太原市近地面臭氧浓度变化规律及其与气象要素的关系

臭氧(O3)是城市大气污染和气候变化促进的重要因子,对于城市大气污染与防治研究具有重要意义。本研究选取太原城区10个国控点O3日浓度变化,分析了其与相关气象因子(能见度、室外温度、室外湿度、风速和风向)的关系。研究结果表明,夏季O3浓度最高;春季O3浓度变化次之,冬季变化最小;城市新兴繁荣区和传统重工业区高浓度O3变化的时间跨度要明显高于过渡区域。城区O3和相关气象因子存在显著季节性变化特征。小波分析结果显示,城区O3时间序列相对较高能量的变化周期为主要以pp3浓度影响频率达50%;而夏季受此影响频率高达60%,秋季西西北风和西北北风对O3浓度的影响频率相近(约40%)。研究结果将有助于为北方城市大气污染防治提供理论参考和实践指导。     

气象要素与前体物排放对中国区域性臭氧污染的影响

2022年9月,中国出现了多次区域性臭氧污染过程,污染较重的区域主要集中于华南与华北。全国339个城市中,共出现了1 844天次的臭氧超标情况,其中重度污染3天次（均出现在珠三角）、中度污染123天次、轻度污染1 718天次。中国华北与华南等地长期处于台风外围下沉气流影响区,容易出现持续干燥少雨、风速偏低、气温持续偏高的气象特征,有利于臭氧的生成与积累,是造成该时期臭氧污染过程持续时间长、影响范围广、污染程度重的重要原因。臭氧超标天数较多的城市一般具有较高的NO₂浓度与挥发性有机化合物臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,其中NO₂一般在30μg/m³左右、OFP一般超过100μg/m³,通过相关性分析与多元线性回归方法,得出区域性臭氧污染受NO₂影响更显著的结论。可见,当前中国华南与华北等地臭氧前体物排放量仍较大,在不利气象条件下,臭氧前体物累积加剧了臭氧污染。     

泰山顶与济南市大气臭氧浓度变化规律研究

利用2003年7月至9月在泰山顶和济南市3个月的臭氧（O3）自动连续监测数据,对两地O3浓度的频率分布、日变化和日际变化等特征进行对照分析。实验结果表明,泰山顶O3小时平均浓度频率分布比较集中,济南市O3小时平均浓度频率分布比较分散。泰山顶各月O3小时平均浓度的平均值和日均值均高于济南市;泰山顶O3小时平均浓度的最大值低于济南市,而O3小时平均浓度的最小值要高于济南市。泰山顶O3小时平均浓度日变化规律与济南市O3小时平均浓度日变化规律有很大差别,泰山顶O3小时平均浓度日变化很平缓,最大值与最小值相差不大,济南市O3小时平均浓度一般在中午和午后浓度较高,早晨和夜晚较低。     

连云港地区近地面臭氧浓度月均浓度变化特征

利用2014—2018年连云港地区的监测资料,分析了O3的月变化特征,得出O3与NO2、CO呈负相关关系,并给出了相对合理的解释。     

丽水市大气污染的时空分布特征及与气象要素的相关分析

利用2007-2010年丽水市逐日大气污染物浓度数据和地面气象观测资料,对PM10、SO2、NO23种大气污染物浓度进行了时空分布特征研究,进而探讨了气象要素对大气污染的影响.结果表明:2007-2010年,丽水市主要的3种大气污染物的负荷为PM10＞ NO2 ＞SO2,影响大气环境质量的污染物以PM10为主;总体来说,NO2的月均浓度基本达到《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-1996)-级标准,冬半年(9-12月、1-2月)SO2的月均浓度仅达到二级标准,而夏半年(3-8月)月均浓度基本达到一级标准,PM10的月均浓度都达到二级标准(0.10 mg/m3);在空间分布上,PM10、NO2的年均浓度都表现出东向西逐渐减少的特征,而SO2年均浓度主要体现为南向北递增的特征,3种大气污染物在空间上都表现为在东部缙云、青田等地的污染相对严重,而在西面的遂昌、龙泉等地的污染程度较轻;各种气象要素对大气污染的影响中,除了气压与3种大气污染物的浓度呈极显著正相关外,其他气象要素都表现为负相关,只是影响程度有所差异.气象要素对大气污染的影响不是单一作用的,而是通过多种气象要素相互配合、相互作用、综合反应来产生作用的.     

半城市化地区生活垃圾产生及其影响因素分析

以典型半城市化地区--厦门市集美区为研究区域,调查了城市化梯度下的居住区特点和生活垃圾的产量;从半城市化地区的社会经济发展和环境意识实际状况出发,寻找微观尺度上影响生活垃圾产量的因素.半城市化地区生活垃圾产量较低但增长迅速,研究该地区生活垃圾产生及其影响因素的耦合关系,针对生活垃圾生产的源头,提出半城市化地区生活垃圾管...     

东部沿海城市与西部半干旱地区近地层臭氧浓度观测研究

利用东部沿海城市天津大气边界层观测站(以下简称天津站)和西部兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)一年的臭氧和NOx体积浓度观测资料,对比分析了两观测站点近地层臭氧浓度的逐月变化、频率分布、日变化特征以及与NOx之间的相关关系.结果表明,两观测站点臭氧浓度月均值变化呈现出很好的一致性,均在4-7月出现高值,12月至次年2月出现低值,SACOL臭氧浓度月均值的最大值和最小值出现时间要比天津站推迟一个月.天津站臭氧体积浓度主要分布在10～50μL/m3,SACOL则集中在10～70 μL/m3,春、夏季两观测站点臭氧体积浓度低于10 μL/m3的频率均很小,秋、冬季两观测站点臭氧浓度频率分布特征类似.两观测站点臭氧浓度日变化在4个季节均呈现典型的单峰型分布,SACOL臭氧浓度日最大值出现时刻要比天津站晚2h.两观测站点臭氧浓度与NOx、NO2、NO的浓度之间均呈显著的负相关关系.天津站与臭氧浓度的相关性最强的为NO,而SACOL则是NOx.     

臭氧氧化对ASBR/SBR工艺SBR段污泥和上清液的性质影响

研究了臭氧氧化对ASBR/SBR工艺中SBR段污泥性质和上清液的影响.结果表明,当臭氧投加量为0～0.349 g O3/g MLSS时,随着施加臭氧浓度的不断增加,MLSS、MLVSS和污泥的生物活性明显降低,但污泥的沉淀性却增强了.污泥上清液中,TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、PO43--P和多糖浓度均随着臭氧投加...     

广州南沙区O3浓度变化及其与气象因子的关系

利用广州南沙区气象探测基地2010年O3浓度和常规气象观测资料,分析了O3浓度变化特征及其气象因子的关系。结果表明,广州南沙区2010年O3浓度最高时均值的最大值出现在8月,超标时数最多的是9月;O3浓度日变化呈单峰型分布,O3浓度日变化最大的季节是秋季,其次为夏季、春季、冬季;O3浓度呈现秋季>春季>夏季>冬季的变化特征。气温、相对湿度、日照时数和云量与O3浓度相关系数大,是影响南沙O3浓度的主要气象因子。秋季O3浓度高,O3主要以局地光化学反应生成为主;春季、夏季和冬季O3主要以外来源的输送为主。气团后向轨迹分析表明南沙区秋季气团主要来自污染的大陆地区,春季、夏季和冬季气团主要是来自东南沿海附近或较为清洁的南海。     

The impact of UV-B radiation and ozone on terrestrial vegetation

Although terrestrial vegetation has been exposed to UV-B radiation and ozone over the course of evolutionary history, it is essential to view the effects on vegetation of changing levels of these factors in the context of other features of climate change, such as increasing CO(2) levels and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. Much of our understanding of the impacts of increased UV-B and ozone levels has come from studies of the effects of each individual factor. While such information may be relevant to a wider understanding of the roles that these factors may play in climate change, experience has shown that the interactions of environmental stresses on vegetation are rarely predictable. A further limitation on the applicability of such information results from the methodologies used for exposing plants to either factor. Much of our information comes from growth chamber, greenhouse or field studies using experimental protocols that made little or no provision for the stochastic nature of the changes in UV-B and ozone levels at the earth's surface, and hence excluded the roles of repair mechanisms. As a result, our knowledge of dose-response relationships under true field conditions is both limited and fragmentary, given the wide range of sensitivities among species and cultivars. Adverse effects of increased levels of either factor on vegetation are qualitatively well established, but the quantitative relationships are far from clear. In both cases, sensitivity varies with stage of plant development. At the population and community levels, differential responses of species to either factor has been shown to result in changes in competitiveness and community structure. At the mechanistic level, ozone generally inhibits photosynthetic gas exchange under both controlled and field conditions, and although UV-B is also inhibitory in some species under controlled conditions, others appear to be indifferent, particularly in the field. Both factors affect metabolism; a common response is increased secondary metabolism leading to the accumulation of phenolic compounds that, in the case of UV-B, offer the leaf cell some protection from radiation. Virtually no information is available about the effects of simultaneous or sequential exposures. Since both increased surface UV-B and ozone exposures have spatial and temporal components, it is important to evaluate the different scenarios that may occur, bearing in mind that elevated daytime ozone levels will attenuate the UV-B reaching the surface to some extent. The experimentation needed to acquire unequivocal effects data that are relevant to field situations must therefore be carried out using technologies and protocols that focus on quantification of the interactions of UV-B and ozone themselves and their interactions with other environmental factors.     

Surface ozone measurements and meteorological influences in the urban atmosphere of Istanbul

Hourly measurements of ozone concentration in the urban atmosphere of Istanbul were carried out from February 1998 to July 1999. An assessment of the annual variations and relationships of ozone concentrations and meteorological variables was made. Annual variations were first examined without considering meteorological variables, and meteorological influences on ozone seasonal values were then examined. Furthermore, a typical ozone threshold period was analysed by considering meteorological variables for a case study. Meteorological conditions favourable for high ozone concentrations appeared when Istanbul and its surrounding region were dominated by an anticyclonic pressure system. During conducive ozone days, southerly and southwesterly winds with low speeds (daytime mean value <11m1sSUP align=right>-1) influence Istanbul.     

Trends in concentration of ground-level ozone and meteorological conditions during high ozone episodes in the Kao-Ping Airshed, Taiwan

This work analyzes the variations in daily maximum 1-hr ozone (O3) concentrations and the long-term trends in annual means of hourly ambient concentrations of O3, nitrogen oxides (nitrous oxide + nitrogen dioxide), and nonmethane hydrocarbons in the three administrative regions of Kao-Ping airshed in southern Taiwan over a recent 8-yr period. The annual or monthly means of all maxima, most 95th percentiles, and some 90th percentiles of the daily maximum 1-hr O3 concentrations exceed the daily limit of 120 parts per billion by volume in all three regions, namely, Kao-hsiung City, Kso-hsiung County, and P'ing-tung County. The monthly means of daily maximum 1-hr O3 concentrations exhibit distinct seasonal variations, with a bimodal form with the maxima in autumn and late winter to the middle of spring and a minimum in summer. The long-term variations in the annual means of hourly O3 concentrations in the three regions exhibit increasing trends. These increases in O3 are associated with the decline in ambient concentrations of nitrogen oxides and nonmethane hydrocarbons. High O3 episodes occur most often in autumn and most rarely in summer. The seasonal mean mixing heights in descending order follow the order of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Meteorological parameters in autumn and winter indicate that the ground-level O3 tends to accumulate and trigger a high O3 episode on a warm day with sufficient sunlight and low wind in a high-pressure system, consistent with the low mixing heights in these two seasons.     

Variation of surface ozone in Campo Grande,Brazil: meteorological effect analysis and prediction

The effect of meteorological variables on surface ozone (O₃) concentrations was analysed based on temporal variation of linear correlation and artificial neural network (ANN) models defined by genetic algorithms (GAs). ANN models were also used to predict the daily average concentration of this air pollutant in Campo Grande, Brazil. Three methodologies were applied using GAs, two of them considering threshold models. In these models, the variables selected to define different regimes were daily average O₃ concentration, relative humidity and solar radiation. The threshold model that considers two O₃ regimes was the one that correctly describes the effect of important meteorological variables in O₃ behaviour, presenting also a good predictive performance. Solar radiation, relative humidity and rainfall were considered significant for both O₃ regimes; however, wind speed (dispersion effect) was only significant for high concentrations. According to this model, high O₃ concentrations corresponded to high solar radiation, low relative humidity and wind speed. This model showed to be a powerful tool to interpret the O₃ behaviour, being useful to define policy strategies for human health protection regarding air pollution.     

The impact of ozone on a salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora)

Spartina alterniflora plants were collected from salt marshes within New Jersey, South Carolina, and Georgia USA and shipped to The Pennsylvania State University. New plants were grown from rhizomes in six open-top field chambers. Three chambers received charcoal-filtered air, and three received charcoal-filtered air plus 80 ppb ozone, 8 h/day for 65 days. Flower, leaf, and shoot number per plant were recorded weekly. Photosynthetic rates were measured in week 5, and foliar injury was assessed during week 9. Final dry weight of roots, shoots, and rhizomes were determined. While ozone-treated plants from all states expressed symptoms of ozone injury, plants from South Carolina exhibited no effect of ozone on any other measured variable. Plants from the Georgia site showed ozone-induced reductions in all measured variables except leaf dry weight. Ozone-treated plants from New Jersey showed reductions in photosynthetic rate, leaf and shoot number, and root dry weights. Only plants from New Jersey produced flowers, with ozone treatment causing delay in flowering and reduction in the number of flower spikes produced.     

Coupling between meteorological factors and ambient aerosol load

The coarser (CPM) and respirable (RPM) fractions of aerosol loads collected in a time sequence, during the onset of winter season in Delhi region, were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (15 elemental variables, 39 samples); the absolute mass contributed by each identified source to the CPM and RPM was quantified by using Absolute Principal Component Score (APCS) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) method. Interestingly, the mass contributed by the local crustal source (material) to both fractions manifested undulating periodic behavior, a dominating harmonic corresponding to 24-h period was detected by using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The corresponding harmonics, of varying strengths, were also detected in the recorded meteorological factors: Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), Surface Level Temperature (T), Surface Level Relative Humidity (RH) and Wind Speed (WS). The analysis of the respective harmonic strength within the CPM, RPM, and meteorological factors suggested that the undulation observed in both size fractions of aerosol load from the local crust was affected by the meteorological factors. The large proportion of undulating loads (CPM and RPM), explained by the dominating harmonic, was fully accounted for by the empirical relation involving the discrete coupling parameters, and the recorded meteorological factors: PBL, T, RH and WS. The analysis suggests that the magnitude and the direction (‘positive’ load increase and ‘negative’ the reverse) of coupled meteorological factors'(s) effect on ambient CPM, RPM load is determined by the phase difference between the harmonic explaining the aerosol fraction's load and the corresponding harmonic present in the respective meteorological factor. The absolute mass contributions arising from the identified sources (APCS and PMF) allowed us to calculate the baseline ambient concentrations of undulating CPM and RPM loads, in the region of this study, affected by meteorological factors only.     

Analysis of ozone and VOCs measured in Shanghai: A case study

Shanghai Meteorological Administration has established a volatile organic compounds (VOCs) laboratory and an observational network for VOCs and ozone (O₃) measurements in the city of Shanghai. In this study, the measured VOCs and O₃ concentrations from 15 November (15-Nov) to 26 November (26-Nov) of 2005 in Shanghai show that there are strong day-to-day and diurnal variations. The measured O₃ and VOCs concentrations have very different characterizations between the two periods. During 15-Nov to 21-Nov (defined as the first period), VOCs and O₃ concentrations are lower than the values during 22-Nov to 28-Nov (defined as the second period). There is a strong diurnal variation of O₃ during the second period with maximum concentrations of 40–80 ppbv at noontime, and minimum concentrations at nighttime. By contrast, during the first period, the diurnal variation of O₃ is in an irregular pattern with maximum concentrations of only 20–30 ppbv. The VOC concentrations change rapidly from 30–50 ppbv during the first period to 80–100 ppbv during the second period. Two chemical models are applied to interpret the measurements. One model is a regional chemical/dynamical model (WRF-Chem) and another is a detailed chemical mechanism model (NCAR MM). Model analysis shows that the meteorological conditions are very different between the two periods, and are mainly responsible for the different chemical characterizations of O₃ and VOCs between the two periods. During the first period, meteorological conditions are characterized by cloudy sky and high-surface winds in Shanghai, resulting in a higher nighttime planetary boundary layer (PBL) and faster transport of air pollutants. By contrast, during the second period, the meteorological conditions are characterized by clear sky and weak surface winds, resulting in a lower nighttime PBL and slower transport of air pollutants. The chemical mechanism model calculation shows that different VOC species has very different contributions to the high-ozone concentrations during the second period. Alkane (40 ppbv) and aromatic (30 ppbv) are among the highest VOC concentrations observed in Shanghai. The analysis suggests that the aromatic is a main contributor for the O₃ chemical production in Shanghai, with approximately 79% of the O₃ being produced by aromatic. This analysis implies that future increase in VOC (especially aromatic) emissions could lead to significant increase in O₃ concentrations in Shanghai.     

Estimating the effects of increased urbanization on surface meteorology and ozone concentrations in the New York City metropolitan region

Land use and pollutant emission changes can have significant impacts on air quality, regional climate, and human health. Here we describe a modeling study aimed at quantifying the potential effects of extensive changes in urban land cover in the New York City (NYC), USA metropolitan region on surface meteorology and ozone (O₃) concentrations. The SLEUTH land-use change model was used to extrapolate urban land cover over this region from “present-day” (ca. 1990) conditions to a future year (ca. 2050), and these projections were subsequently integrated into meteorological and air quality simulations. The development of the future-year land-use scenario followed the narrative of the “A2” scenario described by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but was restricted to the greater NYC area. The modeling system consists of the Penn State/NCAR MM5 mesoscale meteorological model; the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions processing system; and the US EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality model, and simulations were performed for two 18-day episodes, one near-past and one future. Our results suggest that extensive urban growth in the NYC metropolitan area has the potential to increase afternoon near-surface temperatures by more than 0.6 °C and planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights by more than 150 m, as well as decrease water vapor mixing ratio by more than 0.6 g kg⁻¹, across the NYC metropolitan area, with the areal extent of all of these changes generally coinciding with the area of increased urbanization. On the other hand, the impacts of these land use changes on ozone concentrations are more complex. Simulation results indicate that future changes in urbanization, with emissions held constant, may lead to increases in episode-average O₃ levels by about 1–5 ppb, and episode-maximum 8 h O₃ levels by more than 6 ppb across much of the NYC area. However, spatial patterns of ozone changes are heterogeneous and also indicate the presence of areas with decreasing ozone concentrations. When anthropogenic emissions were increased to be consistent with the extensive urbanization in the greater NYC area, the O₃ levels increased in outer counties of the metropolitan region but decreased in others, including coastal Connecticut and the Long Island Sound area.     

The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation

In this paper we evaluate the global impact of surface ozone on four types of agricultural crop. The study is based on modelled global hourly ozone fields for the year 2000 and 2030, using the global 1°×1° 2-way nested atmospheric chemical transport model (TM5). Projections for the year 2030 are based on the relatively optimistic “current legislation (CLE) scenario”, i.e. assuming that currently approved air quality legislation will be fully implemented by the year 2030, without a further development of new abatement policies. For both runs, the relative yield loss due to ozone damage is evaluated based on two different indices (accumulated concentration above a 40 ppbV threshold and seasonal mean daytime ozone concentration respectively) on a global, regional and national scale. The cumulative metric appears to be far less robust than the seasonal mean, while the seasonal mean shows satisfactory agreement with measurements in Europe, the US, China and Southern India and South-East Asia.Present day global relative yield losses are estimated to range between 7% and 12% for wheat, between 6% and 16% for soybean, between 3% and 4% for rice, and between 3% and 5% for maize (range resulting from different metrics used). Taking into account possible biases in our assessment, introduced through the global application of “western” crop exposure–response functions, and through model performance in reproducing ozone-exposure metrics, our estimates may be considered as being conservative.Under the 2030 CLE scenario, the global situation is expected to deteriorate mainly for wheat (additional 2–6% loss globally) and rice (additional 1–2% loss globally). India, for which no mitigation measures have been assumed by 2030, accounts for 50% of these global increase in crop yield loss. On a regional-scale, significant reductions in crop losses by CLE-2030 are only predicted in Europe (soybean) and China (wheat).Translating these assumed yield losses into total global economic damage for the four crops considered, using world market prices for the year 2000, we estimate an economic loss in the range $14–$26 billion. About 40% of this damage is occurring in China and India. Considering the recent upward trends in food prices, the ozone-induced damage to crops is expected to offset a significant portion of the GDP growth rate, especially in countries with an economy based on agricultural production.