计算机杂草识别技术的研究现状

针对不同的杂草种类分别采取光谱分析法，颜色分析法，纹理分析法以及外形分析法来识别的特点，介绍了国外在该领域的研究应用进展，提出了计算机杂草识别技术的意义及在我国的发展前景。     

水中除草剂阿特拉津的测定

采用二氯甲烷液液萃取-氮吹浓缩-丙酮定容去除干扰物,用气相色谱检测水中的阿特拉津,根据保留时间定性,外标法定量.本方法适用于水中阿特拉津的残留量分析,最低检测浓度为4.51×10-2 μg∕L.     

莠去津对野生植物群落下土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为探明亚致死剂量农药对土壤微生物多样性影响,基于大田控制试验,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析喷施亚致死剂量的莠去津对野生植物群落下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明:① 莠去津的喷施浓度对土壤微生物群落利用全部碳源的能力无显著影响（P>0.05）,但与喷施处理后第30天相比,处理后第60天的土壤微生物群落利用全部碳源的能力有所降低,其中处理Ⅰ〔喷施浓度（以质量浓度计）为1 200 g/hm2〕、处理Ⅲ（喷施浓度为300 g/hm2）显著下降（P < 0.05）,而CK（对照组）、处理Ⅱ（喷施浓度为600 g/hm2）降低程度不显著（P>0.05）,并且其各处理间土壤微生物群落对全部碳源的利用能力大小为CK >处理Ⅲ >处理Ⅱ >处理Ⅰ.② 喷施处理后第30天土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物类碳源的利用能力最强,对羧酸类碳源的利用能力相对较弱;喷施处理后第60天土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物类碳源的利用能力降幅最大,处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ分别下降了0.63、0.78、0.85、0.76.③ 喷施除草剂后第30天处理Ⅱ的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著低于其他处理（P < 0.05）,而第60天各处理间多样性指数无显著差异;与喷施处理后第30天相比,第60天各处理多样性指数都有所下降,但没有显著差异（P>0.05）.④ 对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力进行主成分分析结果显示,提取的与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分累积贡献率为86.6%,主成分1能够区分喷施处理后两个时期的土壤微生物群落特征.⑤ 冗余分析（RDA）表明,pH是土壤微生物利用碳源能力差异的重要影响因素之一.研究显示,除草剂莠去津的施用可在一定程度上降低野生植物群落下土壤微生物群落功能多样性.      

Weed potential of Mikania micrantha H.B.K., and its control in fallows after shifting agriculture (Jhum) in North-East India

Mikania micrantha H.B.K. is an exotic, perennial weed which colonizes communities developing after slash and burn agriculture (Jhum) at lower elevations of north-east India. The population dynamics and reproductive potential of M. micrantha was studied. Reproduction through ramets arising from rosettes exceeded that from seeds. The ramet population growth was highest during the monsoon season as a consequence of high population birth and large-scale mortality. Net population increased with increasing age of the fallow for 3 years, and declined drastically in 6- and 12-year-old fallows. Biomass was allocated mainly to the ramet root system in younger fallows and to the rosette root system in older fallows. Seed reproduction potential peaked in a 3-year-old fallow and declined rapidly thereafter. The significance of the results in terms of natural elimination of the species through succession, and the increased weed potential leading to arrested succession under short jhum cycles is discussed.     

重金属污染土壤修复中杂草资源的利用

对重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理、作用方式及亟待解决的问题进行了论述,认为现有修复植物均不同程度存在一些弱点,还难以大规模应用于修复实践。杂草具有抗逆境能力强、生长迅速、繁殖能力强以及在环境条件适宜情况下生物量能够急剧提高等特点,可以弥补现有修复植物的缺点和不足,是较理想的植物修复资源。结合笔者的研究情况,对杂草资源在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的利用方式、修复植物筛选方法进行了论述,而且在植物修复生物量处理方面也进行了讨论,试图为重金属污染土壤植物修复进一步发展提供科学依据。     

Weed and arthropod populations in conventional and genetically modified herbicide tolerant fodder beet fields

The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) crops has raised concerns from both scientists and non-governmental organisations about possible effects on arable flora and fauna due to the changes in herbicide application and management that such crops involve. Three consecutive studies were performed, covering flora and fauna in fields of GMHT and conventional fodder beets over the season, at different locations and under different spraying regimes. At all locations and in the 3 years, a denser and more diverse weed flora and arthropod fauna were found in GMHT beets in early and mid-summer than in conventional beets when glyphosate-treatment occurred at or after label recommendation. Following the herbicide applications the GMHT fields had fewer weed species and seeds and lower weed densities and biomass than conventional fields. However, application of glyphosate earlier than recommended resulted in an extremely low weed diversity, density and biomass during the entire season. Timing of the first glyphosate applications, i.e. the duration of the herbicide free period, was essential in terms of biodiversity improvements. In the long term reduced production of weed seeds in GMHT fields may deplete the weed flora if the GMHT strategy becomes widely adopted.     

东北地区23种杂草对多环芳烃超积累特性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了东北地区23种杂草对土壤中多环芳烃（菲）的积累特性.结果表明,在这23种杂草中,东北蒲公英、委陵菜和白屈菜地上部富集系数均大于1,分别为1.01、4.98、38.24,且地上部菲含量分别为15.18、74.70和573.62 mg/kg,均高于根部的菲含量（分别为2.83、16.34和9.66 ...     

三叶鬼针草等7种常见菊科杂草植物对重金属的集特征

超富集植物是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术最主要的内容,而超富集植物的筛选是植物修复技术的难点和重点.采用室外盆栽试验的方法,研究了我国北方较常见的7种菊科植物对重金属的超富集特征.盆栽筛选试验表明,蒲公英和三叶鬼针草对Cd单一及Cd-Pb-Cu-zn复合污染的耐性较强,植物地上部镉含量分别高于其根部镉含量,地上部镉的富集系数也均大于1,具备了镉超富集植物的基本特征.以这2种植物为试材的盆栽浓度梯度试验表明,当土壤中Cd投加浓度分别为25、50、100 mg·kg-1时,三叶鬼针草地上部生物量没有明显下降(P<0.05),Cd含量均大于其根部Cd含量,且其叶中Cd含量均大于100 mg·kg-1,达到了Cd超富集植物应达到的临界含量标准.而蒲公英在这3个处理条件下,其叶片中Cd含量均没有超过100 mg·kg-1.可见只有三叶鬼针草完全具有镉超富集植物的基本特征,是镉超富集植物.     

三叶鬼针草等7种常见菊科杂草植物对重金属的超富集特征

超富集植物是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术最主要的内容,而超富集植物的筛选是植物修复技术的难点和重点.采用室外盆栽试验的方法, 研究了我国北方较常见的7种菊科植物对重金属的超富集特征. 盆栽筛选试验表明, 蒲公英和三叶鬼针草对Cd单一及Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn复合污染的耐性较强, 植物地上部镉含量分别高于其根部镉含量,地上部镉的富集系数也均大于1, 具备了镉超富集植物的基本特征. 以这2种植物为试材的盆栽浓度梯度试验表明, 当土壤中Cd投加浓度分别为25、 50、 100 mg·kg^-1时,三叶鬼针草地上部生物量没有明显下降(p<0.05), Cd含量均大于其根部Cd含量, 且其叶中Cd含量均大于100 mg·kg^-1, 达到了Cd超富集植物应达到的临界含量标准.而蒲公英在这3个处理条件下,其叶片中Cd含量均没有超过100 mg·kg^-1. 可见只有三叶鬼针草完全具有镉超富集植物的基本特征,是镉超富集植物.     

Comments on "Adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole from aqueous solution by organo-bentonite" by P. Jing, M.H. Hou, P. Zhao, X.Y. Tang, H.F. Wan

Recently, ling et al. （2013） published the paper entitled as above. In Section 2.3, Adsorption kinetics of MBT, authors noticed that ＂The pseudo first-order kinetic model （Eq. （1）） and the pseudo second-order kinetic model （Eq. （2））＂ were used （Do,an et al., 2007; Eftekhari et al., 2010）：