上海市典型污水处理厂污泥浸出液的化学和毒性评价

为了研究污水污泥在海洋环境中释放带来的生态风险,在分析上海7处典型污水处理厂污水污泥浸出液中重金属与溶解性有机碳的基础上,使用黑鲷,卤虫,三角褐指藻,纤细角毛藻和小球藻研究污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的急性毒性作用和生长抑制作用。化学分析结果表明,所有样点的污水污泥浸出液中重金属总量均低于中国(GB5085.3-2007)与欧盟(EN12457.2-2002)关于危险废弃物的鉴别标准,但溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量超过欧盟标准1个数量级。毒性实验结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼对污水污泥浸出液的敏感性最强,其次是海洋微藻,卤虫无节幼体的敏感性较低;毒性综合分析结果表明,S2和S3点的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性相对最高,而S4,S5的综合生物毒性最低,其中接纳污水为工业污水,且有机质与硫化物含量较低的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性较低。     

Effects of fly ash, Pseudomonas striata and Rhizobium on the reproduction of nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea

Glasshouse experiments were conducted twice to assess the ash amendments (0, 20, and 40% with soil), a phosphate solubilizing microorganism Pseudomonas striata and a root-nodule bacterium Rhizobium sp on the reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea. Amendments of fly ash with soil had no effect on transpiration. However, M. incognita reduced the rate of transpiration from 1st week onward after inoculation while inoculation of Rhizobium sp and P. striata increased transpiration from 1st week onward after their inoculation both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Increase in transpiration was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Addition of 20 and 40% fly ash with soil was beneficial for plant growth both in nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants. Inoculation of above organisms also increases plant growth of nematode inoculated and uninoculated plants in different fly ash soil mixture but increase in growth was greater when both organisms were inoculated together. Use of 20% fly ash increased galling and nematode multiplication over plants grown in without fly ash while 40% fly ash had adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication. Rhizobium sp had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than P. striata. Use of both organisms together had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than caused by either of them alone. Highest reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when both organisms were used in 40% fly ash amended soil. However, highest transpiration was observed in plants without nematodes and inoculated with both organisms together both in with or without fly ash amended soil.     

基于数据非依赖型采集质谱技术的血液脂质分子高通量分析

脂质是生物体的重要代谢分子,参与重要的细胞生物功能,已有报道表明环境中污染物会干扰生物体正常循环及代谢机制,导致脂肪代谢紊乱。基于数据非依赖型(DIA)采集质谱技术,通过优化UPLC-QTOF MS(超高效液相色谱飞行时间质谱联用)液相分离方法,开发了少量人体血液样品中脂质代谢分子的高通量分析方法,并将其应用于57个普通人群的血液样品分析,在10μL人体血液样品中检出2 598个信号,经脂代组学质谱库匹配解析鉴定出八大类1 780个脂质分子,其中分子数目占比最大的脂质为甘油磷脂类(37%),其次依次为脂肪酸类(23%)、固醇脂类(13%)、甘油脂类(10%)、鞘脂类(9.0%)、孕烯醇酮脂类(4.8%)。上述研究建立的脂质分子高通量分析方法为以脂质代谢为毒性终点的污染物毒性筛查和毒理机制研究提供方法学基础。     

Distribution of the soft-bottom macroinfauna in an estuary of Southern Chile

In April 1981, a quantitative survey (20 stations) of the soft-bottom macroinfauna of the littoral and sublittoral was conducted in a Southern Chilean estuary. A principal component analysis rendered three groups of stations with different substrate conditions. A total of 16 775 animals was collected (40 taxa), with Oligochaeta, Polychaeta and Ostracoda representing 83% of the individuals. Most of the biomass was attributed to Bivalvia (43.7%) and Polychaeta (33.6%). Factor analysis using abundance data of the 21 most abundant taxa rendered three groups of stations in the Q-mode (a cluster analysis rendered 4) and three groups of taxa in the R-mode. One group mainly inhabited the sandy outlet area of the estuary where salinity was highest. Another group of organisms was mainly found in the upper zone of the estuary where salinity was low and the substrate was muddy. The third group was principally distributed in the central part of the estuary and spread from there either to the outlet area or to the upper zone. Some ungrouped taxa were distributed relatively homogeneously within the estuary. It was found that besides substrate properties salinity and turbulence also played an important role in the distribution of organisms in the Río Lingue Estuary.     

Short-term effect of temperature variation on the competition between PAOs and GAOs during acclimation period of an EBPR system

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes was used to investigate the impact of the temperature shock on the competition between phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) in start-up stage. During the 34 days operation, SBR was set with temperature variation(0–5 d, 22±1°C; 6–13 d, 29±1°C; 14–34 d, 14±1°C). PAOs and GAOs were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and intracellular polyphosphate granules were stained by Neisser-stain. The results showed that the influence of temperature shock on PAOs’ abundance was more serious than that on GAOs in the enriching process. Under sudden and substantially temperature variation, from 22±1°C to 29±1°C and then to 14±1°C, the domination of PAOs was deteriorated. After temperature shock, PAOs’ competitive advantages at low temperature that concluded in other study did not appear in our study. As mesophilic, GAOs (indicated by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) were more temperature adaptive and better grew and took the domination at 14±1°C in the end. In the competition process, organisms of tetrad forming organisms (TFOs)-like shape which were considered as typical GAOs, were observed. With the evidence of poly-P granules containing by Neisser-straining and result of FISH, these organisms of TFOs-like shape were better to be assumed as adaption state or a special self-protecting shape of PAOs.     

On the importance of life history and age structure in biological invasions

The age specific patterns of reproduction and mortality dictated by the life history of an organism apply to potential invaders as well as resident species of an area, but whether certain life history traits are more invasive than others is an unresolved issue. We analyze a two-population system of an invading and a resident species and test the effects of age on the probability to invade when the organisms are iteroparous or semelparous. The life history characteristics of the populations are projected in Leslie matrices, and the probability that the invader exceeds different population sizes is calculated by Monte Carlo analysis. The simulations show that (a) the invasion probability of an iteroparous organism increases with age until the individuals introduced are mature for first reproduction, and then becomes independent of age; (b) the invasion probability is more age sensitive for iteroparous organisms with high juvenile mortality (Type III organisms) than for those with a lower (Type I); (c) invading semelparous organisms are most affected by competition from resident organisms; (d) variations in vital rates of semelparous residents have greater influence on the invasion probability of an iteroparous organism than variations in traits of the invader.     

Baseline study on Cd,Cu and Pb concentrations in Atlantic neuston organisms

Neuston organisms were caught during two Atlantic expeditions (1982 and 1987) between 48°N and 40° S. About 1200 individuals from 19 taxa were analysed for cadmium, copper and lead. The distribution of metal concentrations was log-normal and thus best described by the median and the percentiles. Fourteen taxa with sample numbers larger than 20 were subjected to a logarithmic regression of weight vs metal concentration. The metal concentrations from populations with significant correlations were then weight-corrected: eight populations for lead, five for cadmium and four for copper. When grouped into ecological categories the pleuston organisms displayed significantly higher cadmium concentrations than the euneuston, which in turn had higher values than the pseudo-and/or facultative neuston. The relative deviation from the median was used in an averaging operation to obtain a broader spatial resolution of the neuston-bound metals, based on 16 taxa which were encountered at ten or more stations. The geographical distribution of cadmium and lead can be interpreted in light of chemical oceanographic knowledge and underlines the importance of organisms in the biogeochemical cycling of metals in the sea.     

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

A soil column experiment was set up to investigate the effect of red mud from Ajka (Hungary) on a typical soil profile from the affected area. The chemical changes caused by the red mud leachate and the effects of these changes on living organisms were assessed. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with Vibrio fischeri, Sinapis alba and Folsomia candida and the number of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms was determined. The total, plant-available, exchangeable and water-soluble fractions of Na, Mo, Cu and Cr increased in the soil, mostly owing to their leaching from the red mud layer, but partly to the increase in the pH and DOC concentration. The chemical changes only had significant effects on the test organisms in the 0–30 cm soil layer, except for F. candida, which also had a lower survival rate in the 30–50 cm soil layer. No severe toxic effects were detected in the test organisms; in fact a stimulating effect was revealed for the aerobic heterotrophic cell number and for S. alba germination. However, the red mud itself was toxic, so the ecotoxicological tests justified the removal of red mud from the soil surface after the disaster.     

Vulnerability and Resilience of Tropical Forest Species to Land‐Use Change

Abstract: We provide a cross‐taxon and historical analysis of what makes tropical forest species vulnerable to extinction. Several traits have been important for species survival in the recent and distant geological past, including seed dormancy and vegetative growth in plants, small body size in mammals, and vagility in insects. For major past catastrophes, such as the five mass extinction events, large range size and vagility or dispersal were key to species survival. Traits that make some species more vulnerable to extinction are consistent across time scales. Terrestrial organisms, particularly animals, are more extinction prone than marine organisms. Plants that persist through dramatic changes often reproduce vegetatively and possess mechanisms of die back. Synergistic interactions between current anthropogenic threats, such as logging, fire, hunting, pests and diseases, and climate change are frequent. Rising temperatures threaten all organisms, perhaps particularly tropical organisms adapted to small temperature ranges and isolated by distance from suitable future climates. Mutualist species and trophic specialists may also be more threatened because of such range‐shift gaps. Phylogenetically specialized groups may be collectively more prone to extinction than generalists. Characterization of tropical forest species’ vulnerability to anthropogenic change is constrained by complex interactions among threats and by both taxonomic and ecological impediments, including gross undersampling of biotas and poor understanding of the spatial patterns of taxa at all scales.     

The abundance,characteristics and diversity of microplastics in the South China Sea: Observation around three remote islands

• A high abundance of floating MPs was found in the southern South China Sea. • Transparent film and fiber were predominant in water and organisms, respectively. • 84.7% of floating MPs and 54.5% of MPs in vivo belonged to PP and PE. • Characteristics of MP in organisms were different from those of inshore ones. Surrounded by emerging markets with considerable plastic consumption, the South China Sea has been a focus area of microplastic research. A survey on the floating microplastics (>0.3 mm) and microplastics ingested by fish and mollusks was conducted around three remote islands here. Compared with the results from several previous studies, a high abundance of floating microplastics (with a median of 1.9 × 10⁵ items/km² or 0.7 items/m³) was observed, revealing another “hot spot” for microplastics. Polyolefin, especially polypropylene, was the main component. The diversity index and evenness index were calculated and evaluated based on the composition of microplastics. The characteristic peaks of Raman spectra concerning pigmented microplastics were provided. Transparent sheets/films were predominant in the water sample, which was quite different from a similar study in this sea area (8.9% for film), and only 16.4% of floating microplastics (>0.3 mm) were fibers/lines, implying that the main sources of floating microplastics (>0.3 mm) might be household/agricultural consumption activities. The transparent fiber/line was also dominant in organisms. It is suggested that the main sources of microplastics ingested by organisms might be both fabric fibers and fishing/aquaculture.     

The effect of intensity and quality of illumination on the photosynthesis of some tropical marine phytoplankton

Using solar energy as a source of illumination, photosynthesis in 11 species of marine plankton algae was studied as a function of light intensity. From the photosynthesis-light curve for each organism, the saturation points (I _k ) in different organisms were determined. Among the diatoms and flagellates, the highest I _k (saturation point) values were found in Rhizosolenia styliformis and Dinophysis miles respectively. When the organisms were exposed to a portion of the visible spectrum starting from 700 m, the photosynthesis was found to be related to the radiant energy. The missing portions of the spectrum produced no significant change in the rate of photosynthesis. The photosynthetic response shown by the different organisms was strikingly similar, which signifies that, despite the qualitative dissimilarities which the organisms may possess in their pigment composition, they are capable of much chromatic adaptation.     

Influence of pore size of plankton nets and towing speed on the sampling performance of two high-speed samplers (Delfino I and II) and its consequences for the assessment of plankton populations

The sampling performance of two high-speed samplers, (Delfino I and II), fitted with a calibrated flow meter, was studied in the open Ligurian Sea using a battery comprising 6 such Delfinos linked together. Since, in plankton counts, only those organisms should be counted which are definitely retained in the nets, several techniques for the separation of the organisms which pass through the pore of a net of a given pore size and those which are safely retained were tested. Attempts to separate these two fractions by filtration of the fixed sample through nets of different pore sizes were not successful, as living organisms were able to pass through pore sizes which retained dead organisms. However, optical sizing under the dissecting microscope during counting gave reproducible results. Using this counting technique, the influence of the pore size of plankton nets on the reproducibility of sampling of natural populations was studied. The results obtained show that live plankton passes through the net pores at a size at which fixed plankton is retained. Hence, the minimum retention size for living and dead plankton is different. By comparing samples taken with nets of different pore sizes, and counting the organisms caught according to different sizes, it was possible to determine the minimum retention size of live plankton organisms for several different net pore-sizes. The minimum retention size is, therefore, the smallest pore size at which the organisms of a certain width cannot escape through the pores of the net and are, thus, quantitatively retained in the net. By applying the criterion of minimum retention size, the influence of speed towing on the number of plankton organisms caught was studied. It was shown that the number of organisms which are safely retained, i.e., do not escape through the pores, increased with speed, reaching a plateau at 5 to 7 knots.A contribution under the Association Contract CNEN-EURATOM. Contribution No. 668 of the Euratom Biology Division.     

A general bioeconomic simulation model for annual-crop marine fisheries

A generalized bioeconomic simulation model of annual-crop marine fisheries is described and its use in marine fisheries management is demonstrated. The biological submodel represents the recruitment of new organisms into the fishery, the movement of organisms from one fishing area to another and from one depth to another, the growth of organisms and the mortality of organisms resulting both from natural causes and from fishing. The economic submodel represents the fishing effort exerted on each resource species, the monetary costs of fishing, the value of the harvest and the rent (or excess profits) to the fishery.Basic dynamics of the model results from changes in the number of organisms in the fishery over time, which can be summarized as a set of difference equations of the general form ΔN/Δt = R + I ? E ? M ? F where ΔN/Δt is the net change in number of organisms in the fishery over time, R is recruitment, I is immigration, E is emigration, M is natural mortality and F is fishing mortality. R is a driving variable, whereas I, E, M and F are functions of the state of the system at any given point in time. The model can be run in a deterministic or stochastic mode. Values for parameters affecting rates of recruitment, movement, growth, natural mortality and fishing mortality can be selected from uniform, triangular or normal distributions.Use of the model within a fisheries-management framework is demonstrated by evaluating several management alternatives for the pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) fishery on the Tortugas grounds in the Gulf of Mexico. Steps involved in use of the model, including parameterization, validation, sensitivity analysis and stochastic simulations of management policies, are explained.     

强化生物除磷系统的微生物学及生化特性研究进展

综述了强化生物除磷(Enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR)系统的微生物学和生化特性两方面的最新研究进展.在微生物学方面,归纳了EBPR系统中的主要微生物——聚磷菌、聚糖菌、反硝化聚磷菌的分类及相互之间的竞争和联系.具有聚磷功能的微生物种类繁多,目前普遍认为Accumulibacter是一种典型的聚磷菌,在各种规模的EBPR系统中均不同程度的存在.关于聚磷菌和聚糖菌的联系、反硝化聚磷菌的分类问题存在争论.在生化特性方面,归纳了聚磷菌体内三大聚合物——糖原、聚β-羟基烷酸脂和聚合磷酸盐与聚磷菌代谢功能的关系.聚磷菌厌氧阶段的还原力由糖酵解和有机底物TCA循环共同提供,其比例受种群结构和实验条件影响.糖原根据不同菌株厌氧阶段的降解途径有所不同,但是对细胞都起到调节氧化平衡的作用.聚β-羟基烷酸脂的组成由有机底物决定,丙酸为底物时4种单体均可检测出来.聚磷菌厌氧释磷的能量来自聚磷分解和糖原分解,耗能受环境条件影响.图5表3参37     

Patterns of bioaccumulation of an essential trace element (zinc) and a pollutant metal (cadmium) in larvae of the prawn Palaemon serratus

Palaemon serratus Pennant larvae from females caught near Roscoff (France) or the Bay of Biscay in 1983, were reared in the laboratory. From hatching to the first stage after metamorphosis, the larvae were exposed to zinc and cadmium introduced separately or together into the rearing medium. At the end of experimental contamination, the concentrations of the two metals in the organisms were determined. The level of zinc in organisms was mainly independent of its concentration in the water, suggesting that the bioaccumulation of this essential trace element is controlled by some physiological process. The accumulation of cadmium in the larvae paralleled the overloads of this metal in the water. Increased zinc concentrations in water have little or no effect on the cadmium levels in organisms. The most important interaction between these two metals is an antagonism exerted by cadmium on the biological uptake of zinc.     

Role of peat organic matter on isotopic composition of most abundant benthic organisms in intertidal habitats of SW Iceland

The transfer of peat organic matter (OM) from tidal pools of upper littoral to downstream rocky shores and its potential incorporation into marine biota were investigated using the stable isotope approach. Samplings were carried out in September 2004 in two SW Icelandic sites (Osar and Hvassahraun), where we selected (1) areas with shores where grass gently declined towards rocks and, on reaching the sea line, formed small tidal peat pools and (2) areas where grass and rocky shores were not contiguous, rather the grass lower limits were several hundreds of meters back from the shore. In both grass and no grass areas, in the intertidal zone, all benthic organisms and all potential OM sources were sampled. Dominant macroalgae were Ascophyllum nodosum ([Linnaeus] Le Jolis) and Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus. In grass sites, organisms partially reflected the isotopic composition of peat OM, while in no grass sites, peat represented only a negligible amount of available OM, or its signal was totally absent from the environment. Intertidal organisms could rely on peat both directly by suspension feeding, grazing or scavenging and indirectly by predation (crabs) on low level consumers (barnacles).     

Bisphenol A and metabolites released by biodegradation of polycarbonate in seawater

This is the first report of bisphenol A release from polycarbonate during biodegradation by marine microorganisms. Bisphenol A is a monomer in polycarbonate and an endocrine disruptor toxic for marine organisms. Biodegradation of polycarbonate is poorly documented. Here, we have tested the possible release of bisphenol A and metabolites during biodegradation of polycarbonate by marine microorganisms. Polycarbonate degradation was carried out in vitro using a mixed marine microbial consortium isolated from the Bay of Bengal, India, 1 year under controlled laboratory conditions. The degradation was monitored by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The organic soluble metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that bisphenol A was released. The amount of bisphenol A released during 1 year is higher than the half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) values reported for marine organisms. We also identified the following bisphenol A metabolites: 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Polycarbonate biodegradation was evidenced by gravimetric weight loss and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The reduction of methyl and carbonyl indices suggests oxidation and hydrolysis of the polymer, respectively. 2D NMR showed an aromatic C–C cleavage.     

Feeding of laboratory-reared larvae of the sea bream Archosargus rhomboidalis (Sparidae)

Feeding by larvae of the sea bream Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus) was investigated from late September, 1972 to early May, 1973 using laboratory-reared larvae. Fertilized eggs were collected from plankton tows in Biscayne Bay, and the larvae were reared on zooplankton also collected in plankton nets. Techniques were developed to estimate feeding rate, food selection, gross growth efficiency, and daily ration. Daily estimates of these were obtained through 16 days after hatching at rearing temperatures of 23°, 26°, and 29°C. Feeding rate increased exponentially as the larvae grew, and increased as temperature was raised. At 23°C larvae began feeding on Day 3, at 26° and 29°C larvae began feeding on Day 2. Feeding rates at initiation of feeding and on Day 16 were, respectively: 23°C, 7.16 food organisms per larva per hour (flh) and 53.78 flh; 26°C, 7.90 flh and 168.80 flh; 29°C, 17.62 flh and 142.07 flh. Sea bream larvae selected food organisms by size. At initiation of feeding they selected organisms less than 100 m in width. As larvae grew they selected larger organisms and rejected smaller ones. The major food (more than85% of the organisms ingested) was copepod nauplii, copepodites, and copepod adults. Minor food items were barnacle nauplii, tintinnids, invertebrate eggs, and polychaete larvae. Mean values for gross growth efficiency of sea bream larvae ranged from 30.6% at 23°C to 23.9% at 29°C. Mean values for daily ration, expressed as a percentage of larval weight, ranged from 84% at 23°C to 151% at 29°C and tended to decline as the larvae grew.This paper is a contribution from the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA     

长江口水体中取代芳烃类污染物的生态风险评价

通过对采集于长江口水体15个不同采样点水样中的主要6种取代芳烃类化合物的浓度分析,依据3个基础营养级水平(藻、溞、鱼)的急性毒性效应[L(E)C50],采用欧盟适用于现有化学物质与新化学物质的风险评价技术指南(TGD)中的商值法对长江口水体中的1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、六氯苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯、...     

δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N as a natural tracer of particulate nitrogen effluents released from marine aquaculture

The flow of particulate nitrogen from marine net pen fish farm effluents to the surrounding biofouling community was quantified by means of stable isotopes of nitrogen. Plastic mesh substrates were deployed at 8 m depth near a sea bream fish farm and at a nearby reference site in the northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) to assess whether natural fouling organisms could sequester substantial quantities of farm-derived particulate nitrogen waste. A mixing equation, incorporating differences in nitrogen stable isotope composition, δ¹⁵N, between particulate organic matter (“source”) and fouling organisms (“sink”) at the fish farm and reference site, was used to estimate the amount of farm-derived nitrogen that was incorporated by the fouling community. Among the conspicuous fouling organisms examined, sponges, tunicates and polychaetes showed greatest uptake of fish farm N, where the mean fractions of farm-derived N estimated over the 2-year period of observation were 19±7, 22±6 and 31±8% of total organisms’ N content, respectively, with maximal recorded seasonal values of 68, 85 and 57%, respectively. Mean N uptake by mixed fouling communities (conspicuous + cryptic organisms) was as much as fivefold higher than that calculated for the sum of conspicuous taxa, suggesting that the retention efficiency is greater in mixed than in mono-specific biofouling communities.