Changes in Lipid Peroxidation in the Gill and Muscle of the Marine Bivalve (Perna Viridis) During Exposure to Cadmium and Copper

The marine bivalve, Perna viridis was exposed to sublethal concentration (one third of 24 h LC₅₀) of either cadmium or copper for 1, 3 and 7 days and alterations in lipid peroxidation in the gill and muscle were investigated. Significant increase of the level of malondialdehyde, which is indicative of the peroxidative process, and a decrease of activity levels of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase were observed in both the tissues of copper exposed mussels. the exposure of mussels to cadmium did not elicit any of the above changes.     

Risk Assessment and Management of Contamination of Eels (Anguilla Spp.) By Persistent Xenobiotic Organochlorine Compounds

Contaimination of anguillid eels by organochlorine pesticides and PCBs is reviewed using a risk assessment-management approach. Quantitative structure-activity relationships, biomonitoring of body residues and field and laboratory studies demonstrate hazards and risks of persistence; organic carbon binding, sediment transport and sinks; volatility, aerial transport and deposition; hydrophobicity/lipophilicity, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and dietary biomangification. Risks of acute narcotic toxicity are generally lower than those of chornic effects. Cause-effect relationships and critical loadings are, however, unclear. Critical environmental and body residue levels to protect eels and animal and humans consumption must be formulated and interpreted with caution. Risks for eels at different life-stages and in different habitats are compared with respect to routes of uptake, elimination, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. It is concluded that organochlorine contamination has not been a major cause of recent declines in eel recruitment. the use of eels in biomonitoring and biomarker studies are recommended. Appropriate methodologies and uses in risk assessment and management are discussed.     

北京官厅水库中有机氯类农药的分布和来源

采用气相色谱/电子捕获检测器法(GC/ECD)对官厅水库表层水体中18种有机氯农药进行分析.结果表明:官厅水库9个采样点水样中18种有机氯农药残留水平为10.06～87.37 ng·L-1,其中∑HCHs和∑DDTs分别为3.93～38.94和3.71～16.03 ng·L-1.官厅水库及其支流水体受到有机氯农药轻度污染,上游工业区废水排放以及各支流周边地区农田排水是官厅水库中有机氯农药的重要来源.与国内外其他地区相比较,官厅水库表层水体中有机氯农药含量较低,∑DDTs、γ-HCH和七氯环氧均未超过GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准限值.     

翡翠贻贝内脏团抗氧化防御系统对菲胁迫的生物响应

实验室条件下研究了海水中不同浓度(2.0、10.0、50.0μg L-1)菲胁迫1、4、8、15 d和清水恢复2、7 d后翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)内脏团中抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px、CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明,翡翠贻贝内脏团CAT活性在d 1即受到显著诱导(P<0.05),对菲胁迫的反应非常敏感;SOD活性和GSH-Px活性对菲胁迫的生物响应呈先诱导后抑制的变化规律,而MDA含量随曝露时间延长呈现上升的趋势,且浓度越高,这3种指标的变化趋势越明显.因此翡翠贻贝内脏团中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性及MDA含量均适合作为菲污染对水生生物毒性效应的指示指标.在清水恢复阶段,相对于对照组各指标均表现出一定程度的恢复,也表明翡翠贻贝能对一定程度的菲胁迫带来的氧化损伤进行自我修复.图2表1参19     

西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析

以首个国家湿地公园--西溪国家湿地公园为研究区域,对该地区土壤中有机氯农药HCH和DDT的残留特征和影响因素进行研究,探讨污染物的潜在来源,并对其生态风险进行分析.结果表明,西溪湿地土壤中HCH和DDT均有检出,∑HCHs平均含量为18.44ng·g-1,∑DDTs平均含量为20.80 ng·g-1,二者在土壤中的残留差异不是很明显.HCH在柿园、竹园、芦苇滩地、菜地和其他5种利用类型土壤中的残留差异不大,而DDT在菜地土壤的残留高于其他4种类型.采样点土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均低于GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量一级标准,与国内其他地区相比,西溪湿地土壤DDT残留较低,而HCH残留相对较高.生态风险分析显示,西溪湿地土壤中HCH残留对于土壤生物的风险较低,而DDT可能对鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的生态风险.     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药（Organochlorine pesticides, OCPs）曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

物种敏感度分布(SSD)方法在农药环境风险评估中的应用

物种敏感度分布法(Species Sensitive Distribution,SSD)能够依据不同物种对农药等胁迫因素的敏感度服从一定的累积概率分布,以统计形式将多种非靶标物种的实验室数据进行汇总分析,获得物种对农药的敏感度差异,作为效应评估指标应用于农药风险评估。本文综述了SSD概念、方法原理、国内外研究和应用进展,并以毒死蜱为例进行了数据分析。由此建议继续关注国际上对SSD及更复杂模型模拟研究进展,以便应用于我国农药环境风险评估,推动我国农药管理的持续发展。     

Concentrations of Hchs and Ddts in the Tissues of River Dolphins,Platanista Gangetica,From the River Ganges,India

Abstract

Concentrations of HCH and DDT organochlorine insecticide residues were measured in blubber, muscle and oil samples from three specimens of river dolphins, Platanista gangetica, from the River Ganges, India. Concentrations of HCH and DDT ranged from 94 to 289 ng g^?1 and from 1324 to 9388 ng g^?1 on wet wt. basis respectively. Comparisons are made with other aquatic mammals and other studies on river dolphins. P. gangetica appears to exhibit similar patterns of accumulation with age and with ß-HCH and p-p′-DDE being accumulated to higher levels than other HCH isomers and parent DDT and its other metabolites, respectively. These organochlorines may pose a health risk to river dolphin populations that are already showing evidence of environmental stress. Further studies are recommended.     

珠江八大入海口表层沉积物中DDTs和HCHs残留调查

于2010年8月-2011年5月4次采集珠江八大人海口表层沉积物,采用气相色谱-电子捕获（GC—ECD）法分析沉积物中DDTs（p,P’-DDE、P,P’-DDD、0,P’-DDT、P,P-DDT）和HCHs（α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH）的污染现状。结果显示,珠江8大人海口表层沉积物中DDTs总含量介于1．02—3．08μg·kg-1之间（以干质量计,下同）,平均值为1．91μg·kg-1;HCHs总含量介于0．21—0．41μg·kg-1之间,平均值为0．31μg·kg-1。DDTs平均含量大于HCHs,其中P,P。DDT对污染的贡献最大,含量范围为ND～7．66μg·kg-1,平均值为2．12μg·kg-1。大部分样点伽（α-HCH）／w（γ-HCH）比值小于3,说明研究区α-HCH大都被降解,或者林丹正取代工业HCHs成为珠江口水环境中HCHs输入的主要来源;甜（DDT）／w（DDD＋DDE）比值大于2,表明沉积物中除早期农药残留外,仍然有新的DDTs类农药输入。     

日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)胚胎和卵黄期仔鱼对镉的 敏感性

物理化学方法对镉的监测忽略了其生物可利用性,生物监测可以有效地弥补这种不足。本研究测试了日本青鳉(Ory-zias latipes)胚胎和卵黄期仔鱼对镉的敏感性。结果表明:日本青鳉胚胎和卵黄期仔鱼的蛋白含量对镉表现出较高的敏感性,卵黄期仔鱼的蛋白含量在4μg·L-1的氯化镉暴露后就出现显著降低;氯化镉对卵黄期仔鱼脊柱畸形的EC50低于国家地表水环境质量标准规定的Ⅱ类水标准;脊柱畸形率与镉浓度之间存在的线性关系,可为定量监测镉污染提供理论依据;脊柱畸形可以在48h之内被4μg·L-1的氯化镉极显著地诱导,因此这种潜在的生物监测模型很有希望应用到水环境污染的快速预警中。通过对国内主要水体中镉污染水平的分析发现,卵黄期仔鱼的蛋白含量变化和脊柱畸形率对部分水体的镉污染可以实现生物监测。因此,利用日本青鳉胚胎和卵黄期仔鱼对低水平镉污染的高度敏感性,能够建立起1种简易廉价并且有效的水环境中低水平镉污染的生物监测模型。     

Incidence of organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in an aquatic ecosystem of river duero in castile and Leon (Spain)

The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an aquatic ecosystem of River Duero was checked by means of a bioindicator organism: the grey heron (Ardea cinerea). Analyses of water, sediments, fish fat tissues and heron viscera revealed a marked bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds, particularly hexa‐ and heptachlorinated biphenyls of industrial origin, which may account for the gradual decline in the number of individuals that make up the heron colonies studied.     

Organochlorine residues in the avifauna of Tamil Nadu (Southeast coast of India)

Pollution due to persistent pesticides is not a regional but a global problem. Organochlorine pesticides are persistent chemicals, stored and accumulated in the tissues of a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates including marine species. In the present study the organochlorine residues HCHs, DDTs and PCBs were measured in different trophic groups of birds (scavengers, inland piscivores, coastal piscivores, insectivores, granivores and omnivores) collected from Tamil Nadu Coast, India. The residue accumulation as a function of sex did not depict distinct variation. However, females had lower residue levels than males in terms of their mean weight and feeding habits. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.     

Organochlorine residues in the avifauna of Tamil Nadu (Southeast coast of India)

Pollution due to persistent pesticides is not a regional but a global problem. Organochlorine pesticides are persistent chemicals, stored and accumulated in the tissues of a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates including marine species. In the present study the organochlorine residues HCHs, DDTs and PCBs were measured in different trophic groups of birds (scavengers, inland piscivores, coastal piscivores, insectivores, granivores and omnivores) collected from Tamil Nadu Coast, India. The residue accumulation as a function of sex did not depict distinct variation. However, females had lower residue levels than males in terms of their mean weight and feeding habits. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.     

A Review of Waste Tyre Utilisation in the Marine Environment

Waste tyres pose a major disposal problem on land creating a fire hazard and, in warmer climates, providing breeding pools for mosquitoes. the void space in tyres makes them unsuitable for land burial. Schemes to use shredded tyres for road bases and asphalt filler are being pursued in the USA. Tyre combustion for electricity production is being investigated in the UK.

The widespread availability and durability of tyres has led to their use in the marine environment for breakwaters/coastal defence structures and as artificial reefs for promoting fisheries.

Tyres have a low density and have been used in floating breakwaters. Schemes have been proposed to protect and strengthen shorelines with tyre structures.

The void space in tyres facilitates the construction of artificial reefs to attract fish. the most intensive use is in the south west Pacific and Australia. Tyre surfaces are colonised by algae and a wide range of faunal species, including corals and shellfish. the wide acceptance of tyres as a suitable reef construction material appears to be based largely on these observations. Experience of initial poor deployment practices in the USA led to tyres washing ashore after storms and resulted in the banning or restriction of their use in coastal states of the USA. A review of the scientific literature has yielded limited information on the environmental impact of tyres and in particular the leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds from tyres into sea water.

Preliminary results of tyre dust/sea water leaching studies are presented. These identify zinc as the major leachate (totalling 10mg/tyre after 3 months). Diluted leachates have not shown significant effects of the growth of the phytoplankton Phaeodactylum and Isocrysis.

Further work to characterise the sea water leaching of tyre compounds is recommended.     

A Review of Waste Tyre Utilisation in the Marine Environment

Waste tyres pose a major disposal problem on land creating a fire hazard and, in warmer climates, providing breeding pools for mosquitoes. the void space in tyres makes them unsuitable for land burial. Schemes to use shredded tyres for road bases and asphalt filler are being pursued in the USA. Tyre combustion for electricity production is being investigated in the UK.

The widespread availability and durability of tyres has led to their use in the marine environment for breakwaters/coastal defence structures and as artificial reefs for promoting fisheries.

Tyres have a low density and have been used in floating breakwaters. Schemes have been proposed to protect and strengthen shorelines with tyre structures.

The void space in tyres facilitates the construction of artificial reefs to attract fish. the most intensive use is in the south west Pacific and Australia. Tyre surfaces are colonised by algae and a wide range of faunal species, including corals and shellfish. the wide acceptance of tyres as a suitable reef construction material appears to be based largely on these observations. Experience of initial poor deployment practices in the USA led to tyres washing ashore after storms and resulted in the banning or restriction of their use in coastal states of the USA. A review of the scientific literature has yielded limited information on the environmental impact of tyres and in particular the leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds from tyres into sea water.

Preliminary results of tyre dust/sea water leaching studies are presented. These identify zinc as the major leachate (totalling 10mg/tyre after 3 months). Diluted leachates have not shown significant effects of the growth of the phytoplankton Phaeodactylum and Isocrysis.

Further work to characterise the sea water leaching of tyre compounds is recommended.     

我国海水水质基准的构建:以三丁基锡为例

我国近岸海域污染形势严峻、污染物种类繁多、生态健康风险复杂,现有的海水水质标准难以满足当前海洋环境污染评价、管理和监控的需求,亟需适宜我国海洋区系特征的海水水质基准作为水质标准修订与制定的理论依据.借鉴美国、欧盟和荷兰等国家水质基准的制定方法,提出了构建我国海水水质基准的思路,并给出了数值型双值基准的数据要求、定值方法和相应的计算模式等.以三丁基锡化合物(TBT)为例,按照论文建立的方法,计算了保护我国海洋水生生物的TBT基准.结果表明:我国TBT化合物海水水质基准高值(HSWC)和海水水质基准低值(LSWC)分别为0.43μg·L-1和0.002μg·L-1,与美国,加拿大和英国等国家的推荐基准值略有不同.研究结果将为我国海水水质基准的制定与研究提供帮助.     

海洋环境中纳米金属的生物吸收及生物效应

当前随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料,特别是纳米金属,因其独特的物化性质,在各行各业中的使用量呈指数增长,致使其在大气、水域、土壤环境中的安全性问题引起公众关注。尤其是在受到人类活动密切影响的近岸海洋环境中,纳米金属的潜在生态效应成为当前国内外研究的热点之一。本文重点综述了由于海洋环境的理化因子以及纳米金属独特的物化性质导致的纳米金属的环境行为,海洋生物对纳米金属的吸收,以及纳米金属的生物效应和可能的致毒机制,旨在为评估海洋环境中纳米金属的潜在生态危害,完善纳米材料的监管机制及保障纳米科技的可持续发展提供思路。     

Study of Fishes in the Chung-Kung Stream: Species Distribution and Organochlorine Pesticide Residues

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the potential for reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) by municipal sewage sludge adapted to 2,4-DCP at different concentrations. 2,4-DCP was completely dechlorinated within 4 weeks. After 18 weeks' incubation, 2,4,6-TCP was also completely dechlorinated and the residue of PCP was 0, 44.46, 51.96% at 0.5, 5, and 50 μg ml¹ respectively. the 2,4-DCP adapted communities initially removed the ortho-chlorine from PCP of 5.0, 50 μg ml¹, following an ortho < para < meta order of chlorine removal. Intermediate products were 3,4,5-TCP, 3,5-DCP, 3-CP (3-chlorophenol), phenol, benzoate and hexanoic acids, whereas PCP (0.5 μg ml¹) indicated a preference for meta-chlorine removal. the intermediate product of 2,4,6-TCP at three concentrations were 2,4-DCP, phenol, benzoate and hexanoic acid. These products were identified by GC-MASS spectrometry. the effects of supplements, including sodium citrate (0.08 mM), sodium pyruvate (0.18 mM), sodium sulphate (0.14 mM) had a direct stimulatory effect on the dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP and PCP after treatment for 4 weeks, but dechlorination was inhibited after 8 weeks.     

Metal Content in Selected Tissues and Shell of Pern A Virwis (L) From Pondicherry, East Coast of India

Mussels are good bioaccumulators of metals and have been used as indicators for environmental monitoring. in this study on P. viridis from Pondicherry coast, metal content (aluminium, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) were analysed in selected tissues and shell nacre for a period of one year. the metal content shows that digestive gland accumulates higher concentrations of metal ions followed by gill, mantle and shell. of the different components (digestive gland, gill, mantle and shell nacre) of the organism, only shell nacre exhibited a significant relationship with ambient levels and therefore can be applied to temporal monitoring of metal contamination.