除草剂草萘胺在土壤中的降解与吸附行为

采用色谱学(HPLC和GC-MS)和光谱学(UV和Ft-IR)方法研究了除草剂草萘胺在3种土壤(黑土、砖红壤和黄棕壤)中的降解和吸附行为,并对草萘胺土壤中降解的影响因素、降解产物和吸附机理进行了分析.结果表明,在本实验条件下,草萘胺降解速率随土壤温度(15～35℃)和有机质含量(r=0.9794)增加而加快;灭菌条件下的半衰期约是未灭菌时的3倍,土壤微生物是影响草萘胺在土壤中降解的主要因素;草萘胺在黄棕壤中的降解途径可能是脱烷基,降解产物可能为/v-甲基-2-(1-萘氧基)丙酰胺和/V-乙基-2-(1-萘氧基)丙酰胺.草萘胺在黄棕壤、砖红壤和黑土上的吸附系数(Kf)值分别为1.29、3.43和13.36,3种土壤上的吸附自由能(AG)均小于40U·mol-1,即以物理吸附为主,其吸附行为可用Freundlich模型描述.红外光谱学研究进一步证实了3种土壤对草萘胺吸附容量差异是黑土,砖红壤,黄棕壤.     

三环唑在稻-土-水体系中的持留、迁移变化

采用田间试验与模拟试验相结合,研究了二环唑在南方稻区稻-土-水体系中的残留与迁变。结果表明,三种土壤吸附性能,海涂土最差,小粉土与青紫泥相差不大。三环唑在海涂土和小粉土上渗漏性有明显差异,吸附性差的海涂土渗漏速率大;不同淋洗水量对海涂土渗漏性影响随淋洗量增加而增大,在田间实际用药水平下,三环唑能够纵向渗漏至地下水,渗漏特性为海涂土>小粉土>青紫泥;三环唑还能够通过地表水流失横向迁移到周围池塘水中,速度较纵向渗漏快。室内控制条件下,水稻秧苗能够吸收土-水体系中的农药,且吸收量与水中农药浓度呈正相关,达极显著水平(0.01水平)。三环唑残留量采用凝结法净化,GC-FPD(S-型)检测。     

Degradation of 14C-glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in three agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most used herbicide worldwide. The degradation of 14C-labeled glyphosate was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in three di erent agricultural soils: a silt clay loam, a clay loam and a sandy loam soil. The kinetic and intensity of glyphosate degradation varied considerably over time within the same soil and among di erent types of soil. Our results demonstrated that the mineralization rate of glyphosate was high at the beginning of incubation and then decreased with time until the end of the experiment. The same kinetic was observed for the water extractable residues. The degradation of glyphosate was rapid in the soil with low adsorption capacity (clay loam soil) with a short half-life of 4 days. However, the persistence of glyphosate in high adsorption capacity soils increased, with half-live of 19 days for silt clay loam soil and 14.5 days for sandy loam soil. HPLC analyses showed that the main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was detected after three days of incubation in the extracts of all three soils. Our results suggested that the possibility of contamination of groundwater by glyphosate was high on a long-term period in soils with high adsorption capacity and low degrading activities and/or acid similar to sandy loam soil. This risk might be faster but less sustainable in soil with low adsorption capacity and high degrading activity like the clay loam soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues may increase the risk of contamination of groundwater regardless of the type of soil.     

重金属在根际中的化学行为--Ⅰ.土壤中铜吸附的根际效应

在第四纪红壤性水稻土(QP)、淀浆白土(WP)、第四纪红土(QR)和赤红壤(LR)上种水稻后,用自制根盒制得各自的根际土和非根际土,以铜为指示离子,研究了土壤对铜吸附的根际效应。结果表明,根系生长使土壤中铜专性吸附载体、pH等因子改变,从而使根际土吸附铜量大于非根际土。QR的铜吸附特征可用Freundlich方程表征,其余土壤可用Langmuir方程描述。铜吸附的根际效应大小依次为QP>WP>LR>QR。起始铜浓度对根际土壤中铜吸附的影响较复杂。除QR外,随样品铜吸附量增加,平衡液pH下降、铜吸附会引起根际土与非根际土pH的差异。     

三种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的降解及吸附特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了氟胺磺隆、氯吡嘧磺隆和磺酰磺隆3种磺酰脲类除草剂在5种不同种类土壤(江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土、南京黄棕壤、陕西潮土)中的降解及吸附特性.结果表明,这3种磺酰脲类除草剂在这5种不同土壤中的降解速率均比较快,且降解过程均遵循一级动力学方程,土壤pH值是影响土壤降解速率的主要因素.3种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的吸附均符合Frendlich模型,且具有较低的吸附容量.3种磺酰脲类除草剂在不同土壤中的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ.mol-1,吸附主要以物理吸附为主,吸附常数随土壤pH值的增大而逐渐减小.     

Effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in soils

The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (flooded) conditions were studied at 25°C and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. (field rate, FR), 20 times (20FR) and 40 times (40FR) field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did ...     

生物质炭及老化过程对土壤吸附吡虫啉的影响

通过批处理恒温振荡法,系统考察了土壤类型(熟化红壤、新垦红壤)、生物质炭种类(竹炭、稻草炭)、生物质炭用量(0、0.1%和0.5%,质量分数)及老化过程(恒湿30 d)对土壤吸附吡虫啉的影响.Freundlich曲线描述的研究结果表明,有机质含量高的熟化红壤对吡虫啉的吸附能力强于有机质含量低的新垦红壤.生物质炭的添加能增强土壤对吡虫啉的吸附能力,且吸附能力随生物质炭施用量的增加而显著提高.添加等量生物质炭,新垦红壤吸附吡虫啉能力的增强效果强于熟化红壤;在同种土壤中添加不同种类的等量生物质炭,新垦红壤添加稻草炭后吸附能力更强,熟化红壤添加竹炭后吸附能力更强.恒湿老化后的处理对吡虫啉的吸附能力与新鲜处理相比明显降低,且添加竹炭的处理比稻草炭处理受老化过程影响更大.     

水溶性有机质对土壤及底泥中汞吸附行为的影响

以重庆市2种耕作土(黄壤和中性紫色土)及鱼塘底泥为试验材料,分别添加提取自腐殖土的DOM(DOMh),提取自稻草的DOM(DOM)和提取自污泥堆肥的DOM(DOMa),研究DOM对土壤及底泥中Hg的吸附行为的影响.结果表明.DOM对土壤及底泥中汞的吸附行为均有一定的抑制作用,这种抑制作用与DOM种类和试验材料的性质有关.添加不同来源的DOM,对Hg的抑制作用具体表现为:DOMh>DOMr>DOMa;添加同一种DOM时,对Hg吸附的抑制作用表现为鱼塘底泥>紫色土>黄壤.     

三唑磷在土壤中的降解与吸附特性

三唑磷农药在江西红壤，河南二合土和东北黑土中均具易降解性，其土壤降解半衰期分别为28．3，3．75、3．28d，降解速率次序为东北黑土〉河南二合土〉江西红壤。土壤对三唑磷的吸附性能强弱次序为：河南二合土〈江西红壤〈东北黑土。其Freundich吸附常数分别为2，17．6，70．100。尽管河南二合土对三唑磷农药的吸附性弱（koc〈300）．且三唑磷的水溶解度〉30mg／kg，但由于三唑磷农药的易土壤降解性，正常施用，其对地下水的实际污染风险较小。     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of diphenylarsenicals in two contrasting soils

Diphenylarsinic acid(DPAA) is formed during the leakage of aromatic arsenic chemical weapons in soils,is persistent in nature,and results in arsenic contamination in the field.The adsorption and desorption characteristics of DPAA were investigated in two typical Chinese soils,an Acrisol(a variable-charge soil) and a Phaeozem(a constant-charge soil).Their thermodynamics and some of the factors influencing them(i.e.,initial pH value,ionic strength and phosphate) were also evaluated using the batch method in order to understand the environmental fate of DPAA in soils.The results indicate that Acrisol had a stronger adsorption capacity for DPAA than Phaeozem.Soil DPAA adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process and the amount of DPAA adsorbed was affected significantly by variation in soil pH and phosphate.In contrast,soil organic matter and ionic strength had no significant effect on adsorption.This suggests that DPAA adsorption may be due to specific adsorption on soil mineral surfaces.Therefore,monitoring the fate of DPAA in soils is recommended in areas contaminated by leakage from chemical weapons.