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1.
The natural flow regimes of rivers worldwide have been heavily altered through anthropogenic activities, and dams in particular have a pervasive effect on riverine ecosystems. Flow-regulation effects of dams negatively affect species diversity and abundance of a variety of aquatic animals, including invertebrates and fishes. However, the effects on semiaquatic animals are relatively unknown. We conducted anuran calling surveys at 42 study locations along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers in South Carolina to address the potential effects of flow regulation by damming on anuran occupancy and abundance. We estimated occupancy and abundance with Program PRESENCE. Models incorporated distance upstream and downstream from the nearest dam as covariates and urbanization pressure as an alternative stressor. Distance from dam was associated with occupancy of 2 of the 9 anuran species in our analyses and with abundance of 6 species. In all cases, distance downstream from nearest dam was a better predictor of occupancy and abundance than distance upstream from nearest dam. For all but one species, distance downstream from nearest dam was positively correlated with both occupancy and abundance. Reduced occupancy and abundance of anurans likely resulted from downstream alterations in flow regime associated with damming, which can lead to reduced area of riparian wetlands that serve as anuran breeding habitat. Our results showed that damming has a strong negative effect on multiple anuran species across large spatial extents and suggest that flow regulation can affect semiaquatic animals occupying riparian zones.  相似文献   

2.
We use relationships between modern Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) escapement (migrating adults counted at weirs or dams) and riparian tree-ring growth to reconstruct the abundance of stream-spawning salmon over 150-350 years. After examining nine sites, we produced reconstructions for five mid-order rivers and four salmon species over a large geographic range in the Pacific Northwest: chinook (O. tschwatcha) in the Umpqua River, Oregon, USA; sockeye (O. nerka) in Drinkwater Creek, British Columbia, Canada; pink (O. gorbuscha) in Sashin Creek, southeastern Alaska, USA; chum (O. keta) in Disappearance Creek, southeastern Alaska, USA; and pink and chum in the Kadashan River, southeastern Alaska, USA. We first derived stand-level, non-climatic growth chronologies from riparian trees using standard dendroecology methods and differencing. When the chronologies were compared to 18-55 years of adult salmon escapement we detected positive, significant correlations at five of the nine sites. Regression models relating escapement to tree-ring growth at the five sites were applied to the differenced chronologies to reconstruct salmon abundance. Each reconstruction contains unique patterns characteristic of the site and salmon species. Reconstructions were validated by comparison to local histories (e.g., construction of dams and salmon canneries) and regional fisheries data such as salmon landings and aerial surveys and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation climate index. The reconstructions capture lower-frequency cycles better than extremes and are most useful for determination and comparison of relative abundance, cycles, and the effects of interventions. Reconstructions show lower population cycle maxima in both Umpqua River chinook and Sashin Creek pink salmon in recent decades. The Drinkwater Creek reconstruction suggests that sockeye abundance since the mid-1990s has been 15-25% higher than at any time since 1850, while no long-term deviations from natural cycles are detected for salmon in the Kadashan River or in Disappearance Creek. Decadal-scale cycles in salmon abundance with periods of 25-68 years were detected in all of the reconstructions. This novel approach provides river-specific, long-term perspectives on salmon abundance and cycles. Additionally, it provides a new frame of reference for maintaining and rebuilding individual stocks and for striking a balance between societal demands and the limited, always-changing salmon resource.  相似文献   

3.
铬离子对藻类生长的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
利用自然光照条件,在不同铬离子质量浓度下,对5种藻类的生长进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:5种藻类在不同的光波长下,其吸收光谱存在两个最强的吸收区: 420~440 nm的蓝紫光部分和660 nm 的红光部分;在不同铬离子质量浓度0~20.63 mg·L-1范围内,5种藻类生长受到不同程度的抑制,其耐受性也尽不相同,经过分析和比较后得出5种藻类对铬的耐受性大小顺序为:微囊藻(Microcystis)>水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)>细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus)>斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)>蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidose).  相似文献   

4.
Mid-ocean ridges are common features of the world’s oceans but there is a lack of understanding as to how their presence affects overlying pelagic biota. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a dominant feature of the Atlantic Ocean. Here, we examined data on euphausiid distribution and abundance arising from several international research programmes and from the continuous plankton recorder. We used a generalized additive model (GAM) framework to explore spatial patterns of variability in euphausiid distribution on, and at either side of, the MAR from 60°N to 55°S in conjunction with variability in a suite of biological, physical and environmental parameters. Euphausiid species abundance peaked in mid-latitudes and was significantly higher on the ridge than in adjacent waters, but the ridge did not influence numerical abundance significantly. Sea surface temperature (SST) was the most important single factor influencing both euphausiid numerical abundance and species abundance. Increases in sea surface height variance, a proxy for mixing, increased the numerical abundance of euphausiids. GAM predictions of variability in species abundance as a function of SST and depth of the mixed layer were consistent with present theories, which suggest that pelagic niche availability is related to the thermal structure of the near surface water: more deeply-mixed water contained higher euphausiid biodiversity. In addition to exposing present distributional patterns, the GAM framework enables responses to potential future and past environmental variability including temperature change to be explored.  相似文献   

5.
用野外调查测定和室内模拟的方法研究了温度对小叶海金沙生长的影响.结果表明,小叶海金沙疯狂生长群落中的温度比正常生长群落高,且温度与其净光合速率呈极显著正相关,而这两种类型群落内大气相对湿度以及光照差异较小.此外,土壤养分和土壤pH与小叶海金沙的生长速度无明显的关联性.根据研究结果推测:温度可能是小叶海金沙疯狂生长原因之一.  相似文献   

6.
Inouye DW 《Ecology》2008,89(2):353-362
The timing of life history traits is central to lifetime fitness and nowhere is this more evident or well studied as in the phenology of flowering in governing plant reproductive success. Recent changes in the timing of environmental events attributable to climate change, such as the date of snowmelt at high altitudes, which initiates the growing season, have had important repercussions for some common perennial herbaceous wildflower species. The phenology of flowering at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Colorado, USA) is strongly influenced by date of snowmelt, which makes this site ideal for examining phenological responses to climate change. Flower buds of Delphinium barbeyi, Erigeron speciosus, and Helianthella quinquenervis are sensitive to frost, and the earlier beginning of the growing season in recent years has exposed them to more frequent mid-June frost kills. From 1992 to 1998, on average 36.1% of Helianthella buds were frosted, but for 1999-2006 the mean is 73.9%; in only one year since 1998 have plants escaped all frost damage. For all three of these perennial species, there is a significant relationship between the date of snowmelt and the abundance of flowering that summer. Greater snowpack results in later snowmelt, later beginning of the growing season, and less frost mortality of buds. Microhabitat differences in snow accumulation, snowmelt patterns, and cold air drainage during frost events can be significant; an elevation difference of only 12 m between two plots resulted in a temperature difference of almost 2 degrees C in 2006 and a difference of 37% in frost damage to buds. The loss of flowers and therefore seeds can reduce recruitment in these plant populations, and affect pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators that previously relied on them. Other plant species in this environment are similarly susceptible to frost damage so the negative effects for recruitment and for consumers dependent on flowers and seeds could be widespread. These findings point out the paradox of increased frost damage in the face of global warming, provide important insights into the adaptive significance of phenology, and have general implications for flowering plants throughout the region and anywhere climate change is having similar impacts.  相似文献   

7.
Agricultural landscapes are becoming an important focus of animal conservation, although initiatives to conserve predators to date have rarely provided economic benefits to agricultural producers. We examined whether introduction to vineyards of the New Zealand Falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae), a species listed as threatened by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, affected the abundance of 4 species of Passeriformes that are considered vineyard pests or affected the amount of economic loss due to grape (Vitis vinifera) damage. Three of the species were introduced and remove whole grapes from bunches (Blackbird [Turdus merula], Song Thrush [Turdus philomelos], and Starling [Sturnus vulgaris]), whereas the one native species (Silvereye [Zosterops lateralis]) pecks holes in grapes. The introduction of falcons to vineyards was associated with a significant decrease in the abundance of introduced passerines and with a 95% reduction in the number of grapes removed relative to vineyards without falcons. Falcon presence was not associated with a change in the number of Silvereyes, but there was a 55% reduction in the number of grapes pecked in vineyards with falcons. Our results indicate that, relative to damage in vineyards without falcons, the presence of a falcon could potentially result in savings of US$234/ha for the Sauvignon Blanc variety of grapes and $326/ha for Pinot Noir variety of grapes.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Three common species of Hawaiian reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis (L.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) and Fungia scutaria Lamarck, were grown in a temperature-regulated, continuous-flow sea water system. The skeletal growth optimum occurred near 26°C, coinciding with the natural summer ambient temperature in Hawaii, and was lowest at 21° to 22°C, representing Hawaiian winter ambient. Levels of approximately 32°C produced mortality within days. Prolonged exposure to temperatures of approximately 30°C eventually caused loss of photosynthetic pigment, increased mortality, and reduced calcification. Corals lived only 1 to 2 weeks at 18°C. The corals showed greater initial resistance at the lower lethal limit, but ultimately low temperature was more deleterious than high temperature. Results suggest that a decrease in the natural water temperature of Hawaiian reefs would be more harmful to corals than a temperature increase of the same magnitude.Contribution No. 504 of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.  相似文献   

9.
UV-B增加对菠菜生长发育和品质的影响   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6  
研究了在大田栽培和自然光的条件下,模拟紫外辐射的增加对菠菜生长发育和品质的影响。生长指标的分析结果表明,随着UV-B辐射的增加,菠菜的干质量、叶面积、绿叶数、株高生长均呈降低趋势,而且随着UV-B越强,降低程度越大,并在一定程度上延缓植株生长。品质指标的分析结果表明,UV-B辐射增强,菠菜叶片的可溶性糖质量分数降低,维生素C质量分数降低,随UV-B辐射强度增大,可溶性糖和维生素C质量分数降低的幅度愈大;UV-B辐射增强,菠菜叶片的蛋白质和抗坏血酸表现为质量分数升高,但当UV-B辐射超过一定强度,二者又表现为低于对照。  相似文献   

10.
Jones J  Doran PJ  Holmes RT 《Ecology》2007,88(10):2505-2515
Synchrony in population fluctuations has been identified as an important component of population dynamics. In a previous study, we determined that local-scale (<15-km) spatial synchrony of bird populations in New England was correlated with synchronous fluctuations in lepidopteran larvae abundance and with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Here we address five questions that extend the scope of our earlier study using North American Breeding Bird Survey data. First, do bird populations in eastern North America exhibit spatial synchrony in abundances at scales beyond those we have documented previously? Second, does spatial synchrony depend on what population metric is analyzed (e.g., abundance, growth rate, or variability)? Third, is there geographic concordance in where species exhibit synchrony? Fourth, for those species that exhibit significant geographic concordance, are there landscape and habitat variables that contribute to the observed patterns? Fifth, is spatial synchrony affected by a species' life history traits? Significant spatial synchrony was common and its magnitude was dependent on the population metric analyzed. Twenty-four of 29 species examined exhibited significant synchrony in population abundance: mean local autocorrelation (rho)= 0.15; mean spatial extent (mean distance where rho=0) = 420.7 km. Five of the 29 species exhibited significant synchrony in annual population growth rate (mean local autocorrelation = 0.06, mean distance = 457.8 km). Ten of the 29 species exhibited significant synchrony in population abundance variability (mean local autocorrelation = 0.49, mean distance = 413.8 km). Analyses of landscape structure indicated that habitat variables were infrequent contributors to spatial synchrony. Likewise, we detected no effects of life history traits on synchrony in population abundance or growth rate. However, short-distance migrants exhibited more spatially extensive synchrony in population variability than either year-round residents or long-distance migrants. The dissimilarity of the spatial extent of synchrony across species suggests that most populations are not regulated at similar spatial scales. The spatial scale of the population synchrony patterns we describe is likely larger than the actual scale of population regulation, and in turn, the scale of population regulation is undoubtedly larger than the scale of individual ecological requirements.  相似文献   

11.
Human disturbances, such as overfishing, may disrupt predator–prey interactions and modify food webs. Underwater surveys were carried out at six shallow-water reef barrens in temperate waters of northern-central Chile from October to December 2010 to describe the effects of predation, habitat complexity (low, medium and high) and refuge availability on the abundance and population structure of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus (Rhynchocinetidae), an important mesoconsumer on subtidal hard substrata. Three sites were within managed (restricted access) areas for fishermen, and three were unmanaged (open-access). Field observations and tethering experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between fish and shrimp abundances, and the relative predation rates on shrimps. Direct effects of predation on R. typus body-size distribution were examined from shrimps collected in the field and fish stomachs. The presence and the abundance of R. typus increased with habitat reef complexity and refuge availability. Shrimp abundance was negatively related to fish abundance in managed areas, but not in open-access areas, where shrimp densities were the highest. Also, predation rates and body-size distribution of shrimps were unrelated, although fish consumed more large shrimps than should be expected from their distribution in the field. R. typus occurred most often in shelters with wide openings, offering limited protection against predators, but providing potential aggregation sites for shrimps. Overall, direct effects of predation on shrimp densities and population structure were weak, but indirect effects on shrimp distribution within reefs appear to have been mediated through behavioural responses. Our study highlights the need to assess both numerical and behavioural responses of prey to determine the effects of predator loss on mesoconsumer populations.  相似文献   

12.
底质营养状况对黑藻生长及光合作用的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在室内模拟条件下,利用三种不同营养状况的底质,研究了底质营养对黑藻生长及光合作用的影响,结果表明:(1)营养水平最高的HH底质对黑藻的早期生长和光合有利,但在高温季节会严重降低黑藻的根系活力和叶绿素含量,影响黑藻后期生长;(2)TR底质营养水平较低,该处理下黑藻生物量累积量较低;(3)HK底质能够充分满足黑藻生长的营养需求,且在高温季节对黑藻的生长和光合有利。相关分析表明,底质营养状况是影响黑藻生长的重要因素。  相似文献   

13.
微囊藻毒素对几种淡水微藻的生长和光合活性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
微囊藻毒素(MC)是富营养化淡水水体中最常见的藻类毒素,而MC对藻类生长效应的影响却鲜见报道.通过模拟培养实验,研究了不同质量浓度的MC-RR对淡水藻类的生长和光合效能的影响.结果显示,100 μg·L-1以下的MC-RR对产毒铜绿微囊藻Ds(Microcystis aeruginosa Ds)作用并不明显;相反,100 μg·L-1 MC-RR对铜绿微囊藻无毒株854(Microcystis aeruginosa 854)有显著的杀藻效应,表明MC可能改变浮游植物种群中产毒与非产毒微囊藻的比例.MC-RR对其它藻类的作用因种类不同而效果各异.100 μg·L-1 MC-RR可显著抑制细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus)的生长,并诱使水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)发生溶藻效应;100 mg.L-1显著降低了聚球藻和束丝藻的光合活性,表明微囊藻毒素对藻类生长的抑制与其对光合活性的抑制有关.100 μg·L-1以下的 MC-RR对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)的生长没有明显影响;1 000 μg·L-1 MC-RR 则可促进这三种藻的生长,但对小球藻和鱼腥藻的光合效能没有明显影响.以上结果说明MC参与浮游植物的种间相互作用与种群调节.  相似文献   

14.
The species and distribution of nematodes on the kelp Macrocystic integrifolia Bory, in the Bamfield region of Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada were examined. Nine species (belonging to six families) of nematodes were found on the kelp blades. Three species (Monhystera disjuncta, M. refringens and Prochromadorella neapolitana) comprised 91–99% of the nematode fauna and occurred in all monthly samples from July 1978 to November 1979. The three dominant species exhibited seasonal density differences. P. neapolitana occurred mostly in the summer, M. refringens abundance peaked from July to October and M. disjuncta was relatively abundant throughout the year. The other species contributed little to the overall abundance and distribution patterns. All three species occurred in greatest abundance on the lower and middle blades of M. integrifolia in the deep end of the kelp bed. Very few individuals occurred on the upper blades. Nematode distribution on M. integrifolia appeared to be related to blade age and the associated food sources on the blade.  相似文献   

15.
Summary. The furoquinoline alkaloids skimmianine and dictamnine were tested for effects on the feeding and growth of larvae of the generalist lepidopteran, Spodoptera litura. Skimmianine was further investigated for toxic and phototoxic effects on the larvae of Trichoplusia ni, also a generalist species. In feeding experiments with S. litura, growth and consumption of larvae decreased with increasing concentration of furoquinolines; skimmianine caused a greater reduction in growth than dictamnine. In T. ni, dietary skimmianine reduced growth and consumption; when administered topically, it significantly reduced consumption but without a concomitant reduction in growth. Phototoxicity of skimmianine was not apparent in T. ni because UV light failed to increase the negative effects of the alkaloid on larvae.  相似文献   

16.
低浓度的硒可以促进微藻的生长,为了探讨硒对紫球藻生长和光谱特性的影响,研究了在通入压缩空气的条件下,不同质量浓度的硒(0、0.05、0.5、1、2、5、10和50mg·L-1)添加到紫球藻(Porphyridium UTEX637)培养基中,培养20d的生长情况,以及紫球藻吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱的特征应。结果表明:不同质量浓度Se(Ⅳ)对紫球藻的特征吸收峰位和荧光峰位没有影响,低质量浓度Se(Ⅳ)对紫球藻的生长具有明显地促进作用,高质量浓度时抑制紫球藻的生长。含0.05和0.5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)的实验组紫球藻的吸收光谱特征峰值明显高于对照组,而1和5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)质量浓度实验组的特征峰值则低于对照组。0.05和0.5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)质量浓度实验组的荧光发射(激发波长为436nm,560nm)光谱的特征峰值与对照相比没有明显变化,但激发波长为490nm时,荧光发射光谱特征峰值高与对照组。与对照组相比,1,2和5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)实验组紫球藻的荧光光谱特征峰值均有不同程度的降低。10和50mg·L-1实验组紫球藻死亡。说明低质量浓度Se(Ⅳ)对紫球藻捕光色素蛋白复合体的捕光能力具有促进作用,高质量浓度有抑制作用。  相似文献   

17.
居煇  李康  姜帅 《生态环境》2010,19(10):2376-2380
随着我国污水处理技术的发展,再生水生产能力得到了明显地提高,实现再生水农业安全利用,将开辟农业用水新途径。以冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)为对象,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同程度处理的再生水(二级再生水、三级再生水)对冬小麦生长和产量的影响。结果表明:再生水灌溉能显著提高冬小麦的株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量,但开花前对光合作用的改善不显著。再生水灌溉处理的冬小麦超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性整体提高,尤其是越冬阶段,叶片SOD活性较对照处理提高了15%,抽穗后作用减弱,各处理间的过氧化物酶(POD)活性差异不明显。以再生水灌溉的盆栽小麦产量和对照相比没有明显差异,再生水灌溉可以实现正常的产量水平。  相似文献   

18.
李玮  张佳宝  张丛志 《生态环境》2012,21(2):243-248
通过大田试验,研究了作物秸秆行间掩埋配施不同类型氮肥(矿质化肥和鸡粪)下耕层土壤温度的变化及对作物生长的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田初期配施氮肥对秸秆有激发效应,能提高耕层的土壤温度,提高幅度受大气温度、降水的影响。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为16%总氮的鸡粪和24%总氮的化学氮肥耕层土壤的增温效果明显,土壤温度分别上升0.7和0.8℃。秸秆行间掩埋还田对作物生长的影响因作物类型和生育期而异,从不同生育期来看,作物前期的生长受秸秆行间掩埋还田的影响最大。从作物类型来看,配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的鸡粪,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照38.7%、29.4%和27.9%,3个处理分别与对照差异显著(P〈0.05),玉米没有差异。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的矿质氮肥,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照25.7%、30.9%和14.1%,配施低、中量化学氮肥与对照差异显著(P〈0.05);各处理玉米生物量高于对照0.9%、50.8%和19.8%,配施中量化学氮肥与对照有明显差异(P〈0.05)。  相似文献   

19.
D. M. Alongi 《Marine Biology》1992,112(4):657-663
Vertical patterns of bacterial densities, productivity and specific growth rates in coastal muds, quartz sands and muddy sands of the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon were examined in summer (February) and autumn (May) 1988. Variations in these parameters with station location, sediment depth and season were complex, exhibiting significant main and interaction effects in most instances. Some trends were apparent despite the large and complex variations. Bacterial densities did not vary seasonally, ranging from 2.9 to 38.1×109 cells g-1 dry wt, averaged over sediment depth (0 to 20 cm) and seasons. Trend analysis revealed that densities decreased with increasing sediment depth. Bacterial production (tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA) was high, ranging from 0.4 to 5.7 gCm-2 d-1 (integrated over 10 cm depth), as were specific growth rates (grand mean, =0.25 d-1; range=0.004 to 1.3 d-1). Both were generally higher in summer than in autumn. Vertical profiles of productivity and specific growth rates revealed actively growing bacterial assemblages down to 20 cm depth. Factors which may account for these very abundant and productive communities are: (1) subsurface accumulations of detritus exported from adjacent mangrove forests, and (2) physical disturbance from tidal scouring and severe climate (e.g. cyclones, wet-season floods). Disturbance events occur frequently enough to inhibit the development of highly sulphidic conditions, but stimulate production of bacterial types (aerobes, fermenters) capable of incorporating labelled thymidine into their DNA.  相似文献   

20.
在室内以原沉积物(处理1)和分别添加0.5%与1%有机质(植物残体)(处理2和处理3)的沉积物作为底质培养沉水植物,研究了植物残体的腐解对穗花狐尾藻生长及各器官磷积累的影响。结果表明:在试验的早期阶段,植物残体的腐解对狐尾藻的生长及磷积累有一定的抑制,其干质量积累量与磷积累量均表现为处理1〉处理2〉处理3,与处理1相比,处理2和处理3植株干质量积累量分别降低了16.9%和24.35%,磷积累量降低了24.38%和44.18%;但在培养的中后期,则表现为处理2〉处理3〉处理1,与处理1相比,处理2和处理3的穗花狐尾藻干质量和磷积累量分别增加了22.45%和7.48%、75.53%和17.21%。整个培养实验结果表明低含量植物残体的残留,促进了植株生长及磷积累,但当植物残体残留过高时,沉水植物的生长及磷积累受到抑制。3个处理不同器官干质量和磷分配比均表现为叶〉茎〉根,叶是穗花狐尾藻主要的磷累积器官。  相似文献   

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