地下综合管廊天然气管道泄漏扩散模拟研究

为了研究管道异常泄漏时天然气的扩散情况,采用Fluent软件模拟研究不同压力条件下气体在管舱内的浓度分布特性,核算保护半径为7.5 m时的报警探测器在灾变时的响应时间,以达到指导报警探测器设计的目的。结果表明:当泄漏压力为103.3 kPa,200.0 kPa时,对应的报警响应时间分别为2.15 s,0.45 s,报警响应时间随着泄漏压力的增大而减小,在常规中压输出压力下,响应时间最大值为2.15 s;同一泄漏压力下,管舱内气体扩散距离与泄漏持续时间成正相关;报警探测器的响应浓度以爆炸下限的20%为推荐值。     

复合抛物面聚光器在光电感烟探测器应用研究

基于复合抛物面聚光器的设计原理,提出可应用于点型光电感烟探测器的聚光器设计方法以及装配方式。与现有聚光器相比,研究设计的聚光器能够限制收集散射光线的散射角范围。根据点型光电感烟探测器光学暗室的结构特点,确定聚光器初始模型基本参数,并提出侧面光线入口设计方式以及安装方式,增大聚光器的聚光性能。利用光学仿真软件TracePro对剖切后的聚光器进行光学模拟,研究不同剖切角的聚光器对光线的收集情况,模拟结果表明,选择恰当的剖切方式,可以增大聚光器对入射光线的角度接收范围或空间接收范围,有利于增强探测器的探测性能。     

Safety barriers: Research advances and new thoughts on theory,engineering and management

Safety barriers include physical and non-physical means in different industries for preventing the occurrences of hazardous events and mitigating the consequences in case they have occurred. After clarifying the relevant terminologies, this article reviews the literature in the domain of safety barriers in the recent decade, and categorizes these studies into barrier theory, barrier engineering and barrier management. Classifications of barriers, performance measures, modeling approaches and data-driven analysis for safety barriers are reviewed as parts of barrier theories. In the engineering section, the research advances are presented in accordance with design for reliability and safety, test and maintenance strategies, responses to dependent failures, and diagnosis and prognosis of degradations. Then, project and process management, human and organizational factors, and standardization and compliance management of safety barriers are summarized. Based on the review of literature, research perspectives on safety barriers for resilience, digital safety, security of barriers, utilizing data, and dealing with intelligence, are highlighted and potential challenges are mentioned. This study is therefore expected to be beneficial to the researchers of system and safety engineering, with systematically streamlining and innovatively categorizing the recent findings and insights.     

光学迷宫对飞机货舱感烟探测器响应性能的影响

针对飞机货舱火灾的探测延迟性问题,探讨了光学迷宫对点型光电感烟探测器响应性能的影响,实验研究了点型光电感烟探测器在有、无迷宫两种情况下烟雾探测的响应过程,对比分析了不同烟量时迷宫的作用,并提出探测器迷宫结构的改进设计思路。实验结果表明,在探测器响应过程中,有光学迷宫的探测器烟雾浓度波动幅度较小,迷宫对烟气有滞留作用,提高了探测器的稳定性;但迷宫会使探测腔室的烟雾浓度明显滞后且低于腔外,增大了探测器的迟滞时间,烟雾浓度较低时这种迟滞影响更为明显,严重影响货舱火警探测器的灵敏度。     

轻轨桥架声屏障优化设计研究

随着城市轻轨建设的发展,交通噪声污染逐渐引起人们重视。在轻轨桥架两侧设置声屏障是控制轨道噪声的重要措施之一。声屏障的高昂成本往往是由不合理的设计参数造成的,通过对目前声屏障设计方法进行分析,提出了轻轨桥架声屏障优化设计方法。该方法以声屏障建造成本为目标函数,以降噪要求为声学约束,综合考虑设置位置、高度和长度等设计变量的影响;由列车噪声1/3倍频程频谱计算插入损失,提高了优化过程中插入损失的计算精度。该优化设计法与目前设计方法对比,验证了声屏障优化设计在改善降噪性能和经济性能方面的优越性。讨论了设计参数对成本和降噪性能的影响,并且对轨边矮墙的降噪性能进行了分析,所获的结论对声屏障和轨边矮墙设计参数与形状的选择具有指导意义。     

吸气式火灾探测系统采样管网优化设计

对吸气式火灾探测报警系统中采样管网进行优化设计是提高其探测性能的重要手段。基于流体动力学原理,建立管网内气体运动数学模型,给出各状态参数之间的关系式。分析常见管网布置方式的优缺点,提出吸气式采样管网的优化设计方案:视每个采样孔为1个点型感烟探测器,采样孔间距基本一致,调整孔径使各采样孔进气量相同,孔数较多时,可增设末端孔,以缩短气体样本传输时间。从理论上分析管网参数对探测性能的影响,并利用Fluent 6.3进行相应的数值模拟。结果表明,样本传输时间与管长、管径、开孔数成正比,与总流量和末端孔孔径成反比。     

一种关于点型探测器火灾探测能力的评估方法

以探测器火灾信息数据库为依据,通过对目前使用最为广泛的各种点型感烟、感温及CO气体探测器对八种典型试验火响应数据测量及数据挖掘,提出用梯度幅值评估方法,对上述探测器的火灾探测能力作出相应的评估结论,为城市建筑火灾自动探测报警系统的正确设计、选型和使用提供了参考理论依据。     

综合管廊内火灾自动报警探测器实验研究

为了能够有效提升综合管廊内火灾自动报警系统的准确性和可靠性,本文采用火灾实体试验的方法,通过对各类型火灾自动报警探测器响应时间的情况进行分析和比较,研究综合管廊电力舱内常用探测器的性能。研究结果表明:接触式缆式线型感温火灾探测器可以较早的探测到电缆温度异常变化的现象,可用于早期预警。点型感烟探测器对烟粒子浓度较为敏感,可用于综合管廊电力舱室的空间探测。分布式光纤型感温火灾探测器对明火温度的变化较为敏感,作为空间型的火灾探测器比较可靠。     

Examination of the severity of two-lane highway traffic barrier crashes using the mixed logit model

IntroductionVehicles in transport sometimes leave the travel lane and encroach onto natural or artificial objects on the roadsides. These types of crashes are called run-off the road crashes, which account for a large proportion of fatalities and severe crashes to vehicle occupants. In the United States, there are about one million such crashes, with roadside features leading to one third of all road fatalities. Traffic barriers could be installed to keep vehicles on the roadways and to prevent vehicles from colliding with obstacles such as trees, boulder, and walls. The installation of traffic barriers would be warranted if the severity of colliding with the barrier would be less severe than colliding with other fix objects on the sides of the roadway. However, injuries and fatalities do occur when vehicle collide with traffic barriers. A comprehensive analysis of traffic barrier features is lacking due to the absence of traffic barrier features data. Previous research has focused on simulation studies or only a general evaluation of traffic barriers, without accounting for different traffic barrier features.MethodThis study is conducted using an extensive traffic barrier features database for the purpose of investigating the impact of different environmental and traffic barrier geometry on this type of crash severity. This study only included data related to two-lane undivided roadway systems, which did not involve median barrier crashes. Crash severity is modeled using a mixed binary logistic regression model in which some parameters are fixed and some are random.ResultsThe results indicated that the effects of traffic barrier height, traffic barrier offset, and shoulder width should not be separated, but rather considered as interactions that impact crash severity. Rollover, side slope height, alcohol involvement, road surface conditions, and posted speed limit are some factors that also impact the severity of these crashes. The effects of gender, truck traffic count, and time of a day were found to be best modeled with random parameters in this study. The effects of these risk factors are discussed in this paper.Practical applicationsResults from this study could provide new guidelines for the design of traffic barriers based upon the identified roadway and traffic barrier characteristics.     

对一氧化碳气体快速检测的方法研究

笔者研究了快速监测一氧化碳气体的新方法即一氧化碳被动式检气管法。该方法基于气体分子扩散定律和化学吸收反应原理。检气管内的惰性载体涂渍上对一氧化碳有特效的显色剂:氯化钯—稳定剂G-浓硫酸体系。一氧化碳通过检气管端口扩散进入管内,与惰性载体上的显色剂发生反应,从而产生颜色变化。检气管显色长度的平方与一氧化碳浓度及采样时间的乘积在80～800mg/m3范围内(采样一小时)成线性关系,从而求出环境中一氧化碳的时间加权平均浓度。该检气管集采样与分析为一体,可快速测定一氧化碳气体的浓度。经过应用实验表明,该检气管具有较高的灵敏度,基本上达到设计要求。     

Investigating the effect of geometric dimensions of median traffic barriers on crashes: Crash analysis of interstate roads in Wyoming using actual crash datasets

IntroductionDespite the numerous safety studies done on traffic barriers’ performance assessment, the effect of variables such as traffic barrier’s height has not been identified considering a comprehensive actual crash data analysis. This study seeks to identify the impact of geometric variables (i.e., height, post-spacing, sideslope ratio, and lateral offset) on median traffic barriers’ performance in crashes on interstate roads.MethodGeometric dimensions of over 110 miles median traffic barriers on interstate Wyoming roads were inventoried in a field survey between 2016 and 2018. Then, the traffic barrier data collected was combined with historical crash records, traffic volume data, road geometric characteristics, and weather condition data to provide a comprehensive dataset for the analysis. Finally, an ordered logit model with random-parameters was developed for the severity of traffic barrier crashes. Based on the results, traffic barrier’s height was found to impact crash severity.ResultsCrashes involving cable barriers with a height between 30″ and 42″ were less severe than other traffic barrier types, while concrete barriers with a height shorter than 32″ were more likely involved with severe injury crashes. As another important finding, the post-spacing of 6.1–6.3 ft. was identified as the least severe range in W-beam barriers.Practical applicationsThe results show that using flare barriers should reduce the number of crashes compared to parallel barriers.     

Application of machine learning technique for optimizing roadside design to decrease barrier crash costs,a quantile regression model approach

Introduction: In-transport vehicles often leave the travel lane and encroach onto natural objects on the roadsides. These types of crashes are called run-off the road crashes (ROR). Such crashes accounts for a significant proportion of fatalities and severe crashes. Roadside barrier installation would be warranted if they could reduce the severity of these types of crashes. However, roadside barriers still account for a significant proportion of severe crashes in Wyoming. The impact of the crash severity would be higher if barriers are poorly designed, which could result in override or underride barrier crashes. Several studies have been conducted to identify optimum values of barrier height. However, limited studies have investigated the monetary benefit associated with adjusting the barrier heights to the optimal values. In addition, few studies have been conducted to model barrier crash cost. This is because the crash cost is a heavily skewed distribution, and well-known distributions such as linear or poison models are incapable of capturing the distribution. A semi-parametric distribution such as asymmetric Laplace distribution can be used to account for this type of sparse distribution. Method: Interaction between different predictors were considered in the analysis. Also, to account for exposure effects across various barriers, barrier lengths and traffic volumes were incorporated in the models. This study is conducted by using a novel machine-learning-based cost-benefit optimization to provide an efficient guideline for decision makers. This method was used for predicting barrier crash costs without barrier enhancement. Subsequently the benefit was obtained by optimizing traffic barrier height and recalculating the benefit and cost. The trained model was used for crash cost prediction on barriers with and without crashes. Results: The results of optimization clearly demonstrated the benefit of optimizing the heights of road barriers around the state. Practical Applications: The findings can be utilized by the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) to determine the heights of which barriers should be optimized first. Other states can follow the procedure described in this paper to upgrade their roadside barriers.     

管廊内泄漏口朝向对天然气管道泄漏扩散影响的模拟分析*

为掌握综合管廊内天然气输气管道泄漏口朝向对气体扩散的影响,使用FLUENT软件对4种不同朝向的泄漏口泄漏过程进行3维数值模拟,对比分析不同工况下气体浓度分布。结果表明:泄漏形成的射流产生强烈气体掺混,降低泄漏口附近气体浓度梯度;随着距泄露孔距离的增加,气体受惯性力作用减弱,并在浮力作用下抬升。管廊纵截面气体浓度场可分为泄漏口附近的均匀区和距离泄漏口较远的分层区。在均匀区内,探测器高度上气体质量分数纵向分布呈阶梯状;距泄漏口较远距离(大于20 m),泄漏口朝向对探测器高度上气体浓度纵向分布影响较小。基于稳态气体分布控制方程,提出气体在分层区内纵向分布关系式。当泄漏口刚好位于2探测器中央（最不利工况）时,泄漏孔朝向为X+（管道距离壁面较远侧）的泄漏气体在喷出后与空气接触时间长,产生涡量更大,使气体在管廊纵向上蔓延速度降低,探测器响应时间相对较长。     

A development in energy flow/barrier analysis

In this paper, the occupational accidents and their effects on people are modeled. The basis of energy flow/barrier analysis is used to define an accident as the impact of a hazardous agent on a target, as a result of failure of control and protective barriers. This definition is enhanced to include serial and parallel barriers and to distinguish energy barriers from target barriers. The barrier attributes are defined and used to create a quantitative scenario-building model. The probability and severity of various accidents are estimated, by studying barrier reliability and efficiency. This approach is used to develop and simulate accident scenarios and to calculate their consequences. This model can be used in complex systems for analyzing the risk and estimating the importance of barriers.     

京沈客运专线框架式声屏障降噪效果研究

高速铁路经过城市建成区两侧分布有高层住宅建筑,普通直立式、折角式声屏障对于较高楼层难以有效阻隔噪声,框架式声屏障具有更好的降噪效果,对其降噪效果的研究越来越成为工程设计中噪声治理选取的重要依据。在阐述框架式结构声屏障插入损失确定方法的基础上,分别采用边界元法、统计能量法预测框架式声屏障的降噪效果,通过实际案例加以类比验证,得出京沈客运专线框架式声屏障降噪效果。     

Use of empirical and full Bayes before–after approaches to estimate the safety effects of roadside barriers with different crash conditions

IntroductionAlthough many researchers have estimated the crash modification factors (CMFs) for specific treatments (or countermeasures), there is a lack of prior studies that have explored the variation of CMFs. Thus, the main objectives of this study are: (a) to estimate CMFs for the installation of different types of roadside barriers, and (b) to determine the changes of safety effects for different crash types, severities, and conditions.MethodTwo observational before–after analyses (i.e. empirical Bayes (EB) and full Bayes (FB) approaches) were utilized in this study to estimate CMFs. To consider the variation of safety effects based on different vehicle, driver, weather, and time of day information, the crashes were categorized based on vehicle size (passenger and heavy), driver age (young, middle, and old), weather condition (normal and rain), and time difference (day time and night time).ResultsThe results show that the addition of roadside barriers is safety effective in reducing severe crashes for all types and run-off roadway (ROR) crashes. On the other hand, it was found that roadside barriers tend to increase all types of crashes for all severities. The results indicate that the treatment might increase the total number of crashes but it might be helpful in reducing injury and severe crashes. In this study, the variation of CMFs was determined for ROR crashes based on the different vehicle, driver, weather, and time information.Practical applicationsBased on the findings from this study, the variation of CMFs can enhance the reliability of CMFs for different roadway conditions in decision making process. Also, it can be recommended to identify the safety effects of specific treatments for different crash types and severity levels with consideration of the different vehicle, driver, weather, and time of day information.     

Design support for the systematic integration of risk reduction into early chemical process design

Design for safety in the chemical industry is becoming a more explicit and well-organised process. However, it requires additional support tools to enable designers to pay attention to safety from the earliest conceptual design stage and through the subsequent detailing and to design more cost-effectively. This paper presents a more explicit approach called design for safety (DfS), which links with approaches already in use, such as layers of protection approach (LOPA). The method consists of two elements, a technology management environment (TME) aimed at supporting the interaction between the many contributors to safe design and a safety modelling language (SML). This provides a rigorous object-oriented language for conceptualising the requirements for risk control (barriers) and analysing their vulnerability to degradation or attack by other system elements or conditions. The method provides a focus for organising and applying existing knowledge about risk control and systematically learning from new knowledge to be gathered and supplied in supporting databases.     

防爆区气体检测仪的使用

介绍了腈纶聚合装置在防爆区现场安装的气体检测仪器。对于检测仪的软件部分,包括操作指南,只有正确使用才能发挥其作用。