不同母质发育的水稻土中铁,锰对甲烷排放的影响

盆栽结果表明，不同土壤类型铁，锰含量的差异是造成不同土壤类型间甲烷排放量差异甚大的重要因素之一。土壤中铁，锰通过对土壤氧化还原电位及根膜形成的影响而影响甲烷的排放。     

祁连山冻土区土壤活动层与冻土层中甲烷代谢微生物群落结构特征

冻土土壤中的甲烷代谢微生物可氧化或产生甲烷,影响着甲烷所参与的碳循环过程,对于全球温室气体的释放和调节具有重要的作用.对祁连山冻土区土壤活动层与冻土层中的甲烷代谢微生物产甲烷菌(Methanogens)和甲烷氧化菌(Methanotrophs)的群落结构组成进行研究.通过对产甲烷菌的mcrA基因和甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因进行PCR扩增,分别构建其基因克隆文库,并通过序列同源比对进行系统发育分析和多样性分析.结果显示:冻土土壤活动层中的产甲烷菌包括Rice cluster Ⅰ、Methanosarcinaceae、Methanomicrobiales、Methanosaetaceae、Methanobacteriaceae五种类型,而在土壤冻土层则包括了Rice cluster Ⅰ、Methanosarcinaceae、Methanobacteriaceae三种类型.土壤活动层的甲烷氧化菌由隶属于α-Proteobacteria(Type Ⅱ)的Methylocystis和隶属于γ-Proteobacteria(Type Ⅰ)的Methylobacter两种类型群体组成,而土壤冻土层中则只包括了Methylocystis这一种类型.由此可见,冻土土壤活动层与冻土层中的甲烷代谢微生物群落结构存在一定的差异.     

沼泽产甲烷能力和途径差异的机制

土壤中甲烷的形成有 2条途径 :乙酸发酵和H2 /CO2 还原。比较而言 ,乙酸发酵产甲烷的能力强于H2 /CO2 还原。在特定环境中 ,何种产甲烷途径占优势取决于底物尤其是活性有机碳含量 ,而新形成的有机碳尤为重要。活性有机碳含量丰富的沼泽 ,甲烷主要由乙酸发酵形成 ,因此产甲烷能力较强。导致沼泽产甲烷能力异同的原因就是有效底物含量差异 ,从而使不同类型沼泽环境中产甲烷菌菌种不同 ,正是底物含量的高低和由此引起的产甲烷菌菌种的不同决定了不同类型沼泽产甲烷潜能的差异     

甲醇对土壤甲烷氧化的影响及其微生物学机理

对设施栽培土壤甲烷氧化及其微生物学机理进行了研究，结果表明，不同土壤对甲烷的氧化能力各异，这可能与土壤的理化性质有关。土壤微生物是甲烷氧化的主要生物类群，不同碳源对甲烷氧化的影响各异，纤维素对甲烷氧化的抑制作用最小，高浓度的甲醇则对甲烷氧化具有强烈的抑制作用，而适当浓度的甲醇可极大地促进土壤甲烷的氧化。在甲烷释放极少的设施栽培土壤中，兼性营养甲烷氧化菌可能在甲烷氧化中占据主导地位。     

森林土壤氧化（吸收）甲烷研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖的贡献仅次于CO2,约为25%。大气甲烷可以被土壤中甲烷氧化细菌在有氧条件下吸收利用,陆地生态系统森林土壤氧化吸收甲烷的研究已有大量报道。甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能源的一类细菌的总称。但森林土壤在全球甲烷核算中具有一定的不确定性,取决于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的相对活性。甲烷氧化菌的研究集中在环境对氧化能力的影响和自身氧化能力上。大气甲烷氧化过程为高氧化能力低亲力氧化,受到一些因子,如土壤温度、土壤通气状况、pH、氮肥等的影响,具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入。土壤通气状况受土壤质地与土壤水分影响,土地利用类型可能改变土壤容重、土壤结构和土壤水分,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化。植物可以通过自身对生境的作用或化感作用影响土壤甲烷氧化。土壤动物的研究则相对较少,目前排放清单中仅有白蚁是全球甲烷核算所包括的。从甲烷氧化菌的分类出发,对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的机理、菌的生态分布及甲烷氧化的影响因素、时空异质性、观测方法等作出了综述,为正确认识和准确预测森林土壤在一定气候和土地利用类型条件下的甲烷氧化强度提供理论依据。     

沼泽产甲烷能力和途径差异的机制

土壤中甲烷的形成有2条途径：乙酸发酵和H2／CO2还原，比较而言，乙酸发酵产甲烷的能力强于H2／CO2还原，在特定环境中，何种产甲烷途径占优势取决于底物尤其是活性有机碳含量，而新形成的有机碳尤为重要，活性有碳含量丰富的沼泽，甲烷主要由乙酸发酵形成，因此产甲烷能力较强，导致沼泽产甲烷能力异同的原因就是有效底物含量差异，从而使不同类型沼泽环境中产甲烷菌菌种不同，正是底物含量的高低和由此引起的产甲烷菌菌种的不同决定了不同类型沼泽产甲烷潜能的差异。     

氮肥对旱地土壤甲烷氧化能力的影响

甲烷是重要的温室气体之一，对全球变暖的贡献率是20％。大气中甲烷浓度的迅速增加与甲烷的源和汇的不平衡有关。土壤中存在甲烷氧化菌，在一定条件下可以氧化大气中的甲烷。不过土壤对甲烷的氧化能力受一些农业生产活动的影响。氮肥的施用对土壤甲烷氧化有一定的影响。长期定位施肥实验的结果表明氮肥对土壤甲烷氧化的影响主要来源于铵态氮而不是硝态氮，因为氨对甲烷氧化有着竞争性抑制作用。此外，长期施用氮肥还改变了土壤微生物的区系及其活性，从而降低甲烷的氧化速率。氮肥施用的短期效应则与土壤的耕作管理历史、土壤性质、氮肥施用量等因素有关。有机肥对土壤甲烷氧化的影响比化肥要低得多，其物理化学性质及施用方法的不同都会影响到土壤对甲烷的氧化。     

土壤中锰氧化物的形态及其化学提取方法综述

土壤中锰元素主要来自于成土母质,风化后的锰主要以锰氧化物形式存在于土壤中.锰氧化物因具有比表面积大、表面电荷低、对金属的亲合力强、氧化还原电位高等特性,对土壤中痕量金属的环境行为存在重要影响.化学提取方法是研究土壤中不同固相组分的重要手段.本文首先从土壤中锰的来源及主要存在形态出发,介绍了不同价态锰(+2、+3、+4)...     

土壤固相不同组分对镉,锌吸持的研究

本文选用三种不同类型的土壤，用连续提取法依次去除土壤固相中碳酸盐（石灰性土壤）、锰、有机质、无定型氧化铁和晶型氧化铁组分，制得分离某一组分或某几个组分后的土壤钙饱和的样品，藉此研究土壤固相各组分对重金属Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响，研究结果表明，不同土壤去除某一组分或多个组分后对Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响是不同的，土壤固相中组分的相互作用可能是其主要原因。     

不同母质砖红壤上的桉树营养差异研究

在雷州桉树人工林下，两种类型的砖红壤由于受不同母质和质地的影响，土壤养分和桉树叶片养分质量分数有较大差异。本文着重研究了有桉树缺素现象的浅海沉积物砖红壤上的枝树叶片营养特点和桉叶片中各营养元素间的相互关系，结果表明桉树是喜锰植物，其营养元素间的相互关系较复杂，且不同树种情况有差别。     

土壤酸化与油菜锰毒关系研究

对湖北省的主要旱地土壤种植多茬作物后油菜生产锰毒的原因进行了研究。结果表明,供试土壤pH值较原土样下降了1．0个单位。除石灰性土壤外,其它中酸性土壤交换性锰明显增加,造成油菜对锰吸收过量,同时由于吸收过程中锰铁拮抗作用的存在,植株在土壤锰毒发生后吸收的铁量下降,使体内锰铁比上升。     

Sequestration of heavy metals from soil with Fe–Mn concretions and nodules

In recent years, heavy metal contamination has become a major environmental issue in many parts of the world. Fe and Mn oxides, oxyhydroxides and hydroxides have long been recognized as scavengers playing an important role in controlling the location, mobility and bioavailability of metal contaminants in soils. Fe–Mn concretions and nodules are discrete bodies made of soil or sediment materials cemented together under the influence of Fe and Mn oxides. Here metals sorption by Fe–Mn concretions and nodules are surveyed and critical reviewed. Valuable available literature data demonstrate that the formation of Fe–Mn concretions and nodules is the most efficient and durable process for metal contaminants sequestration in the soils. The papers discussed in this review show that the application of Fe–Mn concretions and nodules, as geochemical scavengers for remediating metal contaminated soils, is strongly recommended.     

南京城市土壤中重金属的化学形态分布

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究了南京市不同城区表层土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Cu,Zn,Pb的化学形态分布。结果表明，南京城市土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Zn,Pb以残渣晶格态为主，可交换态比例极低；Cu在城市道路旁的土壤中有机物结合态所占的比例最高，其他区域残渣晶格态所占的比例最高，与非城区自然土壤相比，主要来源于人为输入的Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb残渣晶格态所占的比例低，活性态比例大；Cr和主要来源于原土壤物质的Fe,Ni,Co,V在城市土壤与非城区自然土壤中各形态所占的比例相似，残渣晶格态比例大，活性态比例极低。     

Mobilization of different metals between Tamarix parts and their crystal salts – soil system at the banks of river Nile,Aswan, Egypt

In order to study the relation of the mobility and distribution of metals between Tamarix parts and their crystal salts – soil system, different experiments were conducted with plant-rich and plant-free soils at the banks of river Nile, Aswan, Egypt. For these purposes, Tamarix top and subsoil samples near and far from the plant were collected from six different locations at the banks of river Nile. Elemental analysis of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb in soil, and in different parts of Tamarix and their crystal salt samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas Na and K were measured by atomic emission spectrophotometry. The bioavailability of metals in the soil samples was evaluated by determining their contents using sequential extraction single-step, providing higher metal concentrations in occluded Fe/Mn oxide fraction. The ratio of heavy metal concentrations in topsoil to that in subsoil enhancement (RTE) ranged from 0.67 to 4.4 and 0.22 to 4.61 for soil Tamarix and soil free from plant, respectively for all measured total element concentrations. Data indicate that the mobility expressed as transfer factor (TF) was obtained as Fe?>?Mg?>?Cr?>?Mn?>?Ca?>?K?>?Na, for Tamarix leaves. The major part of accumulated Na in Tamarix is retained in the plant leaves, while roots accumulated high concentration of Co.     

耕地土壤中交换态钙镁铁锰铜锌相关关系研究

应用主成份分析、聚类分析和相关性分析对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地土壤样本(0-20cm)的交换态钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量进行研究，结果表明，影响钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌分布的主因子分别在相同的主成份组中，钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌之间的相关系数较大，铁、锰、铜、锌之间均为极显著正相关关系，钙与铁、锰、铜、锌均为负相关关系，说明元素的生物地球化学属性对其地理分布有较大的影响。     

An improved technique for the determination of organic phosphorus in sediments and soils by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Knowledge of organic phosphorus (P) species quantity and distribution in sediments and soils is needed to determine the potential for aquatic and terrestrial organism growth. This can be achieved with ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), but resolving peaks within spectra can be problematic because of broadening via paramagnetics, which can cause peaks to overlap. We compared ³¹P NMR spectra of NaOH-EDTA extracts of three sediments and three soils to those that had first been pre-treated with Ca-EDTA-dithionite to remove Fe and Mn, paramagnetics that cause broadening of peaks, but leave organic P alone. Broadening of peaks in Ca-EDTA-dithionite pre-treated samples decreased by 46% and revealed peaks that were hidden compared to untreated samples. The spectrum of one pre-treated soil was similar if not better than the same soil that had received pre-treatment with Chelex resin (also to remove paramagnetics). Therefore, pre-treatment with Ca-EDTA-dithionite is recommended as a simple and cost-effective method for improving organic P idenTIFication and determination in subsequent NaOH-EDTA extracts of sediments and soils rich in Fe and Mn.     

Mineral status of soils and forage in the Mole National Park,Ghana and implications for wildlife nutrition

Geochemical mapping of soils and selected plant species has been carried out in the Mole National Park, Ghana. The distribution of the essential nutrients: cobalt, copper and manganese is largely controlled by bedrock geology, while the geochemical dispersion of Ca, I, Fe, Mg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na and Zn has been modified by soil and hydromorphic processes. From selective extraction experiments, Fe, Mn and Co are found to be largely fixed in the soil mineral fraction. Larger proportions of Cu, I, Mo, Se and Zn are EDTA extractable and have a high chelation potential.Cobalt, Cu and Mn were preferentially concentrated in grass species while molybdenum and selenium are concentrated in browse plants. Copper uptake is antagonistic to Fe, Mo and Zn accumulation in all plant and grass samples. Similarly, Se and Mn appear antagonistic and Fe uptake is antagonistic to Co, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn.The low concentration of P points to a potential dietary deficiency of this element throughout the park. Cobalt deficiency may also occur due to a love extractability of these elements in the soils and low concentration in plants. However, the lack of data on the elemental requirements of wildlife allows only tentative conclusions to be drawn.     

Level,pattern, and risk assessment of the selected soil trace metals in the calcareous-cultivated Vertisols

Dynamics and distribution pattern of trace metals in agricultural lands are an increasing concern due to potential risks to the environment and human health. To ascertain more knowledge of this aspect, the fractions of total and available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd belonging to Vertisols under intensive cultivation and adjoining uncultivated soils were investigated. The order of abundance of metals in both cultivated and uncultivated soils was Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Cd and Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cd for both available and total fraction, respectively. A relative enrichment was observed in the value of diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid-extractable Fe (1.2–201%), Mn (2–31%), Cu (1–40%), and Cd (21–45%) as well as total fraction of Zn (3–17%), Cu (12–32%), and Cd (42–108%) after intensive cropping, which can be contributed to repeated application of agrochemical inputs and manure over long time. The values of RI (potential ecological risk) showed that cultivation caused a low potential ecological risk (33.3% of the soil samples) to moderate potential ecological risk (66.7% of the soil samples) in the study region and that cadmium made up 88%, on average, of the RI value.     

水田中水稻、稗草和异型莎草甲烷排放的生物学特性

比较了生长于淹水田间的水稻、稗草和异型莎草甲烷排放的生物学特性。结果表明，三种植物的甲烷排放量次序为稗草＞水稻＞异型莎草，前两者的甲烷排放量分别为后者的１１倍和８．４倍。但这个次序刚好与这三种植物根系甲烷形成活性的次序相反。观察了三种植物甲烷排放的日周期变化。稗草和水稻根际土壤的产甲烷活性高于非根际土壤，而异型莎草的根际和非根际土壤的产甲烷活性之间无明显差异。还观察到稗草和水稻的叶鞘和茎杆连接节处的间隙是甲烷逸入大气的主要途径，而异型莎草则未见有可供甲烷排放的间隙与气孔。     

Four-decade responses of soil trace elements to an aggrading old-field forest: B, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe

In the ancient and acidic Ultisol soils of the Southern Piedmont, USA, we studied changes in trace element biogeochemistry over four decades, a period during which formerly cultivated cotton fields were planted with pine seedlings that grew into mature forest stands. In 16 permanent plots, we estimated 40-year accumulations of trace elements in forest biomass and O horizons (between 1957 and 1997), and changes in bioavailable soil fractions indexed by extractions of 0.05 mol/L HCl and 0.2 mol/L acid ammonium oxalate (AAO). Element accumulations in 40-year tree biomass plus O horizons totaled 0.9, 2.9, 4.8, 49.6, and 501.3 kg/ha for Cu, B, Zn, Mn, and Fe, respectively. In response to this forest development, samples of the upper 0.6-m of mineral soil archived in 1962 and 1997 followed one of three patterns. (1) Extractable B and Mn were significantly depleted, by -4.1 and -57.7 kg/ha with AAO, depletions comparable to accumulations in biomass plus O horizons, 2.9 and 49.6 kg/ha, respectively. Tree uptake of B and Mn from mineral soil greatly outpaced resupplies from atmospheric deposition, mineral weathering, and deep-root uptake. (2) Extractable Zn and Cu changed little during forest growth, indicating that nutrient resupplies kept pace with accumulations by the aggrading forest. (3) Oxalate-extractable Fe increased substantially during forest growth, by 275.8 kg/ha, about 10-fold more than accumulations in tree biomass (28.7 kg/ha). The large increases in AAO-extractable Fe in surficial 0.35-m mineral soils were accompanied by substantial accretions of Fe in the forest's O horizon, by 473 kg/ha, amounts that dwarfed inputs via litterfall and canopy throughfall, indicating that forest Fe cycling is qualitatively different from that of other macro- and micronutrients. Bioturbation of surficial forest soil layers cannot account for these fractions and transformations of Fe, and we hypothesize that the secondary forest's large inputs of organic additions over four decades has fundamentally altered soil Fe oxides, potentially altering the bioavailability and retention of macro- and micronutrients, contaminants, and organic matter itself. The wide range of responses among the ecosystem's trace elements illustrates the great dynamics of the soil system over time scales of decades.