北仑河口海域小型硅藻群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

北仑河口地处亚热带-热带地区,气候温暖湿润,是我国北部湾沿岸与越南交界的一个重要入海河口。于2008年3、5、8和11月分别采集该海域小型浮游硅藻,同时测定水温、盐度等水体参数,以及氮、磷、硅等18项水化学指标,分析了小型硅藻群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系。该河口区的小型硅藻主要由纤细翼鼻状藻Proboscia alata f.gracillima、拟旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus、细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis、中华齿状藻Odontella sinensis和菱形藻Nitzschiasp.等优势种类组成,并且存在明显的季节性演替。应用典范对应分析,发现影响北仑河口硅藻群落结构的主要环境因子为温度、盐度、N、Si、Hg和悬浮体质量浓度等,且不同季节的主控因素有所差异。菱形藻对温度和Cu、As、Zn和Hg等重金属的耐受性较强。纤细翼鼻状藻适宜于生长在水体透明度高的海域,悬浮体质量浓度以6.27 mg.L-1以下为宜。拟旋链角毛藻受Cr的影响较大,高含量的Cr会限制其生长。而细弱海链藻和中华齿状藻对Hg的耐受性较强。     

全球气候变化背景下台湾海峡浮游植物的长期变化

为了解气候–海洋环境变异的生态影响,阐述并比较了1984~1985年和2006~2008年台湾海峡浮游植物分布的时空变化特征.结果表明:浮游植物物种多样性指数和均匀度分别由3.29和0.62降至2.90和0.55;平均细胞密度增加3.7倍,由372.0×104 cells/m3增加到173 8.8×104 cells/m3;种类组成里暖水种比例提高了7.3%,由45.9%上升到53.2%;浮游植物主要优势种组成趋于简单和小型化,如小型硅藻柔弱拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)和细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis),其平均丰度和优势度显著提高.浮游植物群落的这些年代际分布变异可看作全球气候长期变暖背景下对台湾海峡环境变化的生态学响应迹象.图3表6参34     

Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应

近年来,海洋重金属污染日益严重,为考察重金属对海洋藻类的生物毒性效应,进而评估其对海洋生态环境的影响,本研究采用一次性培养的实验方法,测定了2种重金属Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对8种海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应,包括赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curv...     

椒江口海域浮游植物与富营养化的关系

根据2010年椒江口海域3个季节的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨该海域浮游植物、富营养化和赤潮之间的关系.自该海域共鉴定浮游植物81种,赤潮种35种,由于受椒江径流、浙江沿岸流、台湾暖流和上升流共同影响,浮游植物种类数、平面分布及优势种有明显的季节变化;最主要的赤潮优势种是旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、具槽直链藻(Melosira sulcata)和琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscusjonesianus);调查期间海域富营养化指标E值大于1,富营养化程度较为严重,但浮游植物群落结构较为稳定,多样性指数较高,并未发生赤潮.     

三丁基锡对中国近海常见海洋微藻的毒性效应

研究三丁基氯化锡（TBT）对中国近海常见5种硅藻和甲藻（硅藻中丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）、派格棍形藻（Bacilaria paxillifera）、聚生角毛藻（Chaetoceros socialis）,甲藻中微型原甲藻（Prorocentrum minimum）、简裸甲藻（Gymnodinium simplex））的毒性效应,考察了有机锡对浮游藻光合活性（Fv/Fm）、粒径、生长的影响。结果表明：派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻的光合活性（Fv/Fm）受TBT影响较显著;微型原甲藻、丹麦细柱藻的光合活性受TBT影响较小。高质量浓度TBT胁迫下海洋微藻峰值粒径显著减小,低质量浓度TBT对峰值粒径影响不显著。低质量浓度TBT对派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻、微型原甲藻均有较强的毒性作用,非检测毒性浓度（NDEC）分别为1.17、1.07、0.23、3.73μg.L-1,丹麦细柱藻对TBT具有很强耐受性,NDEC为112.62μg.L-1。     

安徽省石塘湖过去百余年湖水总磷浓度的定量重建

湖水总磷浓度对湖泊富营养化有很好的预警作用,历史湖水总磷浓度的定量重建能揭示湖泊营养演化历史.依据安徽省石塘湖沉积物钻孔的高分辨率硅藻研究结果,结合长江中下游湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数模型,定量重建了其过去百余年来硅藻组合演替与历史湖水总磷浓度的变化过程.结果表明:石塘湖硅藻经历了从颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulate)优势组合(1867-1981年)向富营养属种高山直链藻(Aulacoseira alpigae)优势组合(1981年以来)的变化.1981年以前,水体ρ(总磷)为50～60μg.L-1,湖泊一直维持在中等营养水平;1981年之后水体ρ(总磷)呈现明显升高趋势(＞100 μg·L-l),硅藻组合以高山直链藻占绝对优势,同时伴有喜好富营养环境的属种如极微小环藻(Cyclotella atomus)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、谷皮菱形藻(Nitzschia palea)和汉斯冠盘藻(Stephanodiscus hantzschii)等的增加,标志着湖泊富营养化的发生.20世纪80年代以来,农业及城市生活污水排放、农业化学肥料的大量使用以及过度养殖是硅藻种群转变和富营养化发生的主要根源.增温在一定程度上也影响着硅藻群落变化和富营养化的加重.根据重建的硅藻-水体总磷浓度结果,提出石塘湖治理的营养物基准水体ρ(总磷)为60 μg·L-1,为该湖整治和修复方案的制定提供可参考的目标,也为当地大量类似湖泊的治理提供重要参考.     

三丁基锡对中国近海常见海洋微藻的毒性效应

研究三丁基氯化锡(TBT)对中国近海常见5种硅藻和甲藻(硅藻中丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、派格棍形藻(Bacilaria paxillifera)、聚生角毛藻(Chaetoceros socialis),甲藻中微型原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)、简裸甲藻(Gymnodinium simplex))的毒性效应,考察了有机锡对浮游藻光合活性(Fv/Fm)、粒径、生长的影响。结果表明:派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻的光合活性(Fv/Fm)受TBT影响较显著;微型原甲藻、丹麦细柱藻的光合活性受TBT影响较小。高质量浓度TBT胁迫下海洋微藻峰值粒径显著减小,低质量浓度TBT对峰值粒径影响不显著。低质量浓度TBT对派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻、微型原甲藻均有较强的毒性作用,非检测毒性浓度(NDEC)分别为1.17、1.07、0.23、3.73μg.L-1,丹麦细柱藻对TBT具有很强耐受性,NDEC为112.62μg.L-1。     

上海某河口型景观湖冬季附着藻类的建群过程初探

为了解河口型水体附着藻类的建群过程,并获得群落成熟时间,于2015年冬季采用载玻片法对上海临港地区某景观湖进行研究。结果表明,附着藻类共检测出4门37属65种,其中硅藻门数量最多,占附着藻类数量的69.57%,其次为绿藻门,占25.95%。附着藻类总丰度在27 d时达到峰值,丰度为1.13×10~4～500×10~4 cm~(-2);硅藻丰度在25 d时出现峰值,丰度为1.13×10~4～299.05×10~4 cm~(-2)。聚类分析(CA)、非度量多维尺度分析(N-MDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)将附着藻类建群过程分为5个阶段,各阶段主要优势属分别为菱形藻属、针杆藻属和脆杆藻属,菱形藻属和针杆藻属,菱形藻属,菱形藻属和毛枝藻属,以及异极藻属和毛枝藻属。另外,通过分析藻类群落光合荧光参数动态变化发现,PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)变化与附着藻类总丰度变化趋势较一致,可作为指示附着藻类建群过程的潜在指标。挂片后3.5～4周,附着藻类群落发育逐渐成熟,此时段采样效果较佳。     

瓯江口春、秋季网采浮游植物分布及其影响因素

浮游植物作为初级生产者在河口生态系统物质、能量循环中起着至关重要的作用.通过测定2015年4月(春季)、11月(秋季)两个航次对瓯江口海域浮游植物的拖网调查及环境因子,研究其群落结构、空间分布及影响因子.结果如下:1)两季共鉴定出浮游植物8门96属208种,其中硅藻门60属157种、甲藻门17属29种,其余门类(绿藻门、裸藻门、蓝藻门、隐藻门、金藻门和定鞭藻门)偶有检出.秋季浮游植物平均丰度(2 443.05个/L)明显高于春季(160.35个/L).2)蛇目圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus argus)和琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)为两季绝对优势种,此外春季主要季节性优势种为弯菱形藻(Nitzschia sigma)和伏氏海毛藻(Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii),秋季为红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum).3)冗余分析结果表明,春季影响浮游植物群落的主要环境因子为透明度、氮磷比、溶解无机氮、硅酸盐和温度,秋季为溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷、盐度、透明度和氮磷比.这些影响因素主要受控于台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流及瓯江径流.4)聚类分析、多维尺度排序和相似性分析结果表明,春、秋两季浮游植物群落组成在时间、空间上均呈显著差异.5)结合历史资料分析得到瓯江口海域浮游植物赤潮藻种旺发和群落结构改变与富营养化密切相关.因此,本次调查中瓯江口春、秋季网采浮游植物群落主要受环流变化等的影响,季节和区域差异显著,但其响应过程还有待结合水文、地理和化学等多学科数据进一步论证.     

厦门海域水华期间浮游植物群落演替及其与环境因子的关系(英文)

2000年6-7月在厦门海域11个测站进行赤潮监测,6月28-29日在西海域发生聚生角毛(Chaetoceros socialis)和金藻(Chromulina sp.)水华.根据表层浮游植物样品和同步观测的理化参数进行多元分析,揭示浮游植物群落演替和水华机理.聚类分析显示浮游植物聚群可分为与水华过程相关联的3个群落,群落Ⅰ位于半封闭性的水交换条件差的西海域,主要由微型浮游植物组成,这些赤潮原因种在赤潮爆发时剧增.群落Ⅱ位于受九龙江冲淡水影响较直接的外港,主要由低盐的小型浮游植物组成.群落Ⅲ位于受外海水影响较大的东北部,主要由广布性的小型浮游植物组成;主成分分析表明浮游植物细胞丰度与营养盐尤其铵氮含量密切相关;西海域样品因子载荷较大指示该海域富营养化程度比外港和东部海域严重.降雨是这次水华的激发因素,由其引起的降温抑制暖温性中肋骨条藻繁殖,促进寒冷性聚生角毛藻旺发;然而降雨带来的有机污染是水华的内在原因.此外,本文还讨论了浮游植物水华优势种小型化与营养盐结构的关系.     

A suggested local regions in the Southern Gulf of Mexico using a diatom database (1979-2002) and oceanic hidrographic features

A diatom data-base of 255 species obtained from 14 oceanographic cruises (14801 entries of 647 sampling sites) together with the analysis of oceanic features were used to establish four local regions in the southern Gulf of Mexico. In addition, common species for each region were designated. This study is based on the application of cluster analysis and the species frequency data. Material for this undertaking consisted of water and net samples obtained between June 1979 and December 2002. Results show that the most frequent species (> 40%) were: Asterionellopsis glacialis, Bacteriastrum delicatulum, B. hyalinum, Chaetoceros affinis, C. coarctatus, C. compresus, C. curvisetus, C. danicus, C. decipiens, C. diversus, C. lorenzianus, C. pelagicus, C. peruvianus, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Cylindrotheca closterium, Guinardia flaccida, Hemiaulus hauckii, H. membranaceus, H. sinensis, Leptocylindrus danicus, Neocalyptrella robusta, Nitzschia bicapitata, Pleurosigma diverse-striatum, Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Rhizosolenia imbricata, R. setigera, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassionema bacillare, T frauenfeldii, T nitzschioides and Thalassiosira eccentrica. The species composition for each region and season are discussed. Itis concluded that sampling site assemblages are related to oceanographic conditions. A total list of species composition is given, forty-seven species taxa being new records for this area.     

Nutrient kinetics modeled from time series of substrate depletion and growth: dissolved silicate uptake of Baltic Sea spring diatoms

We estimated silicate uptake kinetics for 8 spring diatom species using a model based on time series measurements of the depletion of dissolved silicate (DSi) and increases in biomass. Furthermore, the carbon: nitrogen: silicate stoichiometric relationships and maximum growth rates were determined. Differences in DSi uptake kinetics and maximum growth rate were distinct among the species. All the most common diatom species (Chaetoceros wighamii, Pauliella taeniata, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira baltica) were relatively lightly silicified and had variable but relatively low half-saturation constants (K _s ), indicating that they are well adapted to low DSi concentrations. The less common Diatoma tenuis and Nitzschia frigida had higher K _s values, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to DSi limitation. The much used nitrogen:silicate ratio of 1 for marine diatom biomass was too low for most of the examined species, while a ratio of 2–3 seems to be more appropriate for these Baltic Sea species.     

Effects of UV-B irradiation on growth and survival of Antarctic marine diatoms

Growth rate, survival, and stimulation of the production of UV-B (280 to 320 nm) absorbing compounds were investigated in cultures of five commonly occurring Antarctic marine diatoms exposed to a range of UV-B irradiances. Experimental UV-B exposures ranged from 20 to 650% of the measured peak surface irradiance at an Antarctic coastal site (0.533 J m^-2 s^-1). The five diatom species (Nitzschia lecointei, Proboscia alata, P. inermis, Thalassiosira tumida and Stellarima microtrias) appear capable of surviving two to four times this irradiance. In contrast to Phaeocystis cf. pouchetii, another major component of the Antarctic phytoplankton, the concentrations of pigments with discrete UV absorption peaks in diatoms were low and did not change significantly under increasing UV-B irradiance. Absorbance of UV-B by cells from which pigments had been extracted commonly greatly exceeded that of the pigments themselves. Most of this absorbance was due to oxidisable cell contents, with the frustule providing the remainder. Survival of diatoms did not correlate with absorption by either pigments, frustules or oxidisable cell contents, indicating that their survival under elevated UV-B irradiances results from processes other than screening mechanisms.     

“Seed bank” of coastal planktonic diatoms in bottom sediments of Hiroshima Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Abundance and temporal distribution of viable (able to germinate) resting stage cells of planktonic diatoms in bottom sediments have been investigated almost monthly during 1989 to 1992 in Hiroshima Bay, western part of Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The abundance of viable resting stages in bottom sediments was enumerated with the extinction dilution method (most probable number method, MPN). In bottom sediments of Hiroshima Bay, dominantly distributed species and/ or genera of the diatom resting stages were Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. Viable resting stages of these diatoms were densely distributed on the orders of 10³ to 10⁶ (MPN g⁻¹ wet sediments), and persisted in bottom sediments throughout the investigation period. Conversely, vegetative cells of these diatoms fluctuated remarkably in the water column and disappeared sporadically. Survival of the resting stages in a collected sediment sample was also determined with the MPN method, at different storage temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 °C). The survival test demonstrated that the diatom resting stages could survive in the dark for several months or years in sediments. Resting stages survived longer at the lower storage temperature, and the order of longevity was consistent within three diatoms (Chaetoceros spp. > Thalassiosira spp. > S. costatum) at each storage temperature. The present study suggests that these diatom resting stages in the coastal bottom sediments could serve as a “seed bank”, analogous to those of terrestrial plants. The seed bank would ensure the survival of diatoms within highly fluctuating coastal environments, while it would also be the source of sporadic and autochthonous diatom blooms in coastal waters. Received: 29 November 1996 / Accepted: 16 December 1996     

“Good” and “bad” diatoms: development,growth and juvenile mortality of the copepod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Temora longicornis</Emphasis> on diatom diets

We measured development, growth and juvenile mortality of the common copepod Temora longicornis on 11 different monospecific diatom diets in order to estimate (1) how common the negative effects of diatoms are on the development of this copepod and (2) whether the arrested development is connected to deleterious polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) or food nutritional quality. Four diatom species (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira rotula CCMP1647, Leptocylindricus danicus CCPM469 and Skeletonema costatum CCMP1281) supported complete development, whereas development failed in or before metamorphosis on seven diatom species/strains (Chaetoceros affinis CCMP158, C. decipiens CCMP173, C. socialis, T. rotula CCMP1018, Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1010 and CCMP1335). However, four out of these seven species were not ingested by nauplii, either due to morphology (Chaetoceros spp.) or large size (T. pseudonana CCMP1010). The growth rate did not correlate with the ingestion rate of PUA, neither with ingestion of food mineral (nitrogen) nor with biochemical (polyunsaturated fatty acids, sterols) components. We show that, although some diatoms are of inferior food quality, this is unlikely to be connected to toxicity or due to a direct limitation by a single food nutritional compound.     

Effects of UV radiation of different wavebands on pigmentation, 15N-ammonium uptake, amino acid pools and adenylate contents of marine diatoms

Three marine diatoms Lauderia annulata Cleve, Odontella sinensis (Greville) Grunow and Thalassiosira rotula Meunier were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of different wavebands under controlled laboratory conditions (0.035 vol% CO₂, 18 °C). Several changes in the patterns of pigments in these organisms were seen depending on the waveband of UV radiation and species examined. UV-B and UV-B plus UV-A radiation led to a reduction in the overall pigment content of all three diatoms. The uptake of ¹⁵N-ammonium was less affected by 5-h UV-A (WG 320) but significantly reduced after UV-B and UV-B plus UV-A exposure. The pattern of free amino acid pools varied depending on the applied UV wavebands and the tested diatom. The main protein-bound amino acids of T. rotula decreased after 5-h UV irradiance except leucine. Contents of adenosine 5′-mono-, di-, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP and ATP) were affected differently by UV radiation; ATP values increased at the end of UV-B and UV-B plus UV-A exposure. These results have been discussed with reference to the impact of the different UV sources and the influence on the nitrogen metabolism in connection to pigments and supply with energy. Received: 13 May 1997 / Accepted: 11 October 1997     

Influence of diatoms on copepod reproduction. III. Consequences of abnormal oocyte maturation on reproductive factors in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calanus helgolandicus</Emphasis>

Observations of gonads and oocyte development stages (OS) have been achieved in Calanus helgolandicus females fed different algal diets and starved in filtered sea water under laboratory conditions during 8 days. The effects of 20 diets on egg production rates (EPR), hatching success (HS) and proportion of abnormal larvae (AL, development stages N1-2) were examined. With the control diet Prorocentrum minimum EPR and HS values were high, while AL was very low, coinciding with intact cell structures in oogonia (OO) and normal OS (OS1-OS4). With the other diets, oocyte maturation, EPR, HS and AL patterns were partially or totally impaired. Decrease of EPR coincided with the arrest of OS3 maturation and oocyte degradations, characterised by cell fragmentation, presence of apoptotic bodies in the OS3, degradation of cytoplasm in OS3 and OS4 and consequently the arrest of OS4 formation. These degradations were reversible when females were fed a favourable diet. Results reflect the presence of two distinct inhibitory mechanisms. Inhibition mechanism (1) impairs egg production. It was induced by starvation or by several species belonging to Bacillariophyceae (Chaetoceros calcitrans, Guinardia delicatula, Guinardia striata, Odontella regia, Rhizosolenia setigera, Stephanopyxis turris, Thalassiosira pseudonana) and mixed-diatom assemblages (collected in the field) and to the prymnesiophyte Pavlova lutherii. Remarkably other diatoms like Navicula sp., Nitzschia sp., Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira rotula did not induce mechanism (1) Inhibitory mechanism (2) affected exclusively HS and AL and was triggered by species independent of the production of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA), which are supposed to have adverse impacts on HS and larval development.     

Impact of harmful algal blooms on wild and cultured animals in the Gulf of California

Historical documents and classic works together with recent specialized literature have described Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Gulf of California. This is a review of HABs impact (qualitative and quantitative) during the last decades in the Gulf of California on wild (mammals, birds, fishes, and invertebrates) and cultured animals (shrimps and fishes). Microalgal species responsible of noxious effects are Noctiluca scintillans, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gymnodinium catenatum, Prorocentrum minimum, Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella subsalsa Ch. marina, Chattonella sp., Heterocapsa sp., Dinophysis sp., Fibrocapsa japonica, Heterosigma akashiwo, Thalassiosira sp., Chaetoceros spp., Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Trichodesmium erythraeum and ScSchizotrix calcicola. Emphasis is given to the necessity to continue with interdisciplinary studies in oceanography, ecology, toxicology and toxinology interrelated with biomedical sciences such as physiology, pathology, epidemiology and animal health.