Theoretical aspects of iceload measurements on fixed rods and overhead line conductors: A transfer function for dry rime-ice accretion

This paper is concerned with theoretical aspects of the methodology of iceload measurements on an overhead line conductor (OHLC) of finite span and finite torsional stiffness. The purpose is to establish the relationships between the iceload on a fixed rod or sampler and the spatial average iceload on an OHLC. A theoretical database, generated using dynamical models for rime-ice accretion on conductors, is carefully analysed to express iceload data as a function of meteorological conditions and the mechanical properties of the OHLC. These results provide the required ratios of the iceload on a sampler to that on OHLCs as a function of time during an icing incident. A transfer function, relating theoretically predicted iceloads on an OHLC to that for a sampler, is then constructed and should prove useful in the development of the corresponding methodology for relating sets of field measurements in this way. For design purposes progress in the latter is desirable.     

新型吸附搅拌棒被动采样器研制及应用——基于多壁碳纳米管的改性

结合传统被动采样器原理和新发展的吸附搅拌棒技术,研制了以多壁碳纳米管-聚二甲基硅氧烷(MWCTNs/PDMS)作为涂层的新型吸附搅拌棒被动采样器,并以苯酚(PhOH)、己烯雌酚(DES)和铅(Pb)作为目标污染物,考察被动采样器其吸附性能,优化其吸附条件.结果表明,与商业化PDMS涂层吸附搅拌棒被动采样器相比,含MWCTNs/PDMS涂层吸附搅拌棒被动采样器能更快达到吸附平衡时间、具有更大的饱和吸附容量.甲醇是PhOH和DES优良解吸剂,0.6mol/L HNO₃为Pb最优解吸剂.该新型被动采样器重复使用50次以上其解吸效率仍能达到70%以上,具有良好的稳定性和重复利用效果.     

扩散法测定沈阳市环境空气中的二氧化氮

被动式个体采样器（passive personal sampler）是基于气体分子扩散或渗透原理,采集空气中气态或蒸汽态污染物的一种采样方法,它不使用任何电源和抽气动力,是一种无泵采样器,可连续采样,并可作为环境空气质量评价的监测。国内外开展室内被动式扩散采样器的研究和应用的文章很多,并逐步应用于室内环境空气的监测方面,特别是对人体健康的影响评价。但是,在使用中要特别注意风速对气体污染物的采样速率的影响,为此文章介绍了利用中国预防医学科学院环境卫生监测所研制的室内分子扩散采样器[1],并自制挡风筒,使分子扩散采样器暴露在一个恒定的风速环境中,排除风速对采样速率的影响,应用于室外环境监测沈阳市环境空气中的二氧化氮的方法。经实验室性能评价能够满足实验室测试的要求,并经有动力的溶液吸收管法现场对比测试,两种测试结果一致。为室外环境监测二氧化氮提供了一个经济、准确,有实用价值的采样方法。     

空气微生物采样方法的比较

对3种空气微生物采样方法进行了比较。结果表明,在室外自然条件下,大气细菌粒子的沉降量与大气细菌粒子的浓度、大气真菌粒子的沉降量与大气真菌粒子的浓度均呈显著的正相关关系。对大气细菌粒子,用平皿沉降法分别与A·S采样器法、THK－201采样器法测定的结果相比,有非常显著的差异。平皿沉降法测定结果比后二者方法高出2.9倍和4.0倍;A·S采样器和THK－201采样器测定结果之间没有显著性差异。对大气真菌粒子,A·S采样器法和平皿沉降法与THK－201采样器法均有非常显著性差异;平皿沉降法与A·S采样器法测定结果之间没有显著性差异。进一步用直线回归分析的方法,得出了大气细菌粒子浓度与大气细菌粒子沉降量及大气真菌粒子浓度与大气真菌粒子沉降量之间的关系式。     

被动采样法观测研究京津冀区域大气中气态污染物

为了对京津冀区域的大气污染物进行观测,揭示污染物浓度和组分的时空分布和变化规律,深入了解区域复合型污染,从2007年12月开始使用造价低、操作简捷的被动采样方法对区域10个站点大气中的SO2、NO2、O3和NH3等主要污染物进行了监测,对被动采样方法的区域适用性进行了比较全面的评估并根据监测结果对污染物的浓度水平和区域分布进行了研究.方法适用性评估表明被动采样方法在污染较严重的京津冀区域能进行长时间采样,采样频率设定为每月1次;平行采样结果显示,SO2、NO2、O3和NH3的变异系数分别为6.4%、7.1%、4.2%和3.9%,方法表现出良好的稳定性;每月1次的被动采样浓度结果与主动采样仪器观测结果月平均值相比具有较好的一致性,SO2、NO2和O3这2种方法监测结果的相关系数达到0.91、0.88和0.93,拟合曲线斜率分别为1.25、0.98和0.93,平均相对标准偏差分别为23.3%、14.9%和8.5%,能基本满足大气采样的要求,NH3的短时监测也表明2种方法具有可比性.评估结果说明被动采样方法是一种可靠的大气污染监测方法,可用于区域污染的监测.2008年夏季京津冀区域10个站点SO2、NO2、O3和NH3的被动采样平均浓度分别(12.3±6.3)×10-9、(13.2±7.0)×10-9、(40.5±9.5)×10-9和(24.0±13.7)×10-9.浓度区域分布显示SO2和NO2在城市站点具有较高浓度,而NH3在农业站点的浓度较高,SO2、NO2和NH3的大气浓度水平明显受局地排放影响,浓度分布较直观的反应了站点的局地源排放;而O3除了背景站兴隆,在北京和天津周边的大小城市,平均浓度都在40×10-9左右,表现出区域协同污染特征.     

颗粒物再悬浮采样器研制与应用

研制了颗粒物再悬浮采样器,阐述了颗粒物再悬浮采样器的工作原理及系统结构。对颗粒物再悬浮采样器的PM10和PM2·5捕集效率以及采样时间进行了研究分析,选取了颗粒物再悬浮采样器合适的采样时间。     

大气飘尘冲击式分级采样器

本文分析了冲击式分级采样器的工作原理,对采样器中各种几率给予了严格的定义,阐明了这些几率概念之间的差别和相互联系,提出了多级采样器的研究简化为单级采样器研究的方法.提供了考虑粘性效应及用二种阻力公式(斯托克斯公式和标准阻力公式)的数值计算的P(Θ,Ω~*)曲线.对采样器工作特性曲线作了分析,指出各级主要采集粒径的范围大小和绝对收集几率的互相制约关系.提出采样器全面性能计算和设计方法.按本文提出的方法设计的LH-1型采样器,性能达到设计指标,已通过产品成果鉴定.     

Forecasting particulate pollutant concentrations in a city from meteorological variables and regional weather patterns

A synoptic meteorological classification and its correlation with particulate matter concentrations collected at five sampler points in the city of Valladolid (Spain) have been performed by means of a Q-mode clustering technique.The application of the algorithm to 11 meteorological variables related to the surface level and to the 500-hPa contour has permitted us to identify five synoptic meteorological types which have been split into nine synoptic meteorological classes. Also, the algorithm has been applied to the particulate matter concentrations recorded at each sampler point, and seven pollution levels have been obtained in each of them. The comparison between the days corresponding to the five synoptic meteorological types and the days included in each of the seven pollution clusters of every sampler point has revealed a satisfactory relationship between the particulate matter concentrations and the identified meteorological types at the 500-hPa contour.     

湖泊沉积物-水界面系列采样装置的研制

介绍了系列采样装置,包括沉积物-水界面取样器,孔隙水隔气抽取装置和电渗析沉积物剖面切割工作台等。可对75m深水湖泊采集到30—90cm的沉积物术及10—30cm底层水样品,并可在野外现场分样和提取孔隙水。沉积物分样的厚度最小是0.1cm。整套装置重量轻、可拆卸、操作简便且便于野外运输。     

The influence of outliers on results of wet deposition measurements as a function of measurement strategy

The results of a wet deposition monitoring experiment, carried out by eight identical wet-only precipitation samplers operating on the basis of 24 h samples, have been used to investigate the accuracy and uncertainties in wet deposition measurements. The experiment was conducted near Lelystad, The Netherlands over the period 1 March 1983–31 December 1985.By rearranging the data for one to eight samplers and sampling periods of 1 day to 1 month both systematic and random errors were investigated as a function of measuring strategy. A Gaussian distribution of the results was observed. Outliers, detected by a Dixon test (a = 0.05) influenced strongly both the yearly averaged results and the standard deviation of this average as a function of the number of samplers and the length of the sampling period. The systematic bias in bulk elements, using one sampler, varies typically from 2 to 20% and for trace elements from 10 to 500%, respectively. Severe problems are encountered in the case of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and especially Cd. For the sensitive detection of trends generally more than one sampler per measuring station is necessary as the standard deviation in the yearly averaged wet deposition is typically 10–20% relative for one sampler. Using three identical samplers, trends of, e.g. 3% per year will be generally detected in 6 years.     

A passive sampler for airborne formaldehyde

A simple, inexpensive passive sampler is described that is capable of reliable measurements of formaldehyde at the parts per billion (ppb) levels relevant to indoor and outdoor air quality. The passive sampler consists of a modified dual filter holder in which the upper stage serves as the diffusion barrier, the lower stage includes a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated filter which collects formaldehyde, and the space between the two stages serve as the diffusion gap. The measured sampling rate, 18.8 ± 1.8 ml min⁻¹, was determined in experiments involving sampling of ppb levels of formaldehyde with the passive sampler and with DNPH-coated C₁₈ cartridges and agrees well with the value of 19.4 ± 2.0 ml min⁻¹ calculated from theory. The measured sampling rate was independent of formaldehyde concentration (16–156 ppb) and sampling duration (1.5–72 h). The precision of the measurements for colocated passive samplers averaged 8.6% in purified and indoor air (office and museums) and 10.2% in photochemically polluted outdoor air. With a 1.2-μm pore size Teflon filter as the diffusion barrier, the detection limit is 32 ppb h, e.g. 4 ppb in an 8-h sample, 1.3 ppb in a 24-h sample, and so on. Perceived advantages and limitations of the sampler are discussed including flexibility, cost effectiveness and possible negative bias at high ambient levels of ozone.     

A multiple-system,multi-channel diffusion denuder sampler for the determination of fine-particulate organic material in the atmosphere

Measurement of the loss of semi-volatile organic compounds from particles collected with a filter is carried out by comparing the amounts collected by comparable filter pack and diffusion denuder samplers. The sorbents used to collect organic compounds in the denuder and sorbent filters must have the same efficiency for collection of all gas-phase organic compounds present. Interpretation of the data requires that the efficiency of collection of gas-phase compounds by the denuder be known. In theory this can be accomplished by determination of the deposition pattern of all organic compounds collected in the denuder, but in practice this is very difficult if the organic material consists of a wide variety of compounds. An alternative approach is to determine the breakthrough of organic compounds in a sampler with a particle-collection filter preceding the denuder and sorbent filter. In such a sampler only gas-phase organic material enters the denuder. We have developed both a multi-channel parallel plate diffusion denuder sampler and a comparable sampler in which the denuder is preceded by a filter. Samples can be collected with the multisystem sampler at a flow rate of 35 sLpm. The denuder surfaces and the sorbent filters are made from sheets of an activated charcoal-impregnated filter paper. Collection of semi-volatile compounds by the samplers has been characterized and the systems have been field tested. The samplers are now being used for the routine collection and determination of semi-volatile organic compounds in particles at Canyonlands National Park in southeastern Utah. Available data from this field program show significant losses of particulate organic compounds on a quartz filter due to volatilization during sampling.     

SW-Shollow-1型浅水水体沉积物界面水采样器的研制

无扰动的完整的水体沉积物 -界面水柱状样品的获取是提取沉积物记录的环境信息、研究沉积物-水界面物质迁移传输的地球化学过程原理的一项基本工作。本文介绍了一种新研制的用于 5m以下深度的浅水水体沉积物 -界面水采样器 ,该采样器由手柄杆、取样管、分样顶托三部分组成 ,具有体积小、重量轻、材料廉价易得、加工简单、操作方便等特点 ,并且可以获取足够厚度的沉积物层和直径较大的柱状样 ,在运河(杭州段 )和杭州西湖沉积物 -界面水样品采集中 ,成功地获取了 40～ 70cm沉积物柱样和 30～ 6 0cm界面水样 ,是一种经济有效的浅水水体沉积物 -界面水采样工具。     

扩散式二氧化硫简易采样器在环境监测中的应用

介绍了扩散式二氧化硫简易采样器原理，结构，分析方法，以及与紫外荧光法连续监测结果的可比性，讨论了环境湿度，存放条件对采样结果的影响，客观地评价了该种采样器的适用性。     

寒冷地区KC-1000大流量TSP采样仪技术改造

在保证KC-1000大流量TSP采样仪各项技术指标稳定的前提下,拆解仪器怕冻组件、改造室内安装方法,解决了采样仪在伊春冬季不能正常使用的难题.     

SWB-1型便携式湖泊沉积物─界面水取样器的研制

在湖泊环境的研究中，采到保持原状的沉积物─水界面样品是一项基本工作。根据国外有关资料，在前期研制的沉积物─水界面采样装置的基础上，研制成功了一种新型湖泊沉积物─水界面取样器。本取样器由四部分组成，即连接构件、配重、悬挂密封机构和取样管。取样器是靠自重插入湖泊沉积层，悬挂密封机构将样品封闭于取样管内。本取样器能在深水湖泊中取到30～50cm的湖底沉积物柱及10～30cm的界面水柱。整个取样器重量轻（只有7.5kg），易于携带和野外操作，并配有野外分样装置。本取样器是一种经济有效的湖泊沉积物─水界面取样器，适合于各种环境研究监测部门使用。     

西南和北京地区大气颗粒物中元素特征的比较

用大容量采样器和安德逊采样器在西南地区4个城市(重庆、成都、贵阳、广元)和北方北京地区分别采集了大气环境中颗粒物的总量及粒度分级的样品.讨论了该两地区大气颗粒物中元素浓度的差别.比较结果表明,酸性元素(如S等)的相对浓度在西南地区比北京高得多,而碱性元素的相对浓度则较低,这可能是西南地区出现酸雨的重要因素之一.     

京、津地区大气微生物的浓度

本文用仿制美国的ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器测定了北京两单、丰台和天津塘沽海滨三个地点的大气细菌和真菌浓度,结果表明,年平均空气细菌浓度北京西单为3.02个/L、丰台为2.56个/L、天津塘沽海演为1.38个/L,丰台真菌为1.20个/L,在一天内,大气细菌浓度分布明显出现7点、22点二个高峰时和13点、夜间1点二个低峰时,由ANDERSEN采样分为六级的大气细菌浓度亦有同样的目变化规律。     

2007年春节期间北京大气细粒子中正构烷烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM_2.5样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的正构烷烃进行了检测和分析.结果表明,春节期间大气细粒子平均浓度全部超过WHO阈值,且夜间平均浓度要高于白天.细粒子中检测出C₁₀～C₃₃的正构烷烃,总浓度为201.7～2 715.6　ng·m^-3,夜间正构烷烃的平均总浓度（943.5 ng·m^-3）要高于白天(581.1 ng·m^-3）,除夕前的平均总浓度（1025.5 ng·m^-3）要高于除夕后（536.6 ng·m^-3）.主峰碳为23、 24和25,CPI值为0.9～1.4,平均为1.15,表明春节期间北京大气细粒子中的正构烷烃主要由化石燃料的不完全燃烧产生,%WaxC_n的结果表明生物源对气溶胶中正构烷烃的贡献率为8.5%～47%.     

Determination of VOCs in groundwater at an industrial contamination site using a homemade low-density polyethylene passive diffusion sampler

A home-made inexpensive passive diffusion bag （PDB） sampler, prepared by filling deionized water in low-density polyethylene （LDPE） tubes, was evaluated for volatile organic compounds （VOC） sampling in groundwater at industrial contamination sites. Impacts of environmentally relevant conditions on the sampling equilibration time and partitioning of VOCs between the sampler and the water sample were investigated. Sample salinity, agitation and temperature can influence the equilibration time, but generally sampling equilibration was obtained in 14 days under real field sampling of VOCs in groundwater. Both laboratory study and field testing in a contaminated site showed that the VOC concentrations in the developed sampler were equal to those in the water samples at equitibrium. Coupled with a purge and trap concentrator-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （P＆T-GC-MS）, the developed PDB sampler provided a low-cost sampling device for routine monitoring of VOCs in groundwater in wells, with LODs in the range of 2.9-10 μg/L. The proposed PDB was applied to determine VOCs in groundwater at an industrial contamination site, and the present results agreed well with those determined using conventional pump-and-sample monitoring. All the studied 13 VOCs were tested in the four wells in the industrial contamination sites, with their concentrations in the range of 12-73660 μg/L. In addition, while benzene and toluene were heavily contaminated up to a maximum concentration of 74000 μg/L and 6000 μg/L, respectively, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and bromobenzene had relatively low contamination levels （below 25 μg/L）.