碘量法检测硫化氢在油田的应用与改进

碘量法是分析天然气中硫化氢含量的经典化学分析方法之一,但在油田现场测定天然气中硫化氢含量的过程中,存在取样口出现冷凝液导致硫化氢吸收不充分、检测效率低、湿式流量计在取样现场结冰的 问题。通过分析取样过程影响因素并找到问题原因,对取样流程装置进行改进,在取样口处增加气液分离装置、适量减少天然气的取样量、用电子流量控制器代替湿式流量计。实验证明,改进后的方法消除了上述问题, 能够准确检测天然气中硫化氢含量,提高现场取样成功概率和检测效率。     

废水氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂法测定废水中氨氮含量,其不确定度来源于标准曲线、取样体积和样品的重复测定,通过对测定过程涉及到的标准储备液、标准曲线绘制、标准曲线拟合、取样体积、移液管等因素进行分析,确定其产生的不确定度,进而提高测量的准确度。实验结果表明,通过对废水中氨氮不确定度的评定,能够准确反映实验过程中产生的不确定度的所有来源。     

塔里木油田钻井废物处理技术研究

为实现钻井废物随钻即时处理,采用钻井废物处理技术。研究对钻井废物实验取样,将废物分离成岩屑、泥饼和水,对泥浆中的固体通过水洗、絮凝分离和化学反应处理,泥浆中的有害物质成分和氯离子被析出后,再用真空吸附脱水制成泥饼,同时将水循环利用。根据实验数据对本底值以及处理前后的数据进行对比分析,验证了该技术在塔里木油田的适用性。     

釜溪河沉积物微塑料颗粒调查分析的研究

微塑料已被证明在海洋及淡水环境中广泛存在,且难以降解。为了调查微塑料在内陆淡水河流沉积物中的存在以及粒径等组成情况,以釜溪河为例,采用现场取样、室内分析的实验方法进行研究。利用密度分离法提取微塑料,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪对高聚物成分进行鉴定。得到的结果为底部沉积物中微塑料颗粒平均丰度为232.83±72.83粒/kg,几个采样点微塑料丰度范围在160～292粒/kg;从总体来看,微塑料颗粒的丰度随粒径的减小而增大;片状微塑料颗粒占绝大多数,占总数量的78.53%。在所取得样品中鉴定得到主要有聚丙烯、聚乙烯和聚乙炔3种类型的高聚物。本研究为微塑料的取样和分析提供方法,并为进一步了解内陆淡水环境中微塑料水平提供了重要参考。     

重量法测定水中悬浮物主要影响因素探讨

文章以悬浮物测定的国家标准GB 11901—89《水质悬浮物的测定重量法》为基础,加入水质浊度的概念展开了实验,结合玉门油田工业废水水样,讨论了过滤材料及其冲洗前处理(冲洗法)、水样放置时间、取样体积和浊度对悬浮物测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,在可接受误差范围内且考虑节约因素,选用滤纸进行测定;对预估测定结果偏小的水样应进行滤纸或滤膜冲洗前处理,对预估测定结果偏大的水样选用未冲洗滤纸或滤膜进行测定;水样放置时间要严格控制;取样体积直接影响悬浮物结果,对预估测定结果偏小的水样在不影响操作的情况下应尽量增大测量体积,保证结果精确性;浊度会影响测定结果,但效果微小,一般不考虑。     

塘沽区农村环境污染现状及生态化建设途径的研究

通过对塘沽区农村主要污染源调查取样分析,总结了塘沽区农村地表水环境现状,对不同农业生产类型污染源水体氮磷浓度进行取样分析,并利用实地取样分析的数据采用等标污染负荷的评价方法对上述污染源进行了排放量估算,对塘沽区农村污染源进行了量化评价。结果表明：2008年塘沽区农村主要污染源氮磷等标污染负荷达到3357.35t,农村主要污染源总氮排放负荷达到3306.85t,污染负荷率为98.5%,总磷排放负荷达到50.49t,污染负荷率为1.5%。     

轻烃分析检测含油污泥中的石油烃类

轻烃分析技术主要是利用物质具有挥发性原理,测定溶液上方气相中各组分的浓度。在样品罐的顶部装一个气压计,当气液相达到平衡,可以取样进行分析;根据道尔顿分压定律及拉乌尔定律定量探讨了参数的校正方法,并分析了轻烃分析参数的预处理。通过实验,介绍了应用效果。该方法可以准确计算出含油污泥中石油烃类的组分及含量,可为正确选择微生物处理菌剂提供技术依据。     

平行测定悬浮物的取样方法

通过实验论证了平行测定悬浮物的取样方法,从而保证测定结果具有一定的精密度。     

采用NADH/NAD~+法分析餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统失衡过程中微生物代谢状态

运用NADH/NAD~+技术对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统内微生物代谢状态进行动态追踪。厌氧消化系统负荷OLR从2.0kg VS/(m~3·d)到8.5kg VS/(m~3·d)整个运行过程中,在不同负荷条件下取样进行NADH/NAD~+分析。实验结果表明:在厌氧消化末期,厌氧消化的NADH/NAD~+的数值急剧的升高,最高达1.36,可以判定厌氧消化系统内的微生物系统代谢平衡崩溃。     

四川巫山县地方性氟中毒病因的地学环境研究

本文从环境地学的角度,对四川巫山县地方性氟中毒病区的饮水、岩石、土壤及燃煤进行了系统的取样和分析测试。查明了本区地方性氟中毒的成因类型、致病因子和致病途径,并提出了适当的防治对策。     

WATER QUALITY SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR VARIABLE FLOW CANALS AT REMOTE SITES1

ABSTRACT: Growing interest in water quality has resulted in the development of monitoring networks and intensive sampling for various constituents. Common purposes are regulatory, source and sink understanding, and trend observations. Water quality monitoring involves monitoring system design; sampling site instrumentation; and sampling, analysis, quality control, and assurance. Sampling is a process to gather information with the least cost and least error. Various water quality sampling schemes have been applied for different sampling objectives and time frames. In this study, a flow proportional composite sampling scheme is applied to variable flow remote canals where the flow rate is not known a priori. In this scheme, historical weekly flow data are analyzed to develop high flow and low flow sampling trigger volumes for auto‐samplers. The median flow is used to estimate low flow sampling trigger volume and the five percent exceedence probability flow is used for high flow sampling trigger volume. A computer simulation of high resolution sampling is used to demonstrate the comparative bias in load estimation and operational cost among four sampling schemes. Weekly flow proportional composite auto‐sampling resulted in the least bias in load estimation with competitive operational cost compared to daily grab, weekly grab sampling and time proportional auto‐sampling.     

Impact of sampling techniques on measured stormwater quality data for small streams

Science-based sampling methodologies are needed to enhance water quality characterization for setting appropriate water quality standards, developing Total Maximum Daily Loads, and managing nonpoint source pollution. Storm event sampling, which is vital for adequate assessment of water quality in small (wadeable) streams, is typically conducted by manual grab or integrated sampling or with an automated sampler. Although it is typically assumed that samples from a single point adequately represent mean cross-sectional concentrations, especially for dissolved constituents, this assumption of well-mixed conditions has received limited evaluation. Similarly, the impact of temporal (within-storm) concentration variability is rarely considered. Therefore, this study evaluated differences in stormwater quality measured in small streams with several common sampling techniques, which in essence evaluated within-channel and within-storm concentration variability. Constituent concentrations from manual grab samples and from integrated samples were compared for 31 events, then concentrations were also compared for seven events with automated sample collection. Comparison of sampling techniques indicated varying degrees of concentration variability within channel cross sections for both dissolved and particulate constituents, which is contrary to common assumptions of substantial variability in particulate concentrations and of minimal variability in dissolved concentrations. Results also indicated the potential for substantial within-storm (temporal) concentration variability for both dissolved and particulate constituents. Thus, failing to account for potential cross-sectional and temporal concentration variability in stormwater monitoring projects can introduce additional uncertainty in measured water quality data.     

MONITORING STRATEGIES TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE WITH WATER QUALITY OBJIECTIVES1

ABSTRACT: Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined. For objectives based on long-term mean requirements, fixed frequency sampling at frequent intervals is most advantageous regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. For objectives that are based on maximum allowable concentrations, effective sampling strategies increase the likelihood of detecting noncompliance. If data are highly autocorrelated or sharply seasonal in distribution, an exceedance-driven sampling strategy is more effective and efficient for detecting violations than fixed frequency sampling. However, data generated by exceedance-driven sampling provide biased estimates of mean and standard deviation.     

Optimal water quality monitoring network design for river systems

Typical tasks of a river monitoring network design include the selection of the water quality parameters, selection of sampling and measurement methods for these parameters, identification of the locations of sampling stations and determination of the sampling frequencies. These primary design considerations may require a variety of objectives, constraints and solutions. In this study we focus on the optimal river water quality monitoring network design aspect of the overall monitoring program and propose a novel methodology for the analysis of this problem. In the proposed analysis, the locations of sampling sites are determined such that the contaminant detection time is minimized for the river network while achieving maximum reliability for the monitoring system performance. Altamaha river system in the State of Georgia, USA is chosen as an example to demonstrate the proposed methodology. The results show that the proposed model can be effectively used for the optimal design of monitoring networks in river systems.     

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AMBIENT STREAM QUALITY MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Existing ambient water quality monitoring programs have resulted in data which are often unsuitable for assessment of water quality trends. A primary concern in designing a stream quality monitoring network is the selection of a temporal sampling strategy. It is extremely important that data for trend assessment be collected uniformly in time. Greatly superior trend detection power results for such a strategy as compared to stratified sampling strategies. In general, it is desirable that sampling frequencies be at least monthly but not greater than biweekly; higher sampling frequencies usually result in little additional information. An upper limit on trend detectability exists such that for both five and ten year base periods it is often impossible to detect trends in time series where the ratio of the trend magnitude to time series standard deviation is less than about 0.5. For the same record lengths trends in records with trend to standard deviation ratios greater than about one can usually be detected with very high power when a uniform sampling strategy is followed.     

Summary of well water sampling in California to detect pesticide residues resulting from nonpoint-source applications

This report summarizes well sampling protocols, data collection procedures, and analytical results for the presence of pesticides in ground water developed by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Specific well sampling protocols were developed to meet regulatory mandates of the Pesticide Contamination Prevention Act (PCPA) of 1986 and to provide further understanding of the agronomic, chemical, and geographic factors that contribute to movement of residues to ground water. The well sampling data have formed the basis for the DPR's regulatory decisions. For example, a sampling protocol, the Four-Section Survey, was developed to determine if reported detections were caused by nonpoint-source agricultural applications, a determination that can initiate formal review and subsequent regulation of a pesticide. Selection of sampling sites, which are primarily rural domestic wells, was initially based on pesticide use and cropping patterns. Recently, soil and depth-to-ground water data have been added to identify areas where a higher frequency of detection is expected. In accordance with the PCPA, the DPR maintains a database for all pesticide well sampling in California with submission required by all state agencies and with invitations for submission extended to all local and federal agencies or other entities. To date, residues for 16 active ingredients and breakdown products have been detected in California ground water as a result of legal agricultural use. Regulations have been adopted for all detected parent active ingredients, and they have been developed regardless of the level of detection.     

EFFECT OF SERIAL CORRECTION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY SAMPLING FREQUENCY1

ABSTRACT: Methods of calculating uncertainty in estimates of serial correlation coefficients, and correcting for bias in short and medium length (less than 50 data point) records, are presented. Uncertainty and bias in the estimation of serial correlation coefficients for ground water quality data is shown to be considerable and to result in inaccurate calculation of the sampling frequencies for monitoring purposes. The methods are applied to a ground water data set consisting of 87 monthly measurements of nitrate concentrations. The variation in serial correlation coefficients with variation of record length is examined. The optimum sampling frequencies for detection of changes in ground water nitrate concentrations are estimated.     

QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: To assure attainment and maintenance of desired water quality levels in our rivers and streams, systematic monitoring must be performed. A preliminary phase of the design of water quality surveillance systems is the specification of sampling frequencies and station locations throughout the basin; that is, the development of an adequate space/time sampling plan. The purpose of this paper is to present some quantitative methods which have been developed to identify candidate sets of sampling frequencies and station locations, and to establish priorities for implementing the different frequencies and locations. These methods are useful in the cost/effectiveness trade-off analyses in surveillance system design, and are based on the surveillance system objective of pollution abatement in which it is desired to detect violations in state-federal water quality standards. A spatial priority measure is developed which is dependent both on the water quality profile in the stream and on the information obtained from monitoring stations located in other reaches. Also, a temporal sampling priority rating is presented which is a measure of the effectiveness of the surveillance system with respect to its ability to detect the violations in the standards. To illustrate the quantitative methods, the procedures are applied to the Wabash River Basin.     

断面污染物分布均匀度及影响因素研究

水质监测在跨行政区、跨水域功能区、排污总量控制区的水质控制与管理方面有着非常重要的作用,而断面污染物分布均匀与否是水环境监测断面采样是否具备可靠性、合理性和代表性的关键。本文根据监测采样要求提出了断面污染物分布均匀度的概念,即断面污染物分布均匀度是指在污染带内任一垂直于水流方向断面上某一污染物最小浓度值与最大浓度值之比。并就污染物排放量、河流环境水文特征、河流背景浓度、排污方式等断面污染物分布均匀度影响因素进行了分析研究,借助水质模拟技术,反演在上游有排污口情况下如何布置排污方式以满足下游监测采样的要求。这对跨界河流的水质交接、流域水环境质量管理、排污总量控制、水环境监测断面设置等方面的应用具有重要指导和借鉴意义。     

便携式水质采样器的研制与应用

本文阐述了一种新型便携式水质采样器（实用新型专利ZL20082004001．9）的研制过程。介绍了采样器的工作原理、结构组成、技术特点,分析了其适用性。该采样器的主要优点是便携性好,使用方便,采样定位准确,所采水样均匀性好,并有效解决了低水位排污口的采样难题。