中国农业污染防控的制度约束研究

中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,正经历着越发严重的农业污染问题;对农业污染防控的制度性约束因素进行深入分析,是实现有效污染防控的前提,具有积极的理论和现实意义。对中国农业污染防控的制度约束分析研究表明：农业污染及其防控涉及的利益主体关系及相关制度设计,对各利益主体形成了污染防控负激励,加重了农业污染;城乡＂二元＂结构及其衍生的一系列体制问题,导致＂三农＂在农业环境治理、农村公共物品提供等方面被严重边缘化,进而直接制约了农业污染防控;此外,高度分散的小规模农户经营模式也不利于农业污染防控。最后,针对中国农业污染防控的制度性约束因素,提出了有针对性的农业污染防控政策建议。     

Rural industries and water pollution in China

Water pollution from small rural industries is a serious problem throughout China. Over half of all river sections monitored for water quality are rated as being unsafe for human contact, and this pollution is estimated to cost several per cent of GDP. While China has some of the toughest environmental protection laws in the world, the implementation of these laws in rural areas is not effective. This paper explains the reasons for this implementation gap. It argues that the factors that have underpinned the economic success of rural industry are precisely the same factors that cause water pollution from rural industry to remain such a serious problem in China. This means that the control of rural water pollution is not simply a technical problem of designing a more appropriate governance system, or finding better policy instruments or more funding. Instead, solutions lie in changes in the model that underpins rural development in China.     

水泥工业清洁生产与环境保护初探

水泥工业是个能耗高、污染物排放量大的重污染行业,其对环境的污染主要是粉尘污染。在水泥厂实施清洁生产的潜力很大,不仅可以降低能耗、物耗,减少污染物的排放,同时,由于加强了管理,有助于提高生产效率,提高产品质量,降低生产成本,增强市场竞争力,可产生明显的经济、环境和社会效益     

“十一五”期间昌黎县环境空气质量变化分析及建议

＂十一五＂期间,昌黎县采取多项措施进行环境空气综合整治,城区环境空气质量持续改善,但还存在绿化水平低,废气处理设施落后,机动车尾气污染,城市建设带来的扬尘污染以及环保机构监管力量薄弱等因素。为了进一步改善环境空气质量,针对上述问题从提高绿化水平,深入开展大气污染源治理,控制机动车尾气污染和扬尘污染,加强环境监管等方面提出了切实可行的防治对策及建议。     

我国农业农村污染治理与监管体系主要问题及对策建议

我国农村环保工作起步晚、基础差、保障不足,主要表现为政策标准体系尚需完善、农业农村污染治理责任仍未充分落实、适应农村社会经济特点的环境监管机制亟待建立、农业农村污染治理模式欠缺以及农村环境保护技术帮扶和宣传教育任重道远。针对这些问题,结合国内外实践经验,本文提出几点建议:一是要建立全面协调的农村生态环境管理政策体系;二是要夯实各级政府和部门的农村环保责任;三是要构建适应农村特点的环境监管体系;四是要探索便捷有效的农村环境治理模式;五是要完善农村环境教育和帮扶体系。     

发展循环经济是农村城镇化环境保护的必然抉择

农村城镇化在给农村经济带来繁荣和发展的同时，也带来了外部不经济问题。伴随着农村城镇化进程的加快，农村及城镇环境污染越来越严重。要协调好城镇发展与环境保护问题就必须发展循环经济，在城镇建立起企业内部清洁生产、企业间生态工业园区、工农业的多级生态链接、社会循环利用四个层次的循环模式，实现经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。     

Multi-angle Indicators System of Non-point Pollution Source Assessment in Rural Areas: A Case Study Near Taihu Lake

This study aims to identify key environmental risk sources contributing to water eutrophication and to suggest certain risk management strategies for rural areas. The multi-angle indicators included in the risk source assessment system were non-point source pollution, deficient waste treatment, and public awareness of environmental risk, which combined psychometric paradigm methods, the contingent valuation method, and personal interviews to describe the environmental sensitivity of local residents. Total risk values of different villages near Taihu Lake were calculated in the case study, which resulted in a geographic risk map showing which village was the critical risk source of Taihu eutrophication. The increased application of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), loss vulnerability of pollutant, and a lack of environmental risk awareness led to more serious non-point pollution, especially in rural China. Interesting results revealed by the quotient between the scores of objective risk sources and subjective risk sources showed what should be improved for each study village. More environmental investments, control of agricultural activities, and promotion of environmental education are critical considerations for rural environmental management. These findings are helpful for developing targeted and effective risk management strategies in rural areas.     

我国环保产业“十二五”技术发展重点领域

基于我国环保产业的发展现状及政策背景,介绍了"十二五"我国环保产业发展重点技术领域及发展方向,包括水污染控制、大气污染控制、固体废弃物处理处置、噪声污染控制、土壤污染控制、重金属污染控制、农村面源污染控制等领域。     

新形势下我国环境管理与改革取向

在"十三五"我国经济新常态的大逻辑下,环境管理机遇和挑战并存。污染欠账多、污染随着产业转移、政策执行走样、排污收费覆盖面窄、收取率低等,制约环境管理和环保产业的发展。对环境污染的严重性和复杂性、生态环境形势的十分严峻性,以及对污染治理的艰巨性和长期性,应当有一个清醒认识。扭转环境保护与经济发展不协调、不可持续状况,满足城乡居民日益高涨的环境诉求,必须调整环境管理思路,加快改革步伐,扭转环境保护"弱势"格局,厘清环境管理、环境事业和环境市场之间的关系,形成以排污许可证为依据的管理主线、以环境标准为准绳的倒逼机制,以环境司法裁定为常态的终身责任追究制度,创造一个人人守法、企业自觉治理污染和保护环境的社会氛围。     

张店区水泥行业发展策略

调查发现,张店区水泥行业整体经营粗放,资源、能源消耗高,综合利用水平低,生产能力落后,其生产对环境造成了严重的粉尘、废气和噪声污染。基于此基本情况,根据水泥行业产业政策,建议张店区水泥行业进行工艺创新、材料创新,完善水泥产业链,环保部门要加大监察力度。     

浅谈兵团中小企业可持续发展与环境保护

新疆生产建设兵团（简称兵团）的中小企业在兵团经济中占有重要地位,但在企业发展的同时,在污染负荷中所占的比例也在相应地上升。本文分析了兵团中小企业的发展现状及带来的环境问题,并提出了解决对策。     

用机会成本法测算乡镇砖厂的环境经济损益

乡镇砖厂是乡镇企业中的一大财政支柱，目前，绝大多数的砖厂都生产粘土砖，因此，建成 了制砖取土毁地的现象十分严重，而制砖过程排放的大气污染物对农村环境质量的影响也很大，使农村生态环境逐步恶，本文根据机会成本法对佳木斯市乡镇砖厂毁地作环境经济的损益分析。     

试论我国农业环境保护战略问题

我国是发展中的国家，农业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位，环境污染和生态破坏是农业潜伏着的生态危机，也是农业发展过程中亟待解决的重大问题。如何从我国农业环境问题的特点和农业经济现状出发，制定出与农业经济发展相适应遥农业环境保护战略，是我国农业发展和环境保护工作中的一项重要任务。本文就我国农业环境保护的战略地位和作用、指导思想和方针、目标和重点、措施等一系列战略问题，进行初步探讨。     

严控污染下乡 加强农村环境保护

污染下乡作为伴随城市化和工业化快速发展中出现的新问题,给农村环境带来了较大威胁。本文结合实地调研,分析了污染下乡给农村环境带来的影响,探究了当前污染下乡日趋严重的根源,并从严控污染下乡的视角,尝试提出了加强农村环境保护的对策建议。     

Economic and financial aspects of mine closure

Today, mine reclamation is a key component to a successful mine plan. Most of the industrialized nations have recognized the need to make mining activities relatively environmentally friendly, if they want to continue to benefit from the economic gains from mineral resource development. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa are leaders in the field and have implemented relatively sophisticated legislation to ensure environmentally correct mine closure. These countries rely on a combination of strict control strategies and economic penalties to ensure compliance. Yet, from the firm's perspective, reclamation activities are counterproductive as they cut into profits. In order to attract economic development and earn much needed economic capital, most of the rest of the world, particularly the developing countries, lack effective mine closure legislation. The traditional command and control type of legislation that is sometimes used is either vague and therefore avoided, or not enforced appropriately, resulting in an undesirable level of environmental degradation. With the use of case studies from Brazil, this article shows that direct controls are effective in some instances and not in others. It proposes that economic and financial tools may be more effective than the traditional direct controls in getting firms to comply with environmental standards, particularly in developing countries where environmental compliance is more difficult to achieve. It explains the use of performance bonding as one type of economic incentive that has proven to be an effective environmental policy in mine planning and closure. The authors additionally push beyond the typical style of performance bonds to introduce a flexible bonding and insurance system that allows governments to maintain strict environmental standards but limits firms financial exposure during the mining process. Such a system learns from the successes of the industrialized countries that use performance bonding and is sensitive to the needs of developing nations to attract investment yet maintain environmental integrity.     

Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China

China is confronted with the dual task of developing its national economy and protecting its ecological environment. Since the 1980s, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development have experienced five changes: (1) progression from the adoption of environmental protection as a basic state policy to the adoption of sustainable development strategy; (2) changing focus from pollution control to ecological conservation equally; (3) shifting from end-of-pipe treatment to source control; (4) moving from point source treatment to regional environmental governance; and (5) a turn away from administrative management-based approaches and towards a legal means and economic instruments-based approach. Since 1992, China has set down sustainable development as a basic national strategy. However, environmental pollution and ecological degradation in China have continued to be serious problems and have inflicted great damage on the economy and quality of life. The beginning of the 21st century is a critical juncture for China's efforts towards sustaining rapid economic development, intensifying environmental protection efforts, and curbing ecological degradation. As the largest developing country, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development will be of primary importance not only for China, but also the world. Realizing a completely well-off society by the year 2020 is seen as a crucial task by the Chinese government and an important goal for China's economic development in the new century, however, attaining it would require a four-fold increase over China's year 2000 GDP. Therefore, speeding up economic development is a major mission during the next two decades and doing so will bring great challenges in controlling depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution. By taking a critical look at the development of Chinese environmental policy, we try to determine how best to coordinate the relationship between the environment and the economy in order to improve quality of life and the sustainability of China's resources and environment. Examples of important measures include: adjustment of economic structure, reform of energy policy, development of environmental industry, pollution prevention and ecological conservation, capacity building, and international cooperation and public participation.     

福建省新农村建设之生活污水处理模式探究

针对福建省农村自然环境特征、污染现状以及经济、环境管理水平,总结了多种农村生活污水处理模式,并进行了简单的技术、经济分析,以期为福建省新农村建设之农村生活污水处理提供可资借鉴的经验。     

工业“大迁移”对重污染天气的加剧作用及对策分析

重污染天气的产生从源头上看主要在于"人为"因素，而工业污染源在其中的作用显而易见。现阶段，工业在全国范围的"大迁移"正如火如荼地进行着，并对重污染天气的形成产生不容忽视的加剧作用。从作用机理上看，工业"大迁移"容易形成大量的废气排放集聚地，工业园区承接产业转移时成为重污染天气加剧的"发源地"，而城市化进程的加快以及与自然作用的叠加都加剧了问题的严重性。基于此，本文以为应从治理的需要出发，除了已有的制度、措施外，还须完善跨区域协同治理，构建产业转移生态补偿机制；大力推进大气环境修复；加强欠发达地区和农村、城市郊区的环保基础设施建设，改进工业园区的环境管理模式；改善工业企业生存状况，引导公众有序参与大气污染治理。     

Environmental regionalization for the management of township and village enterprises in China.

Environmental regionalization (ER) is the basis of environmental assessment, prediction, planning and decision-making. ER techniques were applied to the management of Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) in China. TVEs are generally middle and small-scale enterprises widely distributed in rural areas with rapid development and high discharge rates of pollutants, which impact heavily on the environment. A set of 13 indicators was chosen to evaluate TVEs in China: (1) runoff depth (P = 75%); (2) rainfall; (3) atmospheric pollution coefficient; (4) percent of forest coverage; (5) national income per capita; (6) economic density of TVEs; (7) population density; (8) environmental management staff at county level; (9) cultivated area per capita; (10) technical advancement of TVEs; (11) environmental impact of TVE industrial structure; (12) ratio of waste water to runoff; and (13) coal consumption density. Fuzzy cluster analysis was employed to conduct quantitative classification. Four zones and seven subzones were obtained. The classification system was adapted to the requirements of environmental management for TVEs at national level.     

The economic dimensions of integrating flood management and agri-environment through washland creation: a case from Somerset, England

In many river floodplains in the UK, there has been a long history of flood defence, land reclamation and water regime management for farming. In recent years, however, changing European and national policies with respect to farming, environment and flood management are encouraging a re-appraisal of land use in rural areas. In particular, there is scope to develop, through the use of appropriate promotional mechanisms, washland areas, which will simultaneously accommodate winter inundation, support extensive farming methods, deliver environmental benefits, and do this in a way which can underpin the rural economy. This paper explores the likely economic impacts of the development of flood storage and washland creation. In doing so, consideration is given to feasibility of this type of development, the environmental implications for a variety of habitats and species, and the financial and institutional mechanisms required to achieve implementation.