香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Nanosensors and nanobiosensors in food and agriculture

The food and agriculture sector controls the economic growth of a developing country. The food industries have practices of growing crops, raising livestock and sea foods, food processing and packaging, regulating production and distribution with quality and safety. The process control and monitoring quality are crucial steps. Here we review nanosensors and nanobiosensors as alternative of classical quantification methods. Nanoscale dimensions of metal nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal and carbon quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomposites expand the sensitivity by signal amplification and integrate several novel transduction principles such as enhanced electrochemical, optical, Raman, enhanced catalytic activity, and superparamagnetic properties into the nanosensors. The electrochemical nanosensors, optical nanosensors, electronic nose and electronic tongue, nanobarcode technology, and wireless nanosensors have revolutionized the sensing in food and agriculture sectors with multiplex and real-time sensing capabilities. Despite previous success stories of the remunerative health sector, the approaches are transferred subsequently to food and agriculture sector; with potential application in detection of food contaminants such as preservatives, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, toxins, microbial load, and pathogens along with the rapid monitoring of temperature, traceability, humidity, gas, and aroma of the food stuff.     

Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Morphological and histological changes during the growth and starvation of herring and plaice larvae

Reared herring (Clupea harengus L.) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) were examined for morphological and histological changes during growth and starvation. The growth rate of herring larvae of 0.22 mm/day was less than that reported for wild stock, but this difference was attributed to survival of runts in laboratory. Larval plaice had a growth rate of 0.16 mm/day. The relative condition factor (antilogarithm of intercept of length-weight line) was used to assess condition throughout the larval stages. Starvation resulted in a progressive collapse of the larval body, especially of the ventral body surface around the pectoral girdle of both species (assessed by the pectoral angle) and of the spacing between the organs of the head in herring. There was a breakdown of the herring gut with decreases in epithelial cell height and catabolism of the connective tissue coat and a marked reduction in the transverse sectional area of the plaice liver. The changes in the pectoral angle in both herring and plaice and the eye height to head height ratio in herring should be useful to fishery biologists for assessing nutritional condition, even on board ship.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

啶虫脒和仲丁威在水稻、土壤及田水中的残留消解动态

在天津、浙江和山东三地开展了两年田间试验研究,建立了一种同时测定水稻、土壤及田水中啶虫脒和仲丁威残留量的分析方法.结果表明,在0.005—0.5 mg.kg-1添加水平范围内,啶虫脒在水稻、土壤和田水中的添加平均回收率为74.21%—106.5%,变异系数为5.6%—14.2%;仲丁威在水稻、土壤和田水中的添加平均回收率为81.12%—108.6%,变异系数为2.31%—10.9%.啶虫脒和仲丁威的最小检出量分别为3.8×10-11g和2.3×10-11g;在稻米、稻壳、植株和土壤中的最低检出浓度为0.01 mg.kg-1,在田水中的最低检出浓度为0.005 mg.kg-1.田间试验结果表明,啶虫脒和仲丁威在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,啶虫脒在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为7.0—20.4 d、2.8—7.62d和6.7—15.0 d;仲丁威在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为5.7—10.0 d、10.8—15.2 d和2.6—9.5 d.以推荐施药剂量60 g/亩和1.5倍推荐施药剂量90 g/亩,在水稻灌浆期开始第1次施药,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药21 d时,啶虫脒和仲丁威在稻米中的最高残留量分别为0.42 mg.kg-1和0.054 mg.kg-1,低于我国农业行业标准规定的小麦中啶虫脒最大残留限量0.5 mg.kg-1和我国国家标准规定的糙米中仲丁威最大残留限量0.5 mg.kg-1.     

我院南校区学生体质和视力评价分析

目的:了解我院学生体质健康状况,为开展学校卫生和健康教育提供科学依据.方法:对我院南校区3个医科系学生采用整群分层随机方法抽取397人进行体格检查.结果:①男生身高和体质量评价均低于女生,药学系学生身高和体质量评价低于另2系.②男生正常体重比例低于女生,营养不良比例却高于女生,<16岁段正常体重人数比例较高,20~岁段正常体重人数大幅降低,营养不良人数却增多;肥胖率18~、19~岁段较高;男生高于女生.③视力低下率41.81%,随着年级的升高而增加;女生视力低下率高于男生.结论:南校区学生男生营养不良,女生视力低下,须加强学生膳食营养,加强体育锻炼和用眼卫生知识教育.表3,参5.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

Hotspot detection and clustering: ways and means

This paper reviews the development of methods for the analysis of hotspots and clustering. Discussion focusses on different data types and the usefulness of density estimation, scan testing and model-based approaches to clustering. Various application areas are considered ranging from ecology, over health mapping to genomics and landscape analysis. A discussion of software availability is also provided.     

Individual and combined effect of mercury and manganese on phenol and proline content in leaf and stem of mungbean seedlings

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczelk cv. Pusa Baisakhi seedlings were raised in individual (0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm) and combined solutions (1 : 1, 10: 1, 1: 0 ppm Hg : Mn) of mercury and manganese for 6 days. Phenol and proline were found to accumulate in leaves in response to treatment with heavy metals. The magnitude of accumulation correlated with concentration of metals. However, a reverse trend was noticed in stem for phenol. Accumulation of phenol in response to heavy metal treatment was organ specific and occurred at higher rate in plant parts, which faced the stress mostly. However, accumulation of proline helped the plant to survive stress situation. In combined solutions, amelioration of mercurial toxicity by manganese was recorded.     

磷酸盐和石灰对污染红壤与黄泥土中重金属铜锌的钝化作用

采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合的三级污染红壤和黄泥土(Cu 200 mg·kg-1、Zn 400 mg·kg-1),平衡2个月;分别施入磷酸盐、石灰,稳定4个月后测定土壤中有效态铜、锌的含量,以阐明磷酸盐和石灰对重金属污染土壤中铜锌的钝化作用.结果表明,施入磷酸盐稳定120 d后,两种土壤中有效锌含量都显著降低,红壤中有效铜含量降低了8.3.6%,而黄泥土中有效铜含量变化不明显;施入石灰后,红壤中铜锌有效性含量降低了87.6?.3%,黄泥土中有效锌含量降低了90%,而有效铜含量最大降低幅度为47.4%.由此可见,磷酸盐对红壤中铜锌的钝化作用较强,对黄泥土中铜的钝化作用弱;石灰对两种土壤中铜锌的钝化作用都很强;磷酸盐和石灰对单一污染土壤铜锌的钝化固定作用要强于复合污染.