilience Planning and Management in New York City

We review the current state of knowledge about urban ecosystem services in New York City (NYC) and how these services are regulated, planned for, and managed. Focusing on ecosystem services that have presented challenges in NYC—including stormwater quality enhancement and flood control, drinking water quality, food provisioning and recreation—we find that mismatches between the scale of production and scale of management occur where service provision is insufficient. Adequate production of locally produced services and services which are more accessible when produced locally is challenging in the context of dense urban development that is characteristic of NYC. Management approaches are needed to address scale mismatches in the production and consumption of ecosystem services. By coordinating along multiple scales of management and promoting best management practices, urban leaders have an opportunity to ensure that nature and ecosystem processes are protected in cities to support the delivery of fundamental urban ecosystem services.     

A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts,Models, and Implementation

Although a number of comprehensive reviews have examined global ecosystem services (ES), few have focused on studies that assess urban ecosystem services (UES). Given that more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, understanding the dualism of the provision of and need for UES is of critical importance. Which UES are the focus of research, and what types of urban land use are examined? Are models or decision support systems used to assess the provision of UES? Are trade-offs considered? Do studies of UES engage stakeholders? To address these questions, we analyzed 217 papers derived from an ISI Web of Knowledge search using a set of standardized criteria. The results indicate that most UES studies have been undertaken in Europe, North America, and China, at city scale. Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A Review of the Elements of Human Well-Being with an Emphasis on the Contribution of Ecosystem Services

Natural ecosystems perform fundamental life-support services upon which human civilization depends. However, many people believe that nature provides these services for free and therefore, they are of little or no value. While we do not pay for them, we pay significantly for their loss in terms of wastewater treatment facilities, moratoriums on greenhouse gases, increased illnesses, reduced soil fertility and losses in those images of nature that contribute to our basic happiness. Little is understood about the well-being benefits of the natural environment and its ecosystem services. The interwoven relationship of ecosystems and human well-being is insufficiently acknowledged in the wider philosophical, social, and economic well-being literature. In this article, we discuss an approach to examine human well-being and the interactions of its four primary elements-basic human needs, economic needs, environmental needs, and subjective well-being-and ecosystem services.     

Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air Quality and Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona,Spain

Mounting research highlights the contribution of ecosystem services provided by urban forests to quality of life in cities, yet these services are rarely explicitly considered in environmental policy targets. We quantify regulating services provided by urban forests and evaluate their contribution to comply with policy targets of air quality and climate change mitigation in the municipality of Barcelona, Spain. We apply the i-Tree Eco model to quantify in biophysical and monetary terms the ecosystem services “air purification,” “global climate regulation,” and the ecosystem disservice “air pollution” associated with biogenic emissions. Our results show that the contribution of urban forests regulating services to abate pollution is substantial in absolute terms, yet modest when compared to overall city levels of air pollution and GHG emissions. We conclude that in order to be effective, green infrastructure-based efforts to offset urban pollution at the municipal level have to be coordinated with territorial policies at broader spatial scales.     

Linking Salmon Aquaculture Synergies and Trade-Offs on Ecosystem Services to Human Wellbeing Constituents

Salmon aquaculture has emerged as a successful economic industry generating high economic revenues to invest in the development of Chiloe region, Southern Chile. However, salmon aquaculture also consumes a substantial amount of ecosystem services, and the direct and indirect impacts on human wellbeing are still unknown and unexplored. This paper identifies the synergies and trade-offs caused by the salmon industry on a range of ecosystem services. The results show that large economic benefits due to the increase of provisioning ecosystem services are also causing a reduction on regulating and cultural services. Despite the improvement on average income and poverty levels experienced in communities closely associated with the sector, this progress is not large enough and social welfare did not improve substantially over the last decade. The rest of human wellbeing constituents in Chiloe region have not changed significantly compared to the development in the rest of the country.     

From Valuation to Governance: Using Choice Experiment to Value Street Trees

This paper reports a choice experiment used to estimate the value of street trees in the city center of Lodz, Poland, and the broader context of how valuation results helped to improve governance of urban ecosystem services in this city. Based on a simplified inventory of trees, we prepared a set of hypothetical programs which put varying emphasis on the different ways to increase the numbers of trees, along with different levels of a hypothetical tax that would have to be paid by respondents to implement a given program. Our study indicated that the 351 surveyed Lodz residents were willing to pay the highest price for greening those streets where currently there are few or no trees and confirmed the general importance of planting trees. The results provided an argument in the debate on the new development strategy for the city and helped to promote the concept of ecosystem services.     

The Challenges of Incorporating Cultural Ecosystem Services into Environmental Assessment

The ecosystem services concept is used to make explicit the diverse benefits ecosystems provide to people, with the goal of improving assessment and, ultimately, decision-making. Alongside material benefits such as natural resources (e.g., clean water, timber), this concept includes—through the ‘cultural’ category of ecosystem services—diverse non-material benefits that people obtain through interactions with ecosystems (e.g., spiritual inspiration, cultural identity, recreation). Despite the longstanding focus of ecosystem services research on measurement, most cultural ecosystem services have defined measurement and inclusion alongside other more ‘material’ services. This gap in measurement of cultural ecosystem services is a product of several perceived problems, some of which are not real problems and some of which can be mitigated or even solved without undue difficulty. Because of the fractured nature of the literature, these problems continue to plague the discussion of cultural services. In this paper we discuss several such problems, which although they have been addressed singly, have not been brought together in a single discussion. There is a need for a single, accessible treatment of the importance and feasibility of integrating cultural ecosystem services alongside others.     

Ecosystem service lens reveals diverse community values of small-scale fisheries

The ocean provides benefits to coastal communities around the world, however, the depth and complexity of people’s interactions with marine ecosystems are not well represented in many marine management initiatives. Many fisheries are managed to maximize provisioning value, which is readily quantified, while ignoring cultural values. An ecosystem services approach that includes both provisioning and cultural services will enable managers to better account for the diverse values marine fisheries provide to coastal communities. In this study, we assess community values related to a top fished species, the Mexican chocolate clam, Megapitaria squalida, in Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico. We conducted an exploratory analysis based on 42 household surveys, and found that community members perceive multiple provisioning and cultural benefits from the clam, including community economic, historical, and identity values. Despite reporting infrequent harvest and consumption of clams, participants perceive the species as an important part of community identity, highlighting the role of Mexican chocolate clams as a cultural keystone species in the Loreto region. Fisheries management that recognizes the full range of ecosystem services a species contributes to coastal communities will be better equipped to sustain these diverse values into the future.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01405-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.