Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis

A growing body of literature offers a framework for understanding geographic and ecological distributions of species; a few applications of this framework have treated disease transmission systems and their geography. The general framework focuses on interactions among abiotic requirements, biotic constraints, and dispersal abilities of species as determinants of distributional areas. Disease transmission systems have key differences from other sorts of biological phenomena: Interactions among species are particularly important, interactions may be stable or unstable, abiotic conditions may be relatively less important in shaping disease distributions, and dispersal abilities may be quite variable. The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever.     

Population assessment and management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes

Nematodes exhibit aggregative tendencies mediated by food distribution, feeding and reproductive behavior, and survival strategies. Determination of dispersion indices based on population mean and variance allows estimation of the sampling intensity required for prescribed population assessment precision. Critical point models of expected yield loss relative to pre-plant population density allow management decisions on a single season basis. Selection of optimal cropping sequence across several seasons requires further information on the expected multiplication rate of the population on a crop, and the overwinter survivorship of the population. Three critical point models then formulate the basis for a linear programming approach to cropping sequence selection, while allowing flexibility of management through biological and economic monitoring annually.     

Freeliving marine nematodes as a pollution indicator of Bohai Sea

A hierarchical diversity index--taxonomic distinctnessindex +, which was first defined by Warwick and Clark in 1998, wasemployed to evaluate the pollution status of the Bohai Sea withfreeliving marine nematodes. The result showed that the Bohai Bayand other coastal sampling sites might be affected by oil and gasproduction and other anthropogenic influences. In other words,anthropogenic disturbance was affecting this component of thebenthos in these locations. And most offshore sampling sites in themiddle of the Bohai Sea were clear and unpolluted.     

Three-dimensional imagery and quantitative analysis in SEM studies of nematodes

During the past 20 years, the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to nematological investigations has considerably increased our knowledge about the structural features of nematodes. However, two relatively new techniques, namely three-dimensional visualization of specimens (stereopsis) and taking quantitative measurements from three-dimensional images (stereometry) offer additional insight. This investigation demonstrates how these techniques can be utilized and applied to studies in nematology. Stereopsis of nematodes is easily attained with a standard SEM by tilting the specimen 4 to 8° between two successive micrographs. The resulting micrographs, which constitute a stereo pair, contain parallax information that is needed for stereopsis. Three-dimensional visualization of the pair is achieved by an individual using a simple stereo viewer or by an audience when a Polaroid projection system is employed. The three-dimensional images that result improve resolution and clarify the shapes, topography and spatial relationships of structural features. Quantitative information, which is not attainable from a single two-dimensional micrograph, can be obtained from a stereo image by using a four-minor stereoscope equipped with a parallax measuring system. Information obtainable with this instrument allows one to make simple, accurate measurements, contour maps and models of specimens. The application of these two techniques, which are used in conjunction with SEM, are potentially important to morphological, anatomical, and taxonomic studies of nematodes as well as to their interactions with host tissues and naturally occurring pathogens.     

The selection of management strategies for controlling nematodes in cereals

Several genera and species of plant-parasitic nematodes cause losses in grain yield in cereals; some are of relatively minor importance (e.g. Anguina tritici (Steinbuch) Chitwood, the cause of “ear cockle” in wheat), while others such as the cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera avenae Woll.) have a wide geographic distribution, infest extensive areas, and may cause losses valued at millions of dollars. Some of these nematodes are difficult to control because the measures that might be used are uneconomic to apply or are impractical. The control of CCN, however, can be achieved, and several successful strategies have been developed in parts of Europe and in Australia. The various measures available to Australian cereal growers include: crop rotation, resistant cultivars, manipulation of sowing dates, use of nematicides, and reduced cultivation. The selection of an appropriate management strategy for the control of CCN is influenced by factors such as: climate, cereal species grown, yield potential, rotations practised and the availability of alternative crops, pathotype present, farm size, availability of resistant cultivars, nematicides registered, and the availability of suitable equipment for their application.     

土壤硒污染对土壤酶的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了Se对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应.结果表明,土壤Se对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶有“抗性酶活性”现象.土壤Se对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有抑制作用,脲酶受Se的抑制作用最强.土壤Se含量与脲酶抑制率之间具有显著相关性,脲酶抑制率可作为Se生态风险评价的一项生物指示物.     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges (i.e. > 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and < 0.2 μm) for a purple soil (Entisol) and a yellow soil (Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction. We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles (< 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles (< 0.2 μm). Vermiculite, illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy. Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the < 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

广东赤红壤,红壤重金属镉的农作物污染效应及其临界含量研究

本文通过在广东地区的盆栽试验,研究了在广东赤红壤、红壤土质条件下,土壤重金属镉对水稻和花生的污染效应,并在此基础上提出了广东地区赤红壤及红壤土的临界含量。     

丛枝菌对转Bt基因棉根际土壤营养物质及酶活性的影响

转Bt基因抗虫棉已在全球范围内广泛种植,然而Bt棉根际分泌物是否会影响土壤理化性质及土壤功能尚缺乏深入研究。通过盆栽实验方法,设计不同的棉花品种与是否接种丛枝菌总共4个处理,以此研究Bt棉和接种丛枝菌根真菌对植物根际土壤营养物质含量以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果显示:丛枝菌可以使non-Bt棉和Bt棉根际土壤营养物质中的土壤有机质和土壤总氮含量显著增加,但是对根际土壤全磷却鲜有影响。转基因对于不同品种棉花根际土壤酶,丛枝菌均能有效增强其活性。由此表明,丛枝菌对Bt棉和non-Br棉根际土壤环境均具有改善作用。     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

水土流失的危害及水土保持的作用研究

土石山区是我国西南地区常见的地理形态,但是由于其独特的地理构造特点等多种因素的影响经常会出现水土流失,给本地区的生态环境造成严重危害,也严重的影响到本地区的经济发展和社会进步。本文着重阐述了我国西南地区土石山区的水土流失造成的危害,产生危害的原因以及水土保持的重要作用和意义。     

土壤氟化物(全量)的分析与测定

离子选择电极法测定氟化物作为一种成熟的测定方法被广泛应用环境监测等领域.本实验采用离子选择电极法测定土壤中氟含量.但样品前处理过程较复杂,极易造成测定结果的偏离.通过反复实验和比较我们对实验条件进行了优化,同时通过对该方法的准确度和精密度的测试,得到了较好的结果,适合且能满足土壤调查等样品量较大的测定工作要求.     

坡地黑土有机碳分布特征与土壤碳损失量计算

利用飞灰和137Cs示踪技术,研究坡耕地黑土近100年来土壤再分布过程,校正农田土壤有机碳(SOC)的损失量.结果表明,坡上部位始终遭受侵蚀,坡脚沉积部位137Cs和飞灰分布深度分别达到30cm和60cm,而在坡足部位分别达到70cm和80cm,说明沉积区目前耕作层下截留了相当数量的有机碳.坡脚部位飞灰分布深度与原始埋藏层的表面正好吻合,表明研究区在蒸汽机车使用前已经被开垦.考虑土壤再分布累积在沉积区的SOC后,研究区沉积部位的SOC表现为大气CO2的局地碳汇,整个研究区SOC损失量远低于常规方法计算的结果.     

铅污染土壤修复工艺技术研究

近年来,随着城市建设进程的加快,污染企业遗留下来的污染场地引起越来越多的关注,企业对土壤的污染产生很大不良的环境问题。自土壤重金属污染防治被关注开始,土壤污染的修复是很困难的,污染物处理费用非常昂贵,需要快速而有效的技术来加速修复土地的污染区。在本文中,选取一个典型铅污染土壤为研究方向,论述铅蓄电池中铅酸污染地块的修复工艺技术,对受污染场地土壤特性和环境风险进行评估,确定修复的可行性和修复的价值,通过土壤修复清洗技术,优化土壤修复基本参数,测试分析得出土壤修复最优工艺技术。     

石油污染土壤的原位修复技术

本文主要介绍了治理石油污染土壤的土壤气相抽提、生物修复和生物通风三种原位修复方法的基本原理及影响因数     

富含油脂污泥在土壤浆化反应器中的生物修复

鉴于对含油污泥的各种不同处理方法 ,本文系统地介绍了富含油脂污泥在土壤浆化反应处理器中的生物修复技术。结果表明采用生物反应器中的土壤浆化反应器处理含油污泥是一种生物强化技术 ,并获得了良好的效果。在此基础上还探讨了生物修复技术的影响因素