城市街区大气流动与汽车尾气扩散的三维数值模拟

道路交通已成为现代城市的主要污染源，利用数学模型预测汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响成为主要手段。针对一个典型城市街区的大气流动和汽车排放物扩散问题进行三维数值模拟分析，揭示了污染物在不同高度建筑物。不同宽度街道和十字道路所组成的街区峡谷内外的大气流动和污染物迁移扩散特征，同时反映了街道走向的影响。研究表明：由于受街道布局和大气边界层的影响，污染物主要集中在街区峡谷内（特别是近地面附近)难以扩散，易造成局部高浓度污染；由于流场的非均匀性和三维特征，污染物浓度呈现非均匀扩散特性。     

城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报研究

从城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报的科研需求和城市大气环境应急响应的应用需求出发,利用新一代全球/区域同化预报系统、城市小区尺度气象和污染扩散模式以及城市尺度污染扩散模式,对城市小区气象条件与污染扩散进行了精细预报试验,并进一步研究了城市小区尺度气象和污染扩散的精细模拟对城市尺度污染扩散模拟的影响.初步建立了城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报方法,即:气象部分由全球到小区逐级单向嵌套、污染部分由小区到城市逐级单向嵌套的方法.预报试验结果表明,这种方法是合理可行的.小区尺度精细模拟对城市尺度污染扩散模拟的影响较大,但其模拟效果还有待利用观测资料进一步验证.     

珠三角秋季典型气象条件对空气污染过程的影响分析

利用空气质量指数(AQI)、主要大气污染物浓度和气象要素、天气图等数据资料,结合中尺度数值天气预报模式WRF,对2014年10月珠三角地区污染期间的天气形势及气象特征进行了分析.结果表明,WRF模式可以较好地反映珠三角地区主要城市地面和高空气象要素的时空变化,9个城市平均地表的温度、相对湿度和风速的模拟值与观测值的相关系数分别为0.90、0.87和0.78.对2014年10月3次污染过程的分析表明,造成该时段珠三角地区空气污染的天气形势主要是高压底部型和均压场型.静风或小风(2 m·s~(-1))及稳定的大气层结均不利于污染物的扩散,同时由于偏北气流输送周边污染物到珠三角地区,导致污染物浓度不断增加.相对湿度低于65%时,珠三角地区首要污染物以O_3为主;相对湿度高于70%时,PM_(2.5)浓度逐渐增加,成为主要污染物.高温等气象条件会影响光化学反应,加重珠江三角洲的空气污染,表现了该地区大气复合污染的特性.     

复杂地形上流场和浓度场的数值模拟应用于环境空气影响评价

利用数值积分方法求解复杂地形上三维大气热力－－动力学方程组以及扩散方程，模拟复杂地形上的流场和污染物浓度场情况，并与现场污染物和污染气象测试结果比较分析，模式计算结果与观测结果基本相符。将该模式应用于扩建工程环境空气影响评价，使评价结果更趋合理，准确，该模式能够反映复杂地形上不同大气稳定度下的污染物输送，扩散规律，因此可作为解决复杂地形上空气污染物扩散的实用方法。     

城市街区污染散布的数值模拟与风洞实验的比较分析

将专门设计的一项中性层结条件下风洞的污染物浓度测量实验，与已建城市小区尺度模式在相同条件下的污染扩散模拟结果进行了比较分析．分析了该模式流场模拟的有效性．结果表明：总体上，数值模拟与风洞实验结果符合较好；进一步分析发现，数值模拟结果中建筑物背风侧空腔区湍涡的中心比风洞实验结果略高，空腔区的范围比风洞实验所示范围大，建筑物迎风侧位移区比风洞实验所示小．此差异可能是由两者边界条件的不同引起的．     

基于城市冠层模式的成都市静稳天气气象场模拟研究

目前城市气象场数值模拟结果与实际情况有一定误差.本文基于Landsat 8高分辨率遥感数据提取采用局地气候分区（LCZ）的城市下垫面,结合WRF模式自带下垫面分类建立了成都市精细分类下垫面,并利用WRF自带的城市冠层模式,设计了7种方案对成都市静稳天气的气象场进行了模拟分析,并结合实际监测数据对模拟结果进行了评估,对比分析了城市冠层模式和精细分类下垫面对成都市静稳天气带来的影响.研究发现：①精细化分类下垫面结合了USGS下垫面和局地气候分区数据的优势,较为准确的反映了成都的下垫面环境;②精细分类下垫面对建筑物的形态特征进行了描述,加大了地表粗糙度,能够模拟出建筑物对风的阻挡作用以及城市风场不连续、随机性强的特性;③城市冠层模式优化了静稳天气过程中城市风、温度和湿度的模拟结果,多层城市冠层模式的模拟结果优于单层城市冠层模式.因此,在成都市对污染物扩散不利的静稳天气使用多层城市冠层模式并结合精细分类下垫面将大大提高模拟精度,进而提高空气质量预报.     

建筑间距对大气流动及输移特性影响的模拟研究

采用修正的k-ε湍流模型对不同建筑间距情况下的大气流场、污染物浓度场进行模拟研究。模拟研究结果表明,气流遇到建筑物发生绕流,风速为3m/s的气流在建筑物附近的最大抬升速度达到1.98m/s,气流绕过建筑物后湍动能增强,建筑物后污染物的扩散区域变大;建筑物的布局对气流流动和污染物浓度分布有着很大影响,在不同建筑间距情况下,建筑物尾流区的流场形态有着明显的不同,尾流区内污染物的分布也存在差别。研究结果对认识多个建筑物附近的气流和污染物分布有重要意义。     

环境管理强化后南京市2013 — 2016年大气污染物的时空特征和气象影响

城市空气污染具有显著的时空分布特征,并受污染来源、气象条件和地理等因素影响。近年来我国已实施一系列环境污染管控,根据南京市2013?—?2016年国控点的大气环境监测数据和同期气象资料,利用多元统计分析探讨了南京市大气污染物的时空变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：近3年南京市的污染物以臭氧（O₃）和颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀）为主,大气污染物时空分布特征明显。时间上主要表现为季节变化,多数污染物浓度冬高夏低,但臭氧相反;空间上主要为城市功能区差异,工业交通区浓度高于生态公园区和郊区。除了污染源因素,空气污染程度也受气象要素的制约,风速、降水和温度是影响污染物在城市大气中稀释、扩散和转移的重要因子。     

MEIC排放清单在空气质量模式中的应用研究

本文主要研究了清华大学MEIC 2012基准年0.25°×0.25°排放清单应用于WRF-CHEM模式所需的主要处理技术,包括:单位面积污染物排放质量(或物质的量)浓度的计算,经纬度格点浓度到中尺度格点浓度的转换,使用模式地表类型数据对排放清单进行细化处理,各部门小时排放数据的确定以及PM_(2.5)组成成分比例的区域分配等.通过重污染个例的预报和模拟试验分析了清单处理技术的应用效果,结果表明:模式能较好地反映出污染物局地累积和水平输送的变化趋势,但高污染中心的浓度预报值要低于实际观测值,这与气象场的预报偏差有较大关系.清单细化处理技术可以改变模式格点上污染物的模拟浓度,但在不同气象条件下,改变量有所不同,静稳天气下,城市及其周边地区的改变量较大.     

建筑物尾流区气流与污染物扩散的数值计算

采用了细网格非静力能量闭合边界层模式和随机游动模拟方法建立了一套分析建筑物尾流流场和污染物扩散的数值模拟系统．作为应用研究的例子，在对某城市地下交通隧道排废气的风井塔尾流区流场和浓度场进行风洞流体物理实验的基础上，利用所建的模拟系统对风井塔尾流区气流和污染物扩散特征进行研究．结果表明，所建的模拟系统的模拟结果与风洞试验的结果吻合较好，对一些小尺度带有明显湍流不均匀性的流场和局地空气污染物散布的情况有较好的模拟效果和良好的应用前景．     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.