上海市工业区大气污染预警监测信息平台研究与设计

根据上海市工业区大气污染排放特征,在构建大气特征污染监控网络的基础上,搭建了工业区大气污染预警监测信息平台,并研究了适用于大气特征污染自动站的通信传输规范,确保数据联网和应用。平台设置了大气质量监控、大气数据管理、污染源一厂一档、大气质量分析评价、污染源溯源分析、应急监测数据管理、智能移动终端查询等7个子系统,可为上海市工业区大气污染预警和管控提供实时监测数据。     

Butyltin and copper monitoring in a Northern Chesapeake Bay marina and river system in 1989: An assessment of tributyltin legislation

This study was designed to: (1) evaluate dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) bi-weekly in the water column for four months during the peak boating season (June–September, 1989) at seven stations in the Back Creek and Severn River area of Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay; (2) compare butyltin values from the 1989 study with values obtained from a similar butyltin monitoring study conducted in 1988 (after Maryland TBT legislation) and 1986 (before Maryland TBT legislation); (3) determine the extent of TBT paint use in the Back Creek area by surveying boat owners; (4) determine dissolved copper concentrations from three of the seven stations bi-weekly during the four-month study; and (5) compare dissolved copper concentrations at these stations with previous copper data collected in 1988.Mean four-month DBT concentrations ranged from 10 to 73 ng/L at the seven stations. Highest DBT concentrations occurred at Station 1 in a marina; lowest concentrations occurred at Station 7 in the Severn River. Mean four-month TBT concentrations ranged from 177 ng/L at Station 1 (marina) to 21 ng/L at Station 7 (Severn River). Maximum TBT concentrations of 361 and 570 ng/L occurred at marina SDtations 1 and 3, respectively. Temporal trends in both DBT and TBT (station mean concentrations by date) showed that peak concentrations occurred during the early part of the boating season followed by reductions in late summer and early fall. Spike concentrations of both DBT (117 and 62 ng/L) and TBT (308 and 366 ng/L) were reported on two sampling dates near a boat maintenance facility in Back Creek.There was a significant reduction in DBT concentrations from 1986 to 1989 when date was treated as a fixed effect. However, TBT concentrations were not significantly reduced between 1986 and 1989 when mean concentrations of TBT were averaged across stations and dates for each year. A significant reduction was reported at Station 1 (marina station) when each station was examined for differences between years. TBT was also reported to significantly decrease (p=0.0442) at Station 7 between 1988 and 1989. A boat owner survey in the study area showed that 6% of the recreational boats that were surveyed were painted with TBT paint in 1989. This was a significant decrease in TBT paint use from the previous year when 31% of recreational boat owners surveyed used TBT paints.An evaluation of dissolved copper concentrations at three stations in the study area in 1989 showed that mean concentrations from bi-weekly sampling for four months was 10 g/L at Station 1, 7.8 g/L at Station 4 and 2.7 g/L at Station 7. Copper concentrations decreased with distance away from the Back Creek marinas. Copper concentrations at all three stations were significantly lower in 1989 than in 1988.     

优化布点中模式计算结合历史数据估算的分析方法及研究

随着城市建设发展,城市建成区不断扩大,在空气质量监测中,旧的城区监测点位很难准确反映新的区域内的空气质量时空变化,文章尝试在新的发展区建立一个数学模型,预测新区域内有代表性的某一特征监测点浓度,与旧城区监测点位优选点共同构成整个区域的空气质量监测系统。     

水质自动监测与常规监测结果对比分析

为了系统研究水质自动监测数据与常规监测数据间差异问题,选取15个运行多年的国家地表水水质自动监测站,对p H、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH_3-N)及总磷(TP)5项监测指标开展了站房外常规监测、站房内常规监测与自动监测的对比实验研究。通过分析监测结果之间相对误差、相对偏差、水质类别变化发现,站房内常规监测、站房外常规监测与自动监测结果之间误差较小;同时通过误差统计分析及直方图分析发现,地表水水质自动监测系统监测结果与站房外常规监测结果之间误差整体属于随机误差(偶然误差)。研究得到了水质自动监测与常规监测数据一致可比的结论,为水质自动监测数据的应用提供了实验基础。     

国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量评价方法及应用示范

以国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量评价为目标,综合应用德尔菲法、层次分析法和模糊综合评价法,构建了国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量评价方法,并确定了评价因子、权重系数、计算方法。该方法评价指标共分为三层:第一层为目标层,即国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量;第二层为准则层,包括人员及资质、现场监测、实验室管理、报告编制及数据上报;第三层为方案层,包括人员操作、持证上岗、资质认定、人员培训、水质布点采样流转情况、空气自动站运维情况、现场质控实施情况、实验室环境条件、样品试剂的保存与管理、仪器检定与校准、实验室质量控制实施情况、数据填报软件运行情况、监测报告规范性等13个评价要素。经矩阵一致性检验确定了各评价要素的权重,将该权重与各要素得分运算后得到县域环境监测质量评价结果。在此基础上,选取广东、山西、陕西、四川和青海等5个省份的15个国家重点生态功能区县域作为典型区开展了实地调研,并应用评价体系对其进行了监测质量等级评价。结果表明,15个典型县域中,环境监测质量等级为优的县域占13.3%,一般、较差的县域分别占66.7%、20%。县域环境监测承担单位在资质、报告编制及数据上报方面表现较好,在现场监测、人员操作方面问题突出,在实验室管理方面有待提升。     

A necessary distinction between spatial representativeness of an air quality monitoring station and the delimitation of exceedance areas

The European legislation on ambient air quality introduces the concepts of spatial representativeness of a monitoring station and spatial extent of an exceedance zone. Spatial representativeness is an essential macro-scale siting criterion which should be evaluated before the setting-up and during the life of a monitoring point. As for the exceedance area, it has to be defined each time an environmental objective is exceeded in an assessment zone. No specific approach is prescribed to delimit such areas. A probabilistic methodology is presented, based on a preliminary kriging estimation of atmospheric concentrations at each point of the domain. It is applied to NO₂ pollution on the urban scale. In the proposed approach, a point belongs to the area of representativeness of a station if its concentration differs from the station measurement by less than a given threshold. To take the estimation uncertainty into account, the standard deviation of the kriging error is used in a probabilistic framework. The choice of the criteria used to deal with overlapping areas is first tested on NO₂ annual mean concentration maps of France, built by combining surface monitoring observations and outputs from the CHIMERE chemistry transport model. At the local scale, data from passive sampling surveys and high -resolution auxiliary variables are used to provide a more precise estimation of the background pollution in different French cities. The traffic-related pollution can also be accounted for in the map by additional predictors such as distance to the road, and traffic-related NO_x emissions. Similarly, the proposed approach is implemented to identify the points, at a given statistical risk, where the NO₂ concentration is above the annual limit value.     

浅谈县级环境监测质量管理工作现状及对策

当前环保系统垂直改革稳步推进,县级环境监测质量管理工作也迎来新的机遇与挑战。从县级环境监测站质量管理工作现状着手,分析新形势下存在质量管理体系有效性缺乏、现场监测过程质量管理薄弱、质量管理意识尚待提高等问题。提出,应从加强体系建设、提高现场监测水平、强化考核培训力度等方面改进县级环境监测质量管理工作水平。     

Real-time discharge measurement in tidal streams by an index velocity

Discharge measurement in a tidal stream is always a difficult task. Owing to the complex flow conditions, discharge measurement in tidal streams has to be finished quickly, and must be highly efficient in order to yield an accurate measurement of real-time discharge. Measuring the discharge of tidal streams is done in three steps: (1) establishing the stage and cross-sectional area relation, (2) estimating the index velocity by using a velocity distribution equation based on the probability concept, (3) establishing the relationship between the index and mean velocities. Then the cross-sectional area and mean velocity can be estimated by the gage height and index velocity, respectively. The discharge of tidal streams is computed as the product of the cross-sectional area and mean velocity. The velocity distribution of the Taipei Bridge and Guan-du Bridge in the Tanshui River were established and analyzed to demonstrate the use of discharge measurement by index velocity for estimating the discharge of this tidal stream. The results reveal no large difference between the discharges measured by the conventional methods and the index velocity. This pilot study proposed a cost-effectiveness and efficient method. It is an easy, quick, and accurate model for measuring the real-time discharge of a tidal stream. It makes automatic, real-time, and continuous monitoring of the discharge in a tidal stream become possible.     

海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统研究

为解决我国海洋污损灾害应急监测技术应用单一、水平参差不齐、监测队伍缺少优化调度等问题,基于我国现阶段海洋污损灾害的管理模式和应急监测技术水平与力量,梳理并优化应急监测业务流程,将海洋污损灾害高发海域的水动力实时模拟、污染物扩散与溯源的动态模拟预测、应急监测的启动判别指标体系、监测范围指引模式、监测方案自动生成、监测信息实时编报等技术集成整合,构建海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统,其适用性和高效性已在业务化示范和实践应用中得到验证。     

辐射环境监测能力评估

以辐射环境监测作为环境监管基础,提出了辐射环境监测能力评估体系以及评估指标,并对全国省级环保系统辐射环境监测机构的能力进行了初步统计分析,为提高我国辐射环境监测能力,掌握目前辐射环境监测能力和核与辐射应急能力提供依据。     

A feasible method to assess inaccuracy caused by patchiness in water quality monitoring

Patchiness is a typical property of water quality in lakes. However, in conventional water quality monitoring, patchiness is usually too expensive to take into account, due to the high number of required samples. This study examines a feasible methodology developed for estimating the representativeness of discrete chlorophyll a measurements. Four spatially extensive data sets were collected from the Enonselkä basin of Lake Vesijärvi in Southern Finland, using a flow trough system with a fluorometer in a moving boat. Data sets were used to estimate (1) the spatial representativeness of discrete sampling; (2) the effect of varying sample size on the detected mean chlorophyll a concentration and on the observed proportion of variance. Spatial representativeness was assessed using semivariogram analysis. Results indicate that the spatial representativeness of discrete sampling can remain undesirably low. Furthermore, in monitoring programs involving just one or only a few samples, there is a significant risk of obtaining a false estimate for the mean value and variance of chlorophyll a concentration over the whole monitoring area.     

The measurement procedure in the SEMONT monitoring system

The measurement procedure of the open area in situ electric field strength is presented, acquiring the real field data for testing of the Serbian electromagnetic field monitoring network (SEMONT) and its Internet portal. The SEMONT monitoring system introduces an advanced approach of wireless sensor network utilization for the continuous supervision of overall and cumulative level of electromagnetic field over the observed area. The aim of the SEMONT system is to become a useful tool for the national and municipal agencies for the environmental protection, regarding the electromagnetic pollution monitoring and the exposure assessment of the general population. Considering the public concern on the potentially harmful effects of the long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation, as well as the public transparency principle that is incorporated into the Serbian law on non-ionizing radiation protection, the SEMONT monitoring system is designed for the long-term continuous monitoring, presenting real-time measurement results, and corresponding exposure assessment over the public Internet network.     

A water quality monitoring network design using fuzzy theory and multiple criteria analysis

A proper water quality monitoring design is required in a watershed, particularly in a water resource protected area. As numerous factors can influence the water quality monitoring design, this study applies multiple criteria analysis to evaluate the suitability of the water quality monitoring design in the Taipei Water Resource Domain (TWRD) in northern Taiwan. Seven criteria, which comprise percentage of farmland area, percentage of built-up area, amount of non-point source pollution, green cover ratio, landslide area ratio, ratio of over-utilization on hillsides, and density of water quality monitoring stations, are selected in the multiple criteria analysis. The criteria are normalized and weighted. The weighted method is applied to score the subbasins. The density of water quality stations needs to be increased in priority in the subbasins with a higher score. The fuzzy theory is utilized to prioritize the need for a higher density of water quality monitoring stations. The results show that the need for more water quality stations in subbasin 2 in the Bei-Shih Creek Basin is much higher than those in the other subbasins. Furthermore, the existing water quality station in subbasin 2 requires maintenance. It is recommended that new water quality stations be built in subbasin 2.     

衡阳市区和衡山背景站臭氧浓度变化规律的对比分析

选取衡阳市区和衡山背景站臭氧自动监测数据,分析两地的臭氧污染特征。对空气质量的优良率情况、臭氧作为首要污染物的变化情况、臭氧浓度的日变化特征、典型时段的浓度变化特征、臭氧浓度的月际变化特征和臭氧与PM_(2.5)的关联情况等进行了分析。结果表明,多云及阴雨天气时,衡阳市区的臭氧浓度日变化幅度大于衡山背景站。夏季,衡阳市区和衡山背景站的臭氧浓度的日变化特征规律差异较大,臭氧浓度分布比较分散,前者为典型的单峰形,后者则波动平缓。冬季,日变化幅度不大,但衡阳市区的臭氧浓度明显低于衡山背景站。衡山背景站和衡阳市区的臭氧基本同步变化,但日均值高于衡阳市区。     

空气自动监测系统运行影响因素分析

为了掌握省辖市2003年以来空气自动监测系统的运行情况,根据几年的巡检,发现了一些影响空气自动监测系统运行的因素。本文主要从仪器、标准物质的使用、人员以及影响空气质量日报结果等几个方面进行了阐述,并提出了相应的改进措施,以期能对空气自动监测系统的管理提供借鉴。     

Serial Correlation and Inter-annual Variability in Relation to the Statistical Power of Monitoring Schemes to Detect Trends in Fish Populations

We studied the effects of inter-annual variability and serial correlation on the statistical power of monitoring schemes to detect trends in biomass of bream (Abramis brama) in Lake Veluwemeer (The Netherlands). In order to distinguish between 'true' system variability and sampling variability we simulated the development of the bream population, using estimates for population structure and growth, and compared the resulting inter-annual variabilities and serial correlations with those from field data. In all cases the inter-annual variability in the field data was larger than in simulated data (e.g. for total biomass of all assessed bream sigma = 0.45 in field data, and sigma = 0.03-0.14 in simulated data) indicating that sampling variability decreased statistical power for detecting trends. Moreover, sampling variability obscured the inter-annual dependency (and thus the serial correlation) of biomass, which was expected because in this long-lived population biomass changes are buffered by the many year classes present. We did find the expected serial correlation in our simulation results and concluded that good survey data of long-lived fish populations should show low sampling variability and considerable inter-annual serial correlation. Since serial correlation decreases the power for detecting trends, this means that even when sampling variability would be greatly reduced, the number of sampling years to detect a change of 15%.year(-1) in bream populations (corresponding to a halving or doubling in a six-year period) would in most cases be more than six. This would imply that the six-year reporting periods that are required by the Water Framework Directive of the European Union are too short for the existing fish monitoring schemes.     

浅谈福建武夷山大气背景监测站的运行维护

大气背景监测站多位于高山且相对清洁地区,在运行维护方面和城市点位有很大不同,低量程仪器和其他自动监测仪器在运行维护上也有所不同。国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站是国内14个大气背景监测站之一,该站于2011年3月4日运行,文章总结该站运行以来的维护经验,从运行条件、日常维护、简单故障判断、数据处理等几个方面详细叙述,给出维护经验和注意事项,以期为其他类似背景站的运行维护提供参考。     

Temporal and spatial trends in water quality of Lake Taihu,China: analysis from a north to mid-lake transect, 1991–2011

Interpretations of state and trends in lake water quality are generally based on measurements from one or more stations that are considered representative of the response of the lake ecosystem. The objective of this study is to examine how these interpretations may be influenced by station location in a large lake. We addressed this by analyzing trends in water quality variables collected monthly from eight monitoring stations along a transect from the central lake to the north in Lake Taihu (area about 2,338 km²), China, from October 1991 to December 2011. The parameters examined included chlorophyll a (Chl a), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and Secchi disk depth (SD). The individual variables were increasingly poorly correlated among stations along the transect from the central lake to the north, particularly for Chl a and TP. The timing of peaks in individual variables was also dependent on station location, with spectral analysis revealing a peak at annual frequency for the central lake station but absence of, or much reduced signal, at this frequency for the near-shore northern station. Percentage annual change values for each of the four variables also varied with station and indicated general improvement in water quality at northern stations, particularly for TN, but little change or decline at central lake stations. Sediment resuspension and tributary nutrient loads were considered to be responsible for some of the variability among stations. Our results indicate that temporal trends in water quality may be station specific in large lakes and that calculated whole-lake trophic status trends or responses to management actions may be specific to the station(s) selected for monitoring and analysis. These results have important implications for efficient design of monitoring programs that are intended to integrate the natural spatial variability of large lakes.     

长江流域水环境监控体系配置及其关键参数选择原则

在分析长江流域水质污染现状和自动监控系统的配置现状基础上,针对长江流域需要监控的水域,提出了适合长江流域的国家、省、市三级自动监控体系.最后,提出了水质常规监测站的参数配置原则以及应急监测参数配置原则.     

2015年新疆阿克苏市沙尘污染与气象因素关系的分析

应用阿克苏市国家基准站及2个环保局监测站2015年大风沙尘天气过程前后PM10浓度变化及其与污染源、NECP全球再分析资料、风、监测站周边环境等关系进行分析.结果表明,阿克苏市春季沙尘天气的首要污染物均为PM10,PM10的变化曲线呈正态分布,春季中度及以上污染日均出现在污染日当日或次日.造成阿克苏市沙尘天气污染源分本地型、外来型以及二者共同影响型三种.本地型沙尘污染强度取决于北风风速大小及强风持续时间,PM10浓度变化与风速呈正相关.而外来型污染多发生在本地型沙尘天气之后,"东灌"冷空气裹挟沙尘进入南疆盆地,造成地面加压,浮尘天气造成PM10浓度增大,并持续数天.总结出沙尘天气污染预警的几个必要条件,后续在地区环保局、县局监测站建立的情况下,为分析阿克苏地区"八县一市"污染物与气象因素的关系提供借鉴,同时为实际的空气质量预警提供参考.