基于热红外遥感数据和光谱混合分解模型的城市不透水面估算

不透水面的迅速增长是城市化的显著特征之一,针对大范围的城市监测,运用遥感技术迅速提取城市不透水面是当前国内外研究的热点。论文选用Landsat 7的ETM+影像,基于光谱混合分解模型,结合热红外遥感数据反演生成的地表温度,研究杭州市的不透水面分布信息的提取。通过高、低反照率、植被及土壤4类光谱端元的线性组合来表征不同城市土地类型,并利用地表温度和土壤分量分别剔除高、低反照率分量中的"噪声",综合修正后的高反照率分量和低反照率分量估算杭州市不透水面分布。结果显示,研究区中均方根误差的平均值为0.003 6,不透水面分布结果与同期Google earth上的高分辨率影像和SPOT 4影像的解译结果对比分析,绝大多数样本的估算值与解译值之差落在±0.15区间内,精度令人满意。研究表明,热红外遥感数据和光谱混合分解模型相结合,可以实现对不透水面进行快速、精确的估算。     

各向异性反射对基于光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算的影响

光谱混合分析法是解决亚像元植被盖度反演估算问题最行之有效的方法,线性光谱混合分析又是其中最常用的研究手段。传统观点认为基于线性光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算精度主要受多重散射和端元光谱可变性的影响,而且各向异性反射这个地物表面所固有的特性也常常被忽略。研究设计了由寸苔草、沙和水3种地物类别组成的棋盘式混合地物反射率光谱测试方案,在探讨分析传统的多重散射与端元光谱可变性的基础上,进一步分析评价了各向异性反射对基于光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算的影响。结果表明,各向异性反射是不可忽视的,在最小化多重散射及端元光谱可变性的影响后,考虑各向异性反射后寸苔草盖度估算精度显著提升,均方根误差RMSE下降了52%。研究不仅证实了各向异性反射在植被盖度估算问题中的重要性,还印证了其是同种端元类型光谱差异性的另一重要来源,拓宽了端元光谱可变性的范畴,为利用光谱混合分析法更准确地进行植被盖度估算提供了新的思路和方法。     

成都市不透水面时空变化分析

随着城市化进程的加快,以水泥和沥青面为主的不透水面逐渐取代了自然景观,成为城市的主要地表景观。研究采用TM中分影像,对比分析了归一化差值不透水面指数法和城市建成区指数法提取不透水面的效果,成功提取研究区不透水面信息,并分析不透水面在城市区域的时空变化。成都市第一圈层行政区内的不透水面明显多于第二圈层,并呈现"一主、多点"的分布格局,主要分布在中心城区、周边县城、产业园区和工业园区,与城市建成区密度形态一致。随着城市发展,不透水面大量增加,向西和向南扩张明显。     

基于改进光谱角法的红树林高分遥感分类方法研究

传统影像分类方法多利用影像端元光谱进行地物分类,影像的空间结构信息被忽视,本研究结合面向对象分类方法思想以提高红树林遥感分类精度。本研究提出了一种结合端元类型选择、像元提纯等混合像元分解手段及分水岭图像分割算法的改进光谱角影像分类方法,并以山口红树林国家级自然保护区为研究区,利用GF-1号遥感影像数据,在光谱特征分析和地面调查的基础上,对红树林生态系统进行分类,并对分类精度进行分析。研究结果表明:改进的光谱角分类方法对GF-1影像分类效果较好,既兼顾地类光谱组成较复杂时的特殊性,又有效避免结果的破碎化现象,且总体精度达到95%（KAPPA系数0.944）,证明了其在红树林遥感影像分类及信息提取方面的应用潜力,为红树林生态系统业务化遥感监测奠定了基础。     

基于无人机影像的城市植被精细分类

针对传统植被资源调查方法工作量大、成本高、效率低的问题,利用高分辨率无人机遥感影像,联合地物光谱-纹理-空间信息,构建了一种适用于描述城市不同植被种类的多维特征空间,在此基础上对三种应用广泛的分类算法(基于像素的、面向对象的支持向量机及深度学习Mobile-Unet语义分割模型)开展了对比分析研究.结果表明:本文提出的联合地物光谱-纹理-空间信息的特征空间构建方法能够有效地描述城市不同类型植被的特征差异,提升影像分割、植被分类的精度;在分类精度上,基于像素和面向对象的支持向量机分类结果的总体精度均超过90%,深度学习方法的总体分类精度为84%;在算法效率上,传统机器学习方法也优于深度学习方法.因此,得出结论针对城市小区域、小样本的植被精细分类,传统机器学习分类方法比深度学习方法效果更好.     

基于水面反射率光谱分类的太湖藻蓝蛋白浓度反演

藻蓝蛋白是蓝藻的标志性色素,利用遥感反演藻蓝蛋白浓度的时空分布对于蓝藻水华监测和预警具有重要意义.太湖水体光学特性时空差异较大,传统的藻蓝蛋白遥感反演方法在太湖各湖区各季节的适用性有限.因此,本文采用先分类再反演的策略,基于水面反射率光谱分类进行太湖藻蓝蛋白浓度反演建模.首先采用逐步迭代的K均值聚类方法实现光谱分类;然后分别利用每一类的训练样本光谱数据建立最适用于该类的藻蓝蛋白反演模型;最后利用每一类的检验样本光谱数据进行反演模型精度评价.为了对比,同时采用不分类的传统方法进行反演建模和精度评价.检验结果表明:基于不分类的传统建模方法得到的均方根误差RMSE=14.14μg·L-1,平均相对误差σ=59.1%,反演结果和实测数据可决系数为0.46;基于光谱分类的建模方法得到RMSE=8.47μg·L-1,σ=31.3%,反演结果和实测数据可决系数为0.87.因此,基于光谱分类的藻类蛋白反演方法有效地提高了反演精度,可以为其它水体的藻蓝蛋白浓度反演提供借鉴.     

基于高分影像的城市黑臭水体遥感识别:以南京为例

城市黑臭水体的遥感识别对于黑臭水体的监测、治理有着重要作用.2016年对南京城市河段进行了地面调查,并在沙洲西河、秃尾河、玄武湖、金川河设置了55个样点,采集水样分析水质参数并同步测量水面光谱.在此基础上,利用绿光波段遥感反射率的单波段阈值、蓝、绿波段差值、红、绿波段比值,以及色度值,分别构建了基于GF-2影像的城市黑臭水体遥感识别算法,并分析南京市主城区黑臭水体的空间分布和环境特点.结果表明:(1)和其他类型水体相比,城市黑臭水体遥感反射率最低,在整个可见光范围峰谷不突出,而且在400~550 nm范围光谱斜率最小;(2)采用地面同步调查结果检验,比值算法的识别精度最高,对城市河道黑臭水体的识别更准确;(3)利用比值法对2016年11月3日的GF-2影像进行计算,共提取研究区黑臭河段11条,总长度40.7 km,总面积0.749 km~2.黑臭河段分布具有范围广且不连续的特征,集中分布于各城区人口密集的区域;水体发生黑臭主要受到生活污水、工业废水、断头浜的影响.     

基于多源同步数据的闽江下游悬浮物定量遥感

利用2006-09-18的同步Landsat TM数据、水面实测光谱数据和现场水样数据,研究了闽江下游的悬浮物,在这3种同步数据的基础上建立了分别基于实测光谱与影像光谱的悬浮物遥感预测模型.结果表明,实测光谱数据在690nm波长处,归一化光谱反射率与悬浮物浓度达到最大正相关,由690nm和530nm二处的反射率构成的比值预测模型与实测悬浮物浓度的拟合精度最高,最佳拟合模型可表达为SS=116.2(R690/R530)-33.4.TM影像各波段中以(TM2 TM3)2波段组合与实测悬浮物浓度的相关性最佳.由其所建立的影像光谱预测模型与实测悬浮物浓度的拟合精度最高.最佳拟合模型可表达为SS=3793.7(RTM3 RTM2)2-16.5.模型的精度评价表明,实测光谱模型的预测能力要强于影像光谱模型.但二者差异不大.在缺乏地面实测光谱数据时.基于影像光谱的遥感定量模型仍不失为一种预测悬浮物浓度的有效方法,其对闽江下游悬浮物浓度的反演结果能较准确地反映出该区域悬浮物浓度分布的空间差异,具有较高的实用性.     

基于光谱混合分析和反照率-植被盖度特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感评价

采用线性光谱混合分析模型对Landsat TM遥感影像进行混合像元分解,获取植被、裸土和水体组分的相对丰度分布;在反演地表反照率的基础上,构建了基于Albedo-Vegetation特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感监测模型;以黑河中游部分区域为例,进行了实证研究,并利用实地调查数据进行精度验证。结果表明:此方法充分利用了多维遥感信息,反映了荒漠化土地地表覆盖、水热组合及其变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,而且指标简单、易于获取,精度较高,有利于荒漠化的定量分析与监测。     

西安市夏季热环境时空格局及公园减热效应

以Landsat TM、OLI和TIRS遥感影像为基础,采用单窗算法和分裂窗算法,反演和分析了西安市中心城区相应时间点上的热场温度;采用分型网络算法提取城市热岛范围,分析了西安中心城区1988-2014年间热岛效应空间分布及其动态变化特征;利用混合光谱分解的方法提取不同下垫面分量,研究了城市地表温度与不同下垫面因素之间的关系,并以西安市中心城区内10个公园为例,分析了公园下垫面类型对周边地区温度的定量影响。结果表明:1988-2006年,西安中心城区高温与最高温区所占比例增大,2006-2014年所占比例减小。26 a间,热岛区和次热岛区的面积增加,冷岛区与次冷岛区的面积减少,面积变化的绝对值依次为:冷岛区中间区次热岛区次冷岛区热岛区。中心城区地表植被覆盖度与地表温度呈对数负相关,不透水面与地表温度呈对数正相关关系。公园内部温度与公园的周长、面积呈显著负相关关系,与周长面积比呈显著正相关;公园平均降温范围与公园形状指数呈现较强的正相关关系,降温幅度与公园水域面积和形状指数呈较低的正相关。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.