臭氧灭活水中枯草芽孢杆菌的动力学

以枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC6633)的孢子作为难灭活微生物的代表,研究了消毒剂浓度和反应时间的乘积值(CT值)、pH值、温度对臭氧灭活水中芽孢效果的影响,并探讨了相关灭活反应的动力学特征.结果表明,臭氧灭活芽孢的过程可分为延滞期和灭活期,其灭活反应符合Chick-Watson延迟反应动力学模型.在半连续流反应模式下,当臭氧浓度在0.42—4.00 mg·L~(-1),反应时间0—20 min,pH值6—8,温度1—30℃范围内时,臭氧对芽孢的灭活效果与臭氧的CT值显著相关,与单独的臭氧浓度无关,CT值越高,所能达到的灭活率也越高.同时,温度对反应速率常数k影响较大,即随着温度的升高,灭活反应的延滞期CT_(lag)显著减小,反应速率常数k增大,臭氧对芽孢的灭活能力增强;而反应速率常数k在各pH值下基本不变,pH值对芽孢的灭活影响甚微.     

PV_1、B.fp在不同水样及温度条件下的灭活动力学

研究了脊髓灰质炎病毒 (Poliovirus1,PV1)、脆弱拟杆菌噬菌体 (bacteriophageinfectingBacteroidesfragilis,B .fp)在不同水样 (自来水、超纯水、闽江水、生活污水和滤膜过滤除菌生活污水 ) ,不同温度 (4℃、2 0℃、35℃ )条件下的灭活动力学 .结果显示 :温度是导致病毒灭活的重要因素 ,温度升高 ,病毒灭活速率加快 .同时 ,某些水质因子也明显影响病毒的灭活 .实验结果还表明 ,在任一灭活实验条件下 ,B .fp的灭活速率都比PV1低 ,表明B .fp是一个更合适的用于指示水体病毒污染程度与灭活效率的指示生物 .图 4表 2参 2 1     

隐孢子虫在水环境中存在水平与灭活技术

介绍了隐孢子虫的介水传播途径与特点、卵囊在水环境中存在水平及有效灭活隐孢子虫技术。隐孢子虫在水环境中显著存在;以饮用水为媒介成为隐孢子虫病传播和暴发流行的重要途径;采取可靠灭活工艺是控制隐孢子虫进入供水系统最重要的屏障。氯化消毒难以有效地灭活隐孢子虫,臭氧和紫外线可获得较理想的灭活效果。臭氧剂量为5～10(mg/L)·min时,灭活率为1-lg(90%);紫外线辐照剂量在9～11mJ/cm2,灭活率为2-lg(99%)。     

PV1、B.fp在不同水样及温度条件下的灭活动力学

研究了脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus1，PV1)、脆弱拟杆菌噬菌体(bacteriophage infecting Bacteroides fragilis，B．fp)在不同水样(自来水、超纯水、闽汀水、生活污水和滤膜过滤除菌生活污水)，不同温度(4℃、20℃、35℃)条件下的灭活动力学．结果显示：温度是导致病毒灭活的重要因素，温度升高，病毒灭活速率加快．同时，某些水质因子也明显影响病毒的灭活．实验结果还表明，在任一灭活实验条件下，B．fp的灭活速率都比PV1低，表明B．fp是一个更合适的用于指示水体病毒污染程度与灭活效率的指示生物．图4表2参21     

强电离放电对铜绿微囊藻的杀灭效果

研究了不同曝气量、初始藻密度、放置培养时间、pH值和温度条件下强电场电离放电对铜绿微囊藻的杀灭效果.结果表明,在一定范围内,微囊藻灭活率随曝气量、初始藻密度、放置培养时间、pH值和温度的增加而增大.当曝气量为500 mL·min-1,初始藻密度为9×106mL-1,pH值为9.18,温度为317 K,放置培养时间为4 d,处理时间为10 min时,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率接近100.0%.     

4种吸附剂对对氯苯酚的吸附性能

研究了常温（18℃）条件下粉末活性炭（PAC）、颗粒活性炭（GAC）、天然膨润土和天然海泡石4种吸附剂对对氯苯酚（4-CP）的静态吸附规律,考察了投加灭活活性污泥对吸附性能的影响。结果表明：4种吸附剂对4-CP的吸附符合Langmiur和Freundlich吸附等温式,且吻合良好;4种吸附剂对4-CP的饱和吸附量不同,大小顺序为：PAC〉GAC〉天然膨润土〉天然海泡石;灭活活性污泥与4种吸附剂共存时,降低了4种吸附剂对4-CP的吸附能力。     

不同消毒剂对水中脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活的比较

将脊髓灰质炎病毒（ Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ） 及不同消毒剂投加到模拟水样中,按不同接触时间１ ,３ ,１０ ,３０ ｍｉｎ 取样,空斑定量． 当模拟水有机质含量 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 为２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,病毒浓度ｎ（ Ｐ Ｆ Ｕ） ≈１ ×１０５ ｍ Ｌ－ １ 时,分别投加氯制剂有效氯ρ（ Ｃｌ）１６ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,接触３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｃｌ Ｏ２） ＝ ８ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ; Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合消毒剂（５ ．０ ＋ ５ ．０） ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｏ３） ＝ １ ．２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,１０ ｍｉｎ 时;可使病毒彻底灭活． 它们使 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 达到９９ ．９９ ％ 灭活的浓度时间乘积（ ρ×ｔ） 值分别是６６２ ．５ ,１２９ ．５ ,２００ ．０ 和３ ．２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｍｉｎ ． 消毒效果（ 顺序） 为 Ｏ３ ＞ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ． 联合消毒灭活 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 的效果为 Ｃｌ 的３ ．３ 倍,表明将 Ｃｌ 与 Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合应用具有协同效应,优于传统的单一加氯消毒方式     

污泥自热高温好氧消化工艺及影响因素

介绍了污泥自热高温好氧消化(ATAD)技术,其具有污泥稳定与杀菌的双重功效,处理效率高,体积小、运行方便。经过消化处理后的污泥,大部分病原菌被灭活,可以作为一种富养分、高质量的肥土应用于农田。文中对ATAD的工艺原理、流程、反应器构造及影响因素等进行了探讨。     

多环芳烃与混合功能氧化酶的相互作用

环境污染物多环芳烃(PAH)进入机体细胞后,必将经细胞内毒物代谢酶系统催化代谢活化和灭活。首先和关键性的代谢步骤是经内质网膜上的混合功能氧化酶系(MFO)催化发生环氧化或羟化。混合功能氧化酶是一个复杂的多成分酶系统,主要是由NADPH-细胞色素P-460还原酶、细胞色素P-450和磷脂组成。早已发现多种有机     

壳聚糖碘液体外对乙型肝炎病毒灭活的实验研究

采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和荧光定量PCR的方法检测壳聚糖碘液对血清HBsAg和HBV DNA的破坏作用。实验结果表明1.56250 g/L和0.78125 g/L的壳聚糖碘液分别作用5 m in和10 m in能完全破坏HBsAg的抗原性;6.25000 g/L和3.12500 g/L的壳聚糖碘液分别作用5 m in和15 m in能较好地破坏血清中的HBV DNA。提示壳聚糖碘液具有体外灭活乙型肝炎病毒作用。     

Sustainability: a Dissent

Abstract:  Broadly conceived and considered in its many usages, sustainability has grave defects as a planning goal, particularly when used by conservationists: it confuses means and ends; it is vague about what is being sustained and who or what is doing the sustaining; it is uninspiring; it is little more than Pinchot-era conservation (and thus ignores the many lessons learned since then); it need not be linked to land, to the land's functioning, or to any ecological science; it need not include a moral component; it is consistent with the view of humans as all-powerful manipulators of the planet; and, in general, it is such a malleable term that its popularity provides only a facade of consensus. When sustainability is defined broadly to include the full range of economic and social aspirations, it poses the particular risk that ecological and biodiversity concerns will be cast aside in favor of more pressing human wants. Given these many defects, the conservation movement should discard the term in favor of a more alluring goal, attentive to nature and its ecological functioning. A sound goal would incorporate and distill the considerable ecological and moral wisdom accumulated since Pinchot's day while giving conservationists the rhetorical tools needed to defend the land against competing pressures. In our view, conservation would be well served by an updated variant of "land health," Aldo Leopold's ecologically grounded goal from the 1940s. Land health as an independent understanding should set the essential terms of how we live and enjoy the earth, providing the framework within which we pursue our many social and economic aims.     

浅谈高悬浮物废水处理研究中存在的不足

结合现场实践经验,指出了目前处理高悬浮物废水存在的悬浮物浓度与有机药剂用量不成比例等矛盾.通过分析混凝理论的研究历程,总结出高浓度范围下的絮凝作用机理为包裹机理,目前该机理仅处于定性描述阶段,对其进行定量描述具有重要意义;结合动力学发展过程,了解到以悬浮物浓度为研究对象的动力学模型较多,但特别针对高悬浮物范围下的絮凝动力学方程尚无人研究.并针对高悬浮物废水的处理,提出了今后重点研究方向.     

企业信用缺失的风险和对策

信用是企业之本，企业要想生存和发展，就必须以诚信为基础，否则将付出重大的代价．要提高企业的信用度，必须建立、健全企业内部控制制度，采取有效的措施，通过建立信用文化和信用保障体制，从根本上解决企业信用缺失问题，让企业所有的承诺都有保证，让所有的企业都健康地竞争与生存．     

The influence of landmarks on the systematic search behaviour of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri

Summary The desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri uses embankments of faeces, which each family builds around the entrance of its burrow, as an aid to homing after a foraging excursion. Though an isopod must touch its family's embankment (outer radius 8–15 cm) with its antennae before it can detect it, this landmark eases the return to the burrow appreciably. However, this advantage is imperiled by problems with similar landmarks. If during foraging the isopod goes astray and has to search for its landmark it also explores most of the alien families' embankments it detects, at least until it has located the burrow entrance within it. But it is not trapped by such similar landmarks. Whereas an isopod explores its own embankment until it comes to its burrow, digging for hours if the burrow entrance happens to be covered by sand, it leaves an alien embankment after most a few minutes and resumes its search. This shows that the isopod is able to distinguish this landmark from its own, probably by the same chemical badge it uses for the identification of family members. A desert isopod must explore alien embankments predominantly because it is not able to distinguish an alien embankment which is near its own burrow and may intersect its own embankment from others. Even when the animal explores and embankment in vain for a long time it could simply have overlooked its own burrow's entrance. In addition the isopod does not recognize an alien embankment which it has already explored. Therefore during a longer search, it has to explore an alien embankment again and again. H. reaumuri solves these identification problems, which correspond to the problems of other arthropods using landmarks for orientation, in a very successful manner. By repeatedly returning to a particular area it searches there more intensively, the greater the probability that its burrow is in this area according to the information, independent of landmarks, available to the animal. In most cases when it detects a particular alien embankment it explores it for a constant short time (on average 20.4 s). It follows that the isopod explores an alien embankment more intensively, the greater the probability that its burrow is within it. In this simple manner it approximately fulfills the rules of the best mathematical procedures that have recently been developed for solving search problems in which an object detected must be explored for some time before it can be distinguished from the real target. Theoretically these procedures are more successful than the search behaviour of H. reaumuri, but they require that either a particular landmark can be identified with certainty by exploration or that at least it can be recognized on a later contact. Although H. reaumuri does not meet these requirements, the success of its search behaviour is almost identical to that of the mathematical procedures.     

The Ethics of Reviving Long Extinct Species

There now appears to be a plausible pathway for reviving species that have been extinct for several decades, centuries, or even millennia. I conducted an ethical analysis of de‐extinction of long extinct species. I assessed several possible ethical considerations in favor of pursuing de‐extinction: that it is a matter of justice; that it would reestablish lost value; that it would create new value; and that society needs it as a conservation last resort. I also assessed several possible ethical arguments against pursuing de‐extinction: that it is unnatural; that it could cause animal suffering; that it could be ecologically problematic or detrimental to human health; and that it is hubristic. There are reasons in favor of reviving long extinct species, and it can be ethically acceptable to do so. However, the reasons in favor of pursuing de‐extinction do not have to do with its usefulness in species conservation; rather, they concern the status of revived species as scientific and technological achievements, and it would be ethically problematic to promote de‐extinction as a significant conservation strategy, because it does not prevent species extinctions, does not address the causes of extinction, and could be detrimental to some species conservation efforts. Moreover, humanity does not have a responsibility or obligation to pursue de‐extinction of long extinct species, and reviving them does not address any urgent problem. Therefore, legitimate ecological, political, animal welfare, legal, or human health concerns associated with a de‐extinction (and reintroduction) must be thoroughly addressed for it to be ethically acceptable. La Ética de Revivir Especies Extintas Hace Mucho Tiempo Sandler     

枣麦间作对土壤生态环境的影响

对枣麦间作区土壤水分、温度、孔隙度、养分、微生物区系等土壤生态环境因子的研究结果表明，枣麦间作利于保水、保土，夏季可降低表土温度，可使土壤容重减小、孔隙度增加，土壤有机质、氮素等养分含量提高，并能促进微生物的增殖，且具有较好的经济效益。说明这一种植方式可以明显改善土壤的生态环境。     

青春期会阴部软纤维瘤1例报道

目的:报道1例青春期会阴部软纤维瘤的临床特点及病理特点.方法:通过1例16岁女性软纤维瘤患者,结合文献报道,明确软纤维瘤的特点及治疗方法.结果:患者,女,16岁,发现会阴部肿物4年.专科体查:右侧大阴唇外下方可及一带蒂赘生物,约8.0×6.2×4.4 cm,蒂部细,直径约0.5 cm.病理诊断:软纤维瘤.结论:青春期会阴部软纤维瘤少见,它是一种良性肿瘤,应尽快手术治疗.图2,参8.     

黄河三角洲人工草场群落土壤盐分动态集成预报模型及其应用

提出了以ＧＭ（１,１）模型拟合发展的趋势、傅里叶变换撮周期分量ＡＲ（ｐ）模型模拟随机过程的集成预报模型,并用于黄河三角洲人工草场群落土壤盐分的定量研究中,经理论和应用检验证明：该模型能以较高的精度模拟或预报土壤盐分在较长时期内的动态变化过程,方法简单,计算工作量小,并优于传统的单一预报模型。     

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.     

用排放情景分析系统研究北京市机动车污染问题

针对北京市动车污染非常严重,机动车排放控制涉及的方面较多,解决起来比较复杂的特点,开发了城市机动车排放情况分析系统,以国内外的先进理论和技术为基础,采用系统化的方法研究这个问题,对北京市未来车污染控制的几种情况进行了分析和比较,证明了北京市目前实施新排放标准,采用车辆定期报废制度对控制污染的巨大作用,提出进一步强化I／M制度,完善在用车监测维修体系等控制机动车污染的具体方法。