玉米秸秆化学预处理后进行厌氧干发酵试验的研究

采用稀硫酸和稀氢氧化钠处理玉米秸秆,分析秸秆纤维组成和纤维结构的变化,并对酸、碱处理后的玉米秸秆进行厌氧干发酵试验。研究表明,采用稀酸处理玉米秸秆的还原糖产率明显高于采用稀碱处理的玉米秸秆;稀硫酸对半纤维素的去除率可达74.27%,稀碱对木质素的去除率最高可达83.94%;玉米秸秆经稀酸处理和稀碱处理后进行厌氧干发酵试验,其累积产气率和甲烷含量都有所提高,但酸法高于碱法。     

Crop diversity in tropical Swidden cultivation: Comparative data from Colombia and Papua New Guinea

Traditional swidden or shifting cultivation in the tropics is commonly associated with mixed cropping, from which it is assumed to derive ecological advantages. However, considerable variation exists in the level of diversity of individual swidden communities. This is illustrated by the application of Simpson and Shannon indices to crop compositional data for such communities in the Colombian Amazon and in southwest Papua New Guinea. In these areas, both high-diversity and low-diversity swiddens are encountered, which are apparently of sustainable character. It is inferred that diverse crop communities do not have a monopoly on adaptation in swidden cultivation.     

Environmental management in small scale mining in PNG

Although small-scale mining has developed rapidly in Papua New Guinea (PNG), it is only recently that formal recording has been carried to gain insight on employment and production totals, and environmental difficulties. This paper examines the state of small-scale mining in PNG, with special emphasis on its environmental impacts. In recent years, the PNG Department of Mining has become a proactive source of educational activities and information gathering for small-scale mining, its effort directed at devising a comprehensive development plan for the sector. The result has been a tripartite program with active participation from a number of donor agencies and the private sector that promotes integrated rural development and takes into account the important economic and environmental aspects vital for effective poverty alleviation.     

麦秆酸预处理后与猪粪混合发酵提高产气量的效应研究

为了研究不同水平的酸处理对麦秆混合发酵过程中各指标变化的影响,本试验通过测定不同醋酸浓度、时间处理后的麦秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程中还原糖、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,以及p H值变化和甲烷产量,探究各指标的关系并优化得出最佳醋酸处理组合,以期为酸预处理混合发酵实现高甲烷产量提供可靠的理论依据.结果表明,醋酸处理后的麦秆通过与猪粪混合发酵可明显提高甲烷单位产量,增幅为124.28%~207.40%.发酵过程中还原糖、VFA、p H值间相互影响.通过响应面法建立模型,得到醋酸处理的最优组合为浓度3.35%、时间6.75d,最大甲烷单位产量751.97 m L·g-1(以VS计).     

Palm oil and the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases

The current use of South Asian palm oil as biofuel is far from climate neutral. Dependent on assumptions, losses of biogenic carbon associated with ecosystems, emission of CO₂ due to the use of fossil fuels and the anaerobic conversion of palm oil mill effluent currently correspond in South Asia with an emission of about 2.8–19.7 kg CO₂ equivalent per kg of palm oil. Using oil palm and palm oil processing wastes for the generation of energy and preventing further conversion of tropical forest into oil palm plantations by establishing new plantations on non-peaty degraded soils can, however, lead to large cuts in the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases currently associated with the palm oil lifecycle.     

Filtration and recirculation of early amniotic fluid. Evaluation of cell cultures from 100 diagnostic cases

Due to the low cell concentration, cultures from early amniotic fluid specimens usually require 2–3 weeks in culture prior to karyotyping. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the culture quality of amniotic fluid cells from early pregnancy, obtained by a new filter technique. The hypothetical advantage of the technique was that the increased cell yield might reduce the culture time before karyotyping. Culture quality was assessed by the number of colonies, the percentage of colonies containing mitoses in filter and control cultures, and the culture time. The setting was a consecutive clinical trial. One hundred samples were obtained from ongoing pregnancies at 11–14 weeks of gestation (mean 12·8 weeks). By circulating a mean of 26 ml of amniotic fluid through a cell filter system leading the cell-free fluid back to the amniotic cavity, the cell yield was increased in the sample of 7 ml corresponding to the dead space of the filter system. The culture results were compared with control cultures from 5 ml samples drawn from the same pregnancies prior to recirculation. The cultures from the first flushing of the filter system yielded 2·6 times more colonies and in total 4·2 times more colonies were found in the three cultures grown from each filter sample when compared with the control cultures. Moreover, the filter cultures showed significantly more colonies with mitoses. The mean culture time was 8·0 days for the filter cultures, from which the karyotypes were analysed. The controls would have needed more time in culture to fulfil the diagnostic criteria for karyotyping. One case of 47,XY, + 21 was found; the rest had normal karyotypes. We conclude that the filter technique improves the culture quality of early amniotic fluid samples and allows early arrest of the cultures.     

甘蔗糖蜜酒精废液培养食用菌丝的研究

以甘蔗糖蜜酒废液作为唯一原料对多种食用菌丝进行培养比较，筛选出最适于废液生长的菌种--灵芝菌，并研究了种龄、温度、pH值等对菌丝生长的影响。在不需添加其它营养物质的情况下，培养周期力为4d，菌丝得率达1.1g/100ml。废液的糖浓度从2.1g/100ml降到0.5g/100ml，COD除去率为39％左右。     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.     

Prenatal diagnosis and management of anterior abdominal wall defects in the West of Scotland

An attempt was made to identify all the cases of abdominal wall defects occurring in the West of Scotland over a 7-year period to determine the current incidence, prenatal diagnosis, management, and prognosis for fetuses and neonates with abdominal wall defects. Cases were identified because they presented either for prenatal diagnosis, or to the Department of Pathology following termination or spontaneous pregnancy loss, or as neonates to the Neonatal Surgical Department. The incidence of abdominal wall defects was found to be 1 in 2500 births. Exomphalos was diagnosed before birth in 66 per cent of cases, and in 30 per cent of cases it was associated with another major abnormality. There was a 20 per cent intact survival in the cases diagnosed prenatally who had no fetal anomaly and who opted to continue with the pregnancy. Gastroschisis was diagnosed before delivery in 70 per cent of cases, and in the group who continued with the pregnancy there was an intact survival of 77 per cent. Body stalk anomalies were all diagnosed prenatally and terminated. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein was elevated in 89 per cent of the cases with exomphalos and in 100 per cent of the cases with gastroschisis and body stalk anomalies in which it was tested.     

测定土壤中有机物前处理方法的探讨

根据铁岭市08年底土壤调查采集,利用现有大型仪器完成了土壤有杌物的全分析,使用仪器有气质联机,气相色谱（ECD、FID、FPD）,高效液相色谱等大型仪器。本文论述了三大类有机物的前处理方法,根据各种有机物的特性,选择了较好的前处理方法和条件,为应用大型仪器对土壤中有机物的分析打下了良好的基础。     

硝化菌载体低温处理生活污水中试

为了考察硝化菌包埋载体低温条件下处理城镇生活污水的技术可行性和可靠性并获得工程应用的参数,以A/O工艺中试系统为试验平台,重点研究了硝化菌包埋载体A/O生化系统低温条件下的启动条件和处理效果。结果表明:在低温条件下(13~15℃),接种普通好氧活性污泥,以已活化的硝化菌载体为核心的处理系统活化启动时间约10 d,不超过15 d;包埋硝化菌载体系统在适宜污泥浓度条件(3 000~3 500 mg/L)、投加率12%的情况下处理城镇生活污水,稳定运行阶段和负荷提高阶段(提高至设计负荷1.44倍)可使出水氨氮平均达1mg/L左右,去除率达99%以上,处理效果远远超出同条件下A/O系统。     

How much palm oil do we need?

Palm oil is an important source of edible oil, and also a potential biofuel raw material. In the sometimes heated debate over the expansion of the oil palm industry, the distinction between these uses is rarely made. Future demand for edible oil can be estimated from population projections and per capita consumption. Demand will probably be around 240 Mt in 2050, nearly twice today's total. Most of the additional oil may be palm oil, which has the lowest production cost of the major oils, but soya bean oil production will probably also increase. An additional 12 Mha of palms could be required, if average yields continue to rise as in the past. This need not be at the expense of forest; oil palm planted on anthropogenic grassland could supply all the oil required for edible purposes in 2050. However, biofuel demand might greatly exceed that for edible use, and the interchangeability of the major oils, for edible and biofuel uses, means that this demand will drive oil palm expansion, whether or not palm oil is actually used for biodiesel. The importance of subsidies for biodiesel, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil and the roles of banks and NGOs are briefly discussed.     

Preliminary attempts towards production of table eggs free from Salmonella enteritidis

The aim of this preliminary work is to reach to a cleaner production of intact shell-table eggs free from Salmonella enteritidis (SE) contamination, by application of pasteurization and dry heat. Three highly virulent strains of SE, previously reported to the World Animal Health Organization, were used in this study. The three strains acquired plasmid profiles similar to SE isolates reported in severe food illness of humans. The plasmid profiles of the three SE strains were: strain 1 (14.1 kb), strain 2 (14.1 and ≈50.0 kb), and strain 3 (1.8, 14.1, and ≈50.0 kb).Each of the three SE strains grown up to 10 h (stationary phase) and adjusted to the same light transmission of 12% at a wavelength of 540 nm, was homogenized with yolk of eggs to form three individual inocula. Strain 1 inoculum to eggs resulted in initial SE count/ml of egg content equivalent to 1.80×10¹⁹ colony forming unit (cfu); however, strain 2 inoculum resulted in 2.3×10¹⁹ cfu, and strain 3 inoculum resulted in 2.20×10¹⁹ cfu (P>0.05). Treatment of inoculated intact shell eggs in a hot water bath at 57°C for 25 min, followed by application of hot air at 55°C for another 57 min resulted in the highest reduction in SE count/ml of the egg content for strain 1 (average 33.33 cfu), followed by strain 2 (average of 0.73×10⁴ cfu), and strain 3 (average of 1.60×10⁴ cfu). All counts after treatment were significantly less than the initial count before treatment (P<0.05).Decreasing the density of the SE in the three inocula by about 13 logs to be 1.80×10⁶ cfu/ml of egg content for strain 1, 2.34×10⁶ for strain 2, and 2.20×10⁶ for strain 3 (P>0.05) and applying the same pasteurization and dry heat treatment on inoculated eggs resulted in complete absence of viability in the three strains, averaging zero cfu/ml of egg content.The pasteurization and dry heat treatment of intact shell-table eggs results in significant reduction of the high initial count of SE strains, regardless of their plasmid profile or density of contamination. The production of table eggs completely clean of SE could be obtained by the same treatment when the initial contamination is low (around 10⁶ cfu/ml of egg content).     

Impacts of land use,restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the twenty-first century: implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400–3000 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440–1200 Mg CO₂?ha^?1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO₂ over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration.     

固定化细胞膜的制备及其特性研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为载体混合固定硝化菌和反硝化菌,采用循环冷冻-解冻的方法制备 固定化细胞膜,研究了载体浓度、冷冻-解冻次数对PVA膜机械强度、底物在膜中的扩散系数 和固定化细胞活力的影响.同时设计了一种与固定化细胞膜相配套的新型生物脱氮反应器,考 察了固定化细胞膜的操作稳定性.结果表明,浓度为13%～15%(w/w)的PVA,循环冷冻-解冻5次左 右,制得的PVA膜具有较高的机械强度,并且所得固定化细胞的活性亦较高.15%的PVA经过5次 冷冻-解冻制成的膜,可以承受的最大拉伸应力为1.52MPa,氨氮在其中的扩散系数为0.75×10 ^-9m²/s. 运行2个月固定化细胞的活性没有下降,固定化细胞膜亦未出现溶胀或变形.     

表面改性秸秆生物质环境材料对水中PAHs的吸附性能

300~700℃下热解炭化芝麻秸秆8h后,再用H3PO4溶液进行表面改性,制备了芝麻秸秆生物质环境材料.测定了生物质环境材料比表面积及其对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附能力,并以多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标污染物,探讨了生物质环境材料对水中不同固液比(0.01g/32ml和0.02g/32mL)下单一PAHs菲以及复合PAHs萘、苊、菲的吸附性能.结果表明,随热解温度升高,秸秆生物质环境材料比表面积增大,对碘和亚甲基蓝的吸附能力也增强,700°C时比表面积、碘值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的最大值分别为269.95m2/g、434mg/g和150mg/g.生物质环境材料吸附水中PAHs的能力强,700℃时0.01g材料对32mL水中萘、苊、菲的去除率分别高达94.44%、95.47%和100%,均比相同条件下未经H3PO4改性的秸秆生物质环境材料高.     

微氧+人工湿地组合工艺处理生活污水的试验研究

通过微氧+人工湿地组合工艺对生活污水处理效果的研究,认为该工艺是比较适合农村生活污水处理应用的工艺组合。微氧预处理对COD的平均去除率在30%以上,人工湿地水力负荷为0.2 m3/(m2.d),对COD的平均去除率在60%以上,对NH3-N的平均去除率在30%～40%,该工艺组合的运行费用为0.15～0.20元/t(污水自流进入系统情况下)。     

MBR-RO组合工艺污水回收中试研究

以A2/O-MBR为预处理工艺,构建了MBR-RO组合系统并用于城市污水的直接处理与回收,考察了MBR工艺作为RO预处理的可行性,评价了RO膜的出水水质,分析了不同操作条件对RO膜的渗透性能及膜污染的影响.研究表明,RO出水平均值为TOC＜1.3 mg/L、NH 4-N＜0.03 mg/L、TN＜0.1 mg/L,TP未检出,电导率和浊度分别小于30μS/cm和0.12 NTU,MBR出水中的无机离子已被RO完全截留,MBR-RO系统具有很高的污染物降解能力和脱盐能力,其出水水质可达饮用水水质标准.MBR作为RO的预处理是完全可行的,连续6个多月的运行中RO膜污染表现不严重.     

酸化预处理对剩余活性污泥厌氧消化及其脱水性能的影响研究

剩余活性污泥在厌氧消化系统中难以降解,而研究发现预处理能加速其水解的过程。本文研究了盐酸酸化预处理(pH为6～1)对剩余活性污泥后续消化及脱水性能的影响。综合考虑盐酸的投加量和污泥消化性能的改善情况得出最佳工艺参数:酸化至pH为2时,综合效果最佳。此时污泥消化13天的沼气产量相当于未经酸化处理污泥消化21天的沼气产量。在半连续流消化反应试验(35℃,水力停留时间为12天)中,预处理后的污泥产甲烷量较未经预处理的污泥提高了14.3%,同时沙门氏菌全部灭活。脱水实验研究发现,酸化预处理能节约后续污泥脱水过程中40%的阳离子絮凝剂投加量以达到同样的泥饼含固率。     

Application of an alkaline protease in leather processing: an ecofriendly approach

Proteolytic enzyme isolated from Aspergillus tamarii prepared by solid state fermentation was studied for dehairing of goat skins in the tannery. The stability of the enzyme for dehairing was optimized at different environmental parameters. Unhairing of goat skins could be obtained at pH 9–11 and temperatures 30–37°C with enzyme concentration of 1% w/v and incubation periods of 18–24 h. The physical properties of the experimental leathers in comparison with the control sets gave better results with respect to tensile strength and elongation at break.